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1.
We analyzed genetic and environmental determinants of self-rated health and its change from adolescence to early adulthood.
Questionnaires were mailed to Finnish twins born 1975–1979 at ages 16, 17, and, on average, 25 years of age (N = 2465 complete twin pairs). The data were analyzed using quantitative genetic methods for twin data by the Mx statistical
package. Heritability of self-rated health was greatest at age 16 (63%, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 56–67%, men and women
together) and declined steadily to age 25 (33%, 95% CI 25–41%). The residual variation was due to unshared environments. Health
ratings at different ages were modestly correlated (r = 0.33–0.61). These correlations were mainly due to genetic factors, but unshared environment also contributed to them. An
important challenge for further research is to identify environmental influences contributing to self-rated health independently
of, or in interaction with, genetic factors.
Edited by Peter McGuffin and John Hewitt 相似文献
2.
The study investigated the genetic and environmental etiology of schizotypal personality traits in a non-selected sample of
adolescent twins, measured on two occasions between the ages of 11 and 16 years old. The 22-item Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-
Child version (SPQ-C) was found to be factorially similar to the adult version of this instrument, with three underlying factors
(Cognitive-Perceptual, Interpersonal-Affective, and Disorganization). Each factor was heritable at age 11–13 years (h
2 = 42–53%) and 14–16 years old (h
2 = 38–57%). Additive genetic and unique environmental influences for these three dimensions of schizotypal personality acted
in part through a single common latent factor, with additional genetic effects specific to both Interpersonal-Affective and
Disorganization subscales at each occasion. The longitudinal correlation between the latent schizotypy factor was r = 0.58, and genetic influences explained most of the stability in this latent factor over time (81%). These longitudinal
data demonstrate significant genetic variance in schizotypal traits, with moderate stability between early to middle adolescence.
In addition to common influences between the two assessments, there were new genetic and non-shared environmental effects
that played a role at the later assessment, indicating significant change in schizotypal traits and their etiologies throughout
adolescence. 相似文献
3.
A Twin Study of the Genetics of High Cognitive Ability Selected from 11,000 Twin Pairs in Six Studies from Four Countries 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Claire M. A. Haworth Margaret J. Wright Nicolas W. Martin Nicholas G. Martin Dorret I. Boomsma Meike Bartels Danielle Posthuma Oliver S. P. Davis Angela M. Brant Robin P. Corley John K. Hewitt William G. Iacono Matthew McGue Lee A. Thompson Sara A. Hart Stephen A. Petrill David Lubinski Robert Plomin 《Behavior genetics》2009,39(4):359-370
Although much genetic research has addressed normal variation in intelligence, little is known about the etiology of high
cognitive abilities. Using data from 11,000 twin pairs (age range = 6–71 years) from the genetics of high cognitive abilities
consortium, we investigated the genetic and environmental etiologies of high general cognitive ability (g). Age-appropriate psychometric cognitive tests were administered to the twins and used to create g scores standardized within each study. Liability-threshold model fitting was used to estimate genetic and environmental parameters
for the top 15% of the distribution of g. Genetic influence for high g was substantial (0.50, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.41–0.60). Shared environmental influences were moderate (0.28,
0.19–0.37). We conclude that genetic variation contributes substantially to high g in Australia, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States.
Edited by Dick Rose. 相似文献
4.
The evolution of cancer is a multistep phenomenon, and multiple cellular genetic lesions are involved in the emergence of
the malignant neoplasm. Several early events have been implicated in the neoplastic transformation of thyrocytes, and recent
reports have described the involvement of specific genetic alterations in different types of thyroid neoplasms: ras point mutations are frequently observed in tumours with follicular histology, gsp – the mutated form of the alpha subunit of the Gs-protein – is encountered in up to 73% of papillary or follicular thyroid
carcinomas, and a high prevalence of p53 point mutations has been found in anaplastic thyroid carcinomas but not in differentiated follicular tumours. More recent
studies revealed that the RET proto-oncogene is involved in the oncogenesis of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) by
activation of its tyrosine kinase either by point mutation or rearrangement. In this review the most important recently published
data on alterations of the RET proto-oncogene in heritable and sporadic MTCs and in PTCs will be summarized. Emphasis will be directed to the pathophysiological
mechanisms of tumour initiation, the indications and limitations of DNA testing, and the clinical implications of identified
RET defects in thyroid lesions.
Received: 9 January 1997 / Accepted: 17 February 1997 相似文献
5.
Adianes Herrera-Díaz Raúl Mendoza-Quiñones Lester Melie-Garcia Eduardo Martínez-Montes Gretel Sanabria-Diaz Yuniel Romero-Quintana Iraklys Salazar-Guerra Mario Carballoso-Acosta Antonio Caballero-Moreno 《Brain topography》2016,29(3):368-381
This study was aimed at exploring the electroencephalographic features associated with alcohol use disorders (AUD) during a resting-state condition, by using quantitative EEG and Functional Connectivity analyses. In addition, we explored whether EEG functional connectivity is associated with trait impulsivity. Absolute and relative powers and Synchronization Likelihood (SL) as a measure of functional connectivity were analyzed in 15 AUD women and fifteen controls matched in age, gender and education. Correlation analysis between self-report impulsivity as measured by the Barratt impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and SL values of AUD patients were performed. Our results showed increased absolute and relative beta power in AUD patients compared to matched controls, and reduced functional connectivity in AUD patients predominantly in the beta and alpha bands. Impaired connectivity was distributed at fronto-central and occipito-parietal regions in the alpha band, and over the entire scalp in the beta band. We also found that impaired functional connectivity particularly in alpha band at fronto-central areas was negative correlated with non-planning dimension of impulsivity. These findings suggest that functional brain abnormalities are present in AUD patients and a disruption of resting-state EEG functional connectivity is associated with psychopathological traits of addictive behavior. 相似文献
6.
da Cruz DG Araújo FB Molento MB Damatta RA de Paula Santos C 《Parasitology research》2011,109(4):1085-1091
Duddingtonia flagrans, a nematode-trapping fungus, has been investigated as an agent for biological control against infective larvae of gastrointestinal
nematode parasites of production animals. The initial process of nematode-trapping fungi infection is based on an interaction
between the trap structure of the fungus and the surface of the nematode cuticle. This report investigates by light and scanning
electron microscopy the kinetics of capture and infection during the interaction of D. flagrans with the infective larvae (L3) of trichostrongylides and the free-living nematode Panagrellus sp. D. flagrans was cultivated for 7 days in a Petri dish containing agar–water. L3 and Panagrellus sp. were inoculated in the Petri dishes and the samples consisting of agar–L3–fungi and agar–Panagrellus sp.–fungi were collected after 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 min and 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 h of interaction. All samples
were observed by light microscopy. The samples with 1, 5, 15, and 25 h of interaction were also analyzed by scanning electron
microscopy. The interaction was monitored up to 25 h. An initial differentiation of predation structures was observed after
30 min of interaction. The presence of traps and of captured L3 or Panagrellus sp. occurred after 70 min. The live captured nematodes were observed up to 3 h of interaction. However, after 4 h, all Panagrellus sp. were dead. It took 15 h of interaction for the fungus to invade the L3, and the presence of hyphae inside the nematode near the region of penetration was evident. At this time, the hyphae had
filled the whole body of Panagrellus sp. The complete occupation of the body of L3 occurred at 20 h of interaction and with 25 h the nematode was completely damaged except for the cuticle. Although the double
cuticle of L3 slows the penetration of D. flagrans, it was possible to verify that the process of trap formation and capture occurs quickly when both nematodes were tested,
suggesting that the organisms would eventually be killed once in contact with the fungi encouraging the use of the fungus
as a biological control agent. 相似文献
7.
Dyslipidemia and insulin resistance contribute to the endothelial cell dysfunction in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
(HDP) and increase the long-term risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The genes linking susceptibility to gestational hypertension
(GH) and/or preeclampsia (PE) to the long-term risk of CVD are still unknown. We evaluated the potential association between
14 polymorphisms from six genes involved in lipid metabolism and insulin action and the risk of HDP: namely the lipoprotein
lipase (LPL), hepatic lipase (LIPC), hormone sensitive lipase (LIPE), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), ApoCIII and ApoE gene polymorphisms. Overall, 169 women with HDP [proteinuria (PE) and gestational hypertension without proteinuria (GH)]
and 169 controls matched for age and year of delivery were genotyped. Homozygosity of the −514T allele of the −514C > T polymorphism
(LIPC gene) decreased the risk of GH (OR = 0.17, CI95: 0.02–0.76), while there were more −60G carriers of the −60C > G LIPE gene polymorphism (OR = 3.51, CI95:1.02–12.10) among GH cases, but not in PE cases. The common ApoCIII two-locus −482CC/3238CC genotype was lower in women with GH compared with controls (OR = 0.53, CI95: 0.3–0.9). The combined frequency of at-risk genotypes was higher in cases of GH compared with controls [one at-risk genotype:
OR = 3.38 (95% CI: 0.48–41.8); two or more at-risk genotypes: OR = 7.14 (95% CI: 1.21–92.3, P = 0.01)], suggesting a gene-dose effect. We conclude that the combined effect of LIPC, LIPE and ApoCIII gene polymorphisms may increase the likelihood of GH, but seemingly not of PE. 相似文献
8.
The aim of the present study was to define the determinants of the energy cost of swimming (Cs) in children. Eleven healthy
children [mean (SD) age: 12.42 (0.53) years] who practised 7.5–8.5 h·week–1 volunteered to take part in this study. Anthropometric dimensions such as height (H), body mass (BM), hydrostatic lift (HL)
and body surface area (SA) were measured. Forty-eight hours later when maximal oxygen consumption (
) had been measured during 400 m of front-crawl swimming, Cs was measured over 200 m for three submaximal swimming speeds
(0.9, 1.0 and 1.1 m·s–1). Oxygen consumption (Douglas bag method), stroke frequency (SF) and stroke length (SL) were calculated during the last 50 m
of each 200 m. The mean (SD)
of the young swimmers was 2.19 (0.38) l·min–1 at a maximal aerobic velocity of 1.19 (0.03) m·s–1. The values of
for Cs at 0.9 m·s–1, 1.0 m·s–1 and 1.1 m·s–1 were 29.27 (3.13) ml·m–1, 30.25 (3.68) ml·m–1 and 32.91 (3.59) ml·m–1, respectively. There was a significant increase in Cs with increasing swim speed. In addition, SF increased with velocity
when SL remained constant. The values for SF at 0.9 m·s–1, 1.0 m·s–1 and 1.1 m·s–1 were 31.28 (4.36) strokes·min–1, 34.10 (5.09) strokes·min–1 and 38.31 (5.90) strokes·min–1, respectively. No significant correlation was obtained between Cs and the anthropometric or stroking parameters. It was concluded
that for young swimmers, anthropometric characteristics, SF and SL are not good predictors of Cs in front-crawl swimming,
and that further studies are needed to explore the influence of underwater torque on Cs in prepubertal children.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
9.
Effect of altitude training on serum creatine kinase activity and serum cortisol concentration in triathletes 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
R. L. Wilber S. D. Drake J. L. Hesson J. A. Nelson J. T. Kearney G. M. Dallam L. L. Williams 《European journal of applied physiology》2000,81(1-2):140-147
In this investigation we evaluated the effect of a 5-week training program at 1860 m on serum creatine kinase (CK) activity
and serum cortisol concentration in national-caliber triathletes for the purpose of monitoring the response to training in
a hypobaric hypoxic environment. Subjects included 16 junior-level female (n = 8) and male (n = 8) triathletes who were training for the International Triathlon Union (ITU) World Championships. After an initial acclimatization
period, training intensity and/or volume were increased progressively during the 5-week altitude training camp. Resting venous
blood samples were drawn at 0700 hours following a 12-h overnight fast and were analyzed for serum CK activity and serum cortisol
concentration. Subjects were evaluated before [7–10 days pre-altitude (SL 1)] and after [7–10 days post-altitude (SL 2)] the
5-week training camp at 1860 m. At altitude, subjects were evaluated within 24–36 h after arrival (ALT 1), 7 days after arrival
(ALT 2), 18 days after arrival (ALT 3), and 24–36 h prior to leaving the altitude training camp (ALT 4). A repeated-measures
analysis of variance was used to evaluate differences over time from SL 1 to SL 2. Compared to SL 1, serum CK activity increased
approximately threefold (P < 0.05) within the initial 24–36 h at altitude (ALT 1), and increased by an additional 70% (P < 0.05) after the 1st week of altitude training (ALT 2). Serum CK activity remained significantly elevated over the duration
of the experimental period compared to pre-altitude baseline levels. Serum cortisol concentration was increased (P < 0.05) at the end of the 5-week altitude training period (ALT 4) relative to SL 1, ALT 1 and ALT 3. These data suggest that:
(1) the initial increase in serum CK activity observed in the first 24–36 h at altitude was due primarily to acute altitude
exposure and was independent of increased training intensity and/or training volume, (2) the subsequent increases in serum
CK activity observed over the duration of the 5-week altitude camp were probably due to the combined effects of altitude exposure
and increased training load, and (3) the increase in serum cortisol concentration observed at the end of the altitude training
camp reflects the additive effect of 5 weeks of altitude exposure in combination with a progressively increased training intensity
and/or volume.
Accepted: 5 June 1999 相似文献
10.
G. BENGA I. GHIRAN H. MATEI L. FRENŢESCU A. FLOREA 《Comparative clinical pathology》2002,11(4):246-255
The diffusional water permeability (P
d
) of dog and cat red blood cell (RBC) membrane has been monitored by a doping nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique on
control cells and following inhibition with p-chloromercuribenzene sulphonate (PCMBS). The values of P
d
were in the case of cat RBC ∼3.0 × 10−3 cm/s at 15 °C, 3.5 × 10−3 cm/s at 20 °C, 4.2 × 10−3 cm/s at 25 °C, 4.4 × 10−3 cm/s at 30 °C and 5.9 × 10−3 cm/s at 38 °C. In case of dog RBC the values of P
d
were higher ∼3.8 × 10−3 cm/s at 15 °C, 4.6 × 10−3 cm/s at 20 °C, 5.0 × 10−3 cm/s at 25 °C, 5.9 × 10−3 cm/s at 30 °C and 7.9 × 10−3 cm/s at 37 °C. Systematic studies of the effect of PCMBS on water diffusion indicated that in the case of dog RBCs the maximal
inhibition was reached in 15–30 min with 1 mm PCMBS, whereas in the case of cat RBCs in 60 min with 1 mm PCMBS or in 30 min with 2 mm PCMBS. The values of maximal inhibition in the case of cat RBC were in the range of 55–60% at 15 °C, 60–68% at 20 °C and
25 °C, 50–60% at 30 °C and 50–55% at 37 °C. In the case of dog RBC the corresponding values were higher, 75–80% at 15 °C,
70–80% at 20 °C and 25 °C, 65–70% at 30 °C and 55–60% at 37 °C. The basal permeability to water was estimated to be ∼1 × 10−3 cm/s −2 × 10−3 cm/s in the range of temperatures of 25–37 °C. The activation energy of water diffusion E
a,d
was ∼19 kJ/mol for the dog RBC and ∼23 kJ/mol for the cat RBC. After incubation with PCMBS the values of E
a,d
increased, reaching 40 kJ/mol in conditions of maximal inhibition of water exchange. The membrane polypeptide electrophoretic
pattern of dog and cat RBCs has been compared with its human counterpart. Dog and cat RBCs contained higher amounts of spectrin
(band 1 and 2) and lower amounts of bands 4.4, 4.2, band 5 and band 7 compared to human RBCs. Band 4.9 was decreased only
in the cat RBCs, whereas band 6 was decreased only in the dog RBCs.
Correspondence and offprint requests to: Gheorghe Benga, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Pasteur
St, 3400 Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Tel:/Fax: 40–64–194373; e-mail: GBenga@personal.ro; gbenga@umfcluj.ro 相似文献
11.
In this study, we introduce the fast wavelet transform as a method for characterizing maturational changes in electrocortical
activity, respiratory activity, and blood pressure in fetal lambs in early (110–122 days), mid (123–135 days), and late (136–144
days) third trimester (term 145 days). Each recording was 2 hr in duration. Wavelet decomposition was performed for six sets
of parametersD
2j
where 1≤j≤6. The six series wavelet transforms represent the following signal frequency bands: 1. 16–32 Hz; 2. 8–16 Hz; 3. 4–8 Hz;
4. 2–4 Hz; 5. 1–2 Hz; 6. 0.5–1 Hz. In the early group, power in the electrocephalogram (EEG) was highest in the fourth wavelet
band, with relatively low power in the other bands. Increase in gestational age was characterized by increased power in all
four wavelet bands. Power in the first wavelet band was significantly increased during low-voltage fast activity (LVFA) in
the late group. The respiratory and blood pressure signals showed common frequency components with respect to time and were
coincident with the LVFA EEG signal. Respiratory activity was only observed during some of the LVFA periods and was completely
absent during high-voltage slow activity (HVSA) EEG. The respiratory signal showed dominant power in the fourth wavelet band,
and less power in the third and fifth band. The blood pressure signal was also characterized by dominant power in the fourth
wavelet band. This power was significantly increased during periods of respiratory activity. These results suggest a strong
relationship between fetal EEG, blood pressure, and breathing movements. 相似文献
12.
Alexander-Miller Martha; Robinson Ruth A.; Smith Joseph D.; Gillanders William E.; Harrison Lisa G.; Hansen Ted H.; Connolly Janet M.; Lee David R. 《International immunology》1994,6(11):1699-1707
The P911 variant of the P815 mastocytoma was shown by Lurquinet al. (Cell 58:293,1989) to elicit rapid tumor rejection ina syngeneic host. This rejection was mediated by Ld-restrictedcytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) for which targets could be sensitizedby the synthetic peptide designated tum– (P91A–.12–24).In a previous study, T cell clones specific for Ld-tum–complexes displayed very restricted TCR usage and a characteristicTCR motif in the V CDR3 region, predicted to interact with peptide.However, in contrast to the majority of Ld peptide Uganda thatare nonamers, the tum– peptide is a 13-mer and its sequencedoes not fit the Ld binding motif. Thus, to define shorter versionsof the tum– 13-mer and residues involved in TCR recognition,nonamer derivatives were synthesized and compared in severaldifferent binding and functional assays. From these comparisons,the peptide TQNHRALDL was found to be the optimal nonamer. CTLrecognition of Ala-substituted analogues of this peptide indicatedthat the Hls and Arg residues at positions 4 and 5 are importantfor TCR contact We propose that these basic residues of thetum– peptide interact with the previously defined acidicresidues in the CDR3 region of several TCR known to recognizeLd-tum– complexes. 相似文献
13.
Robinson EB Koenen KC McCormick MC Munir K Hallett V Happé F Plomin R Ronald A 《Behavior genetics》2012,42(2):245-255
Autistic traits—social impairment, communication impairment, and restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests—are heritable
in the general population. Previous analyses have consistently reported limited genetic and environmental overlap between
autistic trait domains in samples assessed in middle childhood. Here we extend this research to parent-report data for 12-year-olds.
Data from 5,944 pairs in the Twins Early Development Study were analyzed to explore the domain-specific heritability and degree
of shared genetic and environmental influences across different autistic traits in the general population and among individuals
scoring in the top 5% of each domain. Sex differences in the etiological estimates were also tested in these analyses. Autistic
traits were moderately to highly heritable (0.58–0.88) at age 12. Bivariate genetic correlations in the full sample (0.18–0.40)
and the extremes (0.24–0.67), as well as even lower unique environmental correlations, all suggested considerable fractionation
of genetic and environmental influences across autistic trait domains, in line with previous findings. 相似文献
14.
Luca Pollonini Swaroop Pophale Ning Situ Meng-Hung Wu Richard E. Frye Jose Leon-Carrion George Zouridakis 《Brain topography》2010,23(2):221-226
In this study we explored the use of coherence and Granger causality (GC) to separate patients in minimally conscious state
(MCS) from patients with severe neurocognitive disorders (SND) that show signs of awareness. We studied 16 patients, 7 MCS
and 9 SND with age between 18 and 49 years. Three minutes of ongoing electroencephalographic (EEG) activity was obtained at
rest from 19 standard scalp locations, while subjects were alert but kept their eyes closed. GC was formulated in terms of
linear autoregressive models that predict the evolution of several EEG time series, each representing the activity of one
channel. The entire network of causally connected brain areas can be summarized as a graph of incompletely connected nodes.
The 19 channels were grouped into five gross anatomical regions, frontal, left and right temporal, central, and parieto-occipital,
while data analysis was performed separately in each of the five classical EEG frequency bands, namely delta, theta, alpha,
beta, and gamma. Our results showed that the SND group consistently formed a larger number of connections compared to the
MCS group in all frequency bands. Additionally, the number of connections in the delta band (0.1–4 Hz) between the left temporal
and parieto-occipital areas was significantly different (P < 0.1%) in the two groups. Furthermore, in the beta band (12–18 Hz), the input to the frontal areas from all other cortical
areas was also significantly different (P < 0.1%) in the two groups. Finally, classification of the subjects into distinct groups using as features the number of connections
within and between regions in all frequency bands resulted in 100% classification accuracy of all subjects. The results of
this study suggest that analysis of brain connectivity networks based on GC can be a highly accurate approach for classifying
subjects affected by severe traumatic brain injury. 相似文献
15.
Jules C. Hancox Stephen J. Evans Allan J. Levi 《Pflügers Archiv : European journal of physiology》1996,432(2):215-224
We used the whole-cell patch-clamp method to investigate the voltage dependence of the L-type Ca current (I
Ca,L) and intracellular Ca (Cai) transient in ventricular myocytes isolated from the rat heart. Intracellular Ca was monitored using Fura-2 and the experiments
were carried out at 36° C. We measured I
Ca,L by using a caesium-based internal dialysis solution to eliminate interfering K currents. The voltage dependence of peak I
Ca,L amplitude was bell-shaped: I
Ca,L was maximal at +10 mV and declined at more positive potentials. When I
Ca,L was integrated over the first 25 ms to estimate the magnitude of Ca entry, this had a very similar voltage dependence to
peak I
Ca,L. In all cells, phasic Fura-2 transients were abolished by 5 μM ryanodine (a blocker of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, SR) showing
that the Fura-2 transient provided an index of the magnitude of SR Ca release. For experiments measuring the Cai transient, we used a K-based internal dialysis solution to preserve normal excitation-contraction coupling. In 30–40% of
cells, we found that the Fura-2 transient had a bell-shaped voltage dependence. This suggests that, in these cells, the primary
trigger mechanism for Ca-induced Ca-release might have been Ca entry via I
Ca,L. In the remaining 60–70% of cells, the voltage dependence of the Fura-2 transient was not bell-shaped. The Fura-2 transient
reached a maximum with a pulse to +10 mV, and the amplitude of the transient did not decline significantly at more positive
potentials to this. In cells with a non-bell-shaped voltage dependence of the Fura-2 transient, pulses to potentials as far
positive as +140 mV elicited phasic Fura-2 transients. Since this potential exceeded the Nernst potential for Ca, it was unlikely
there was any tigger Ca entry via I
Ca,L at this potential. This would suggest that, in these cells, another trigger for SR Ca release (in addition to I
Ca,L) might be present. We conclude that rat ventricular myocytes, produced using a standard isolation technique and under standard
recording conditions, can show either a bell-shaped or a sigmoidal voltage dependence of the Fura-2 transient.
Received: 13 October 1995/Received after revision and accepted: 10 January 1996 相似文献
16.
Rebecca S. Betjemann Erin Phinney Johnson Holly Barnard Richard Boada Christopher M. Filley Pauline A. Filipek Erik G. Willcutt John C. DeFries Bruce F. Pennington 《Behavior genetics》2010,40(2):135-145
Although there has been much interest in the relation between brain size and cognition, few studies have investigated this
relation within a genetic framework and fewer still in non-adult samples. We analyzed the genetic and environmental covariance
between structural MRI data from four brain regions (total brain volume, neocortex, white matter, and prefrontal cortex),
and four cognitive measures (verbal IQ (VIQ), performance IQ (PIQ), reading ability, and processing speed), in a sample of
41 MZ twin pairs and 30 same-sex DZ twin pairs (mean age at cognitive test = 11.4 years; mean age at scan = 15.4 years). Multivariate
Cholesky decompositions were performed with each brain volume measure entered first, followed by the four cognitive measures.
Consistent with previous research, each brain and cognitive measure was found to be significantly heritable. The novel finding
was the significant genetic but not environmental covariance between brain volumes and cognitive measures. Specifically, PIQ
shared significant common genetic variance with all four measures of brain volume (r
g = .58–.82). In contrast, VIQ shared significant genetic influence with neocortex volume only (r
g = .58). Processing speed was significant with total brain volume (r
g = .79), neocortex (r
g = .64), and white matter (r
g = .89), but not prefrontal cortex. The only brain measure to share genetic influence with reading was total brain volume
(r
g = .32), which also shared genetic influences with processing speed. 相似文献
17.
The time to fatigue (t) in response to high-intensity constant-load exercise decreases hyperbolically with increasing power (W˙), at least in active and younger individuals [i.e. (W˙−θF)t=W′, where θF is the critical power asymptote and W′ is the curvature constant]. Little is known, however, about the combined effects of age and sedetarity on these parameters.
We therefore evaluated 17 non-trained males (9 aged 60–75 years and 8 aged below 30 years) who underwent ramp-incremental
cycle ergometry and, on different days, 4 high-intensity constant-load tests to t. Compared to their younger counterparts, the older subjects presented significantly lower maximum oxygen uptake (i.e. the
maximum value of oxygen uptake attained at the end of a progressive exercise with the subject exerting a presumably maximal
effort, μV˙O2), estimated lactate threshold (V˙O2θL), V˙O2θF, and W′ (P < 0.05). Interestingly, however, both V˙O2θL and V˙O2θF, when expressed as a percentage of μV˙O2, were higher in older than in younger men [61.8 (6.2)% versus 45.4 (4.6)% and 87.8 (7.3)% versus 79.0 (8.2)%, P < 0.05, respectively]. Therefore, age was associated with an increase in the relative magnitude of the “moderate”, sub-θL exercise-intensity domain (+30.4%), mainly at the expense of the “very-heavy”, supra-θF domain (−56%). Our results demonstrate that age and sedentarity are associated with: (1) marked reductions in both the aerobic
(θF) and anaerobic (W′) determinants of the W˙/t relationship, and (2) changes in either the absolute or relative magnitudes of the exercise-intensity domains. These findings
are consistent with the notion that endurance-related parameters are less diminished with ageing than the maximal capacity,
thereby mitigating the deleterious effects of senescence in the functional capacity.
Accepted: 5 April 2000 相似文献
18.
Distel MA Vink JM Willemsen G Middeldorp CM Merckelbach HL Boomsma DI 《Behavior genetics》2008,38(1):24-33
Twin studies on fear and phobia suggest moderate genetic effects. However, results are inconclusive regarding the presence
of dominant genetic effects and sex differences. Using an extended twin design, including male and female twins (n = 5,465) and their siblings (n = 1,624), we examined the genetic and environmental influences on blood-injury, social, and agoraphobic fear and investigated
their interaction with sex and age. Data of spouses (n = 708) of twins were used to evaluate assortative mating for the three fear dimensions. Results showed that there was no
assortative mating for blood-injury, social and agoraphobic fear. Resemblance between biological relatives could be explained
by additive and non-additive genetic effects for blood-injury and agoraphobic fear in all participants, and social fear in
participants aged 14–25 years. For social fear in participants aged 26–65 only additive genetic effects were detected. Broad-sense
heritability estimates ranged from 36 to 51% and were similar for men and women.
Edited by John K Hewitt. 相似文献
19.
Though behavioral genetic studies of aggression have implicated heritable and environmental factors, there is limited understanding of how these factors influence aggression across different settings and over time. Ratings for 732 twins were collected from parents and teachers during middle childhood and early adolescence. Total aggression scores on the Child Behavioral Checklist (CBCL) and Teacher Report Form (TRF) were examined at each age, across both settings, and developmentally. In this sample, aggressive behavior was moderately to largely heritable at each age within the home (.76–.84) and school (.42–.61). Across each age, ratings by parents and teachers were moderately correlated (.19–.36). Genetic and environmental effects that were limited to a particular setting were important etiological factors for aggressive behavior consistently within each setting, while only genetic factors influenced levels of aggression across both settings. Stability during these ages was due to genetic effects common to each age and the persistence of child-specific environmental experiences within each setting. These results suggest that genetic and environmental influences on children’s aggressive behavior are largely setting specific. Levels of aggression seen consistently across both settings are due to genetic influences. Developmentally stable levels of aggressive behavior result from genetic influences common to all ages and individual environmental influences whose effects persist across ages.Edited by Danielle Posthuma 相似文献
20.
Atheer M. Almasri Paul H. Ratz John E. Speich 《Annals of biomedical engineering》2010,38(8):2594-2605
The passive and active length–tension (L–T
p and L–T
a) relationships in airway, vascular, and detrusor smooth muscles can adapt with length changes and/or multiple contractions.
The present objectives were to (1) determine whether short-term adaptation at one muscle length shifts the entire L–T
a curve in detrusor smooth muscle (DSM), (2) compare adaptation at shorter versus longer lengths, and (3) determine the effect
of adaptation on the T
p/T
a ratio. Results showed that multiple KCl-induced contractions on the descending limb of the original L–T
a curve adapted DSM strips to that length and shifted the L–T
a curve rightward. Peak T
a at the new length was not different from the original peak T
a, and the L–T
p curve shifted rightward with the L–T
a curve. Multiple contractions on the ascending limb increased both T
a and T
p. In contrast, multiple contractions on the descending limb increased T
a but decreased T
p. The T
p/T
a ratio on the original descending limb adapted from 0.540 ± 0.084 to 0.223 ± 0.033 (mean ± SE, n = 7), such that it was not different from the ratio of 0.208 ± 0.033 at the original peak T
a length, suggesting a role of length adaptation may be to maintain a desirable T
p/T
a ratio as the bladder fills and voids over a broad DSM length range. 相似文献