52例严重烧伤休克期血流动力学变化监测

目的观察休克期血流动力学监测对复苏的指导意义。方法采用血流动力学监测仪,对我科１９８５～１９９６年烧伤总面积在（６９９±２０１）％,Ⅲ度面积（６０４±１３６）％,且人院后均置入ＳｗａｎＧａｎｚ飘浮导管的５２例烧伤病人的右房压（ＲＡＰ）、肺动脉压（ＰＡＰ）、肺动脉楔嵌压（ＰＡＷＰ）、心率（ＨＲ）、心排量（ＣＯ）、心排指数（ＣＩ）、每搏指数（ＳＩ）,于入院时及伤后８,１６,２４,４８,７２,９６ｈ进行了动态监测。结果休克期实施有创血流动力学监测是安全的,无一例发生并发症;休克病人在烧伤后２４ｈ各项血流动力学指标基本恢复了正常。结论烧伤休克期实施有创血流动力学监测对指导复苏具有重要意义。     

Cardiovascular effect of 7.5% sodium chloride-dextran infusion after thermal injury.

HYPOTHESIS: Clinical study can help determine the safety and cardiovascular and systemic effects of an early infusion of 7.5% sodium chloride in 6% dextran-70 (hypertonic saline-dextran-70 [HSD]) given as an adjuvant to a standard resuscitation with lactated Ringer (RL) solution following severe thermal injury. DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. SETTING: Intensive care unit of tertiary referral burn care center. PATIENTS: Eighteen patients with thermal injury over more than 35% of the total body surface area (TBSA) (range, 36%-71%) were studied. INTERVENTIONS: Eight patients (mean +/- SEM, 48.2% +/- 2% TBSA) received a 4-mL/kg HSD infusion approximately 3.5 hours (range, 1.5-5.0 hours) after thermal injury in addition to routine RL resuscitation. Ten patients (46.0% +/- 6% TBSA) received RL resuscitation alone. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pulmonary artery catheters were employed to monitor cardiac function, while hemodynamic, metabolic, and biochemical measurements were taken for 24 hours. RESULTS: Serum troponin I levels, while detectable in all patients, were significantly lower after HSD compared with RL alone (mean +/- SEM, 0.45 +/- 0.32 vs 1.35 +/- 0.35 microg/L at 8 hours, 0.88 +/- 0.55 vs 2.21 +/- 0.35 microg/L at 12 hours). While cardiac output increased proportionately between 4 and 24 hours in both groups (from 5.79 +/- 0.8 to 9.45 +/- 1.1 L/min [mean +/- SEM] for HSD vs from 5.4 +/- 0.4 to 9.46 +/- 1.22 L/min for RL), filling pressure (central venous pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure) remained low for 12 hours after HSD infusion (P = .048). Total fluid requirements at 8 hours (2.76 +/- 0.7 mL/kg per each 1% TBSA burned [mean +/- SEM] for HSD vs 2.67 +/- 0.24 mL/kg per each 1% TBSA burned for RL) and 24 hours (6.11 +/- 4.4 vs 6.76 +/- 0.75 mL/kg per each 1% TBSA burned) were similar. Blood pressure remained unchanged, and serum sodium levels did not exceed 150 +/- 2 mmol/L (mean +/- SD) in either group. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of deleterious hemodynamic or metabolic side effects following HSD infusion in patients with major thermal injury confirms the safety of this resuscitation strategy. Postburn cardiac dysfunction was demonstrated in all burn patients through the use of cardiospecific serum markers and pulmonary artery catheter monitoring. Early administration of HSD after a severe thermal injury may reduce burn-related cardiac dysfunction, but it had no effect on the volume of resuscitation or serum biochemistry values.     

Reduction of resuscitation fluid volumes in severely burned patients using ascorbic acid administration: a randomized, prospective study

HYPOTHESIS: High-dose ascorbic acid (vitamin C) therapy (66 mg/kg per hour) attenuates postburn lipid peroxidation, resuscitation fluid volume requirements, and edema generation in severely burned patients. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: A prospective, randomized study at a university trauma and critical care center in Japan. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty-seven patients with burns over more than 30% of their total body surface area (TBSA) hospitalized within 2 hours after injury were randomly divided into ascorbic acid and control groups. Fluid resuscitation was performed using Ringer lactate solution to maintain stable hemodynamic measurements and adequate urine output (0.5-1.0 ml/kg per hour). In the ascorbic acid group (n = 19; mean burn size, 63% +/- 26% TBSA; mean burn index, 57 +/- 26; inhalation injury, 15/ 19), ascorbic acid was infused during the initial 24-hour study period. In the control group (n = 18; mean burn size, 53% +/- 17% TBSA; mean burn index, 47 +/- 13; inhalation injury, 12/18), no ascorbic acid was infused. We compared hemodynamic and respiratory measurements, lipid peroxidation, and fluid balance for 96 hours after injury. Two-way analysis of variance and Tukey test were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, arterial pH, base deficit, and urine outputs were equivalent in both groups. The 24-hour total fluid infusion volumes in the control and ascorbic acid groups were 5.5 +/- 3.1 and 3.0 +/- 1.7 mL/kg per percentage of burn area, respectively (P<.01). In the first 24 hours, the ascorbic acid group gained 9.2% +/- 8.2% of pretreatment weight; controls, 17.8% +/- 6.9%. Burned tissue water content was 6.1 +/- 1.8 vs 2.6 +/- 1.7 mL/g of dry weight in the control and ascorbic acid groups, respectively (P<.01). Fluid retention in the second 24 hours was also significantly reduced in the ascorbic acid group. In the control group, the ratio of PaO2 to fraction of inspired oxygen at 18, 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours after injury was less than that of the ascorbic acid group (P<.01). The length of mechanical ventilation in the control and ascorbic acid groups was 21.3 +/- 15.6 and 12.1 +/- 8.8 days, respectively (P<.05). Serum malondialdehyde levels were lower in the ascorbic acid group at 18, 24, and 36 hours after injury (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: Adjuvant administration of high-dose ascorbic acid during the first 24 hours after thermal injury significantly reduces resuscitation fluid volume requirements, body weight gain, and wound edema. A reduction in the severity of respiratory dysfunction was also apparent in these patients.     

Experience of immediate burn wound excision and grafting for patients with extensive burns

The treatment of the patients with extensive burns has advanced dramatically in the past 10 years, and the mortality rate has also been reduced. The establishment of the skin-bank network as well as the development of emergency and critical care medicine can be cited as reasons Moreover, immediate burn wound excision and grafting for patients with extensive burns may be beneficial. Meticulous management is required perioperatively to perform these procedures safely during burn shock. Patients with extensive burns are susceptible to hypothermia while receiving massive fluid resuscitation. We use a warmer device (Level 1) to keep burn patients warm. From 1991 to 2003, we performed immediate burn wound excision and grafting in 26 extensively burned patients within 24 hours after burn injury. We completed the surgery within 2 hours and excised burn wounds covering 40% of the total body surface area (TBSA). The mean age was 57 +/- 22 (mean +/- SD years), the mean burn surface area (% of TBSA) was 47 +/- 20, the mean burn index was 45 +/- 19, and the mean prognostic burn index was 94 +/- 36. There were 15 survivors and 11 deaths, for an overall mortality rate of 43%.     

Predicting increased fluid requirements during the resuscitation of thermally injured patients

BACKGROUND: We determined whether factors present soon after burn predict which patients will receive more than 4 mL/kg/% burn during the first 24 hours, and whether total fluid intake during the first 24 hours (VOL) contributes to in-hospital mortality (MORT). METHODS: We reviewed the records of patients admitted during 1987-97. The modified Brooke resuscitation formula was used. One hundred four patients met inclusion criteria: total body surface area burned (TBSA) > or = 20%; admission directly from the field; weight > 30 kg; no electric injury, mechanical trauma, or blood transfusions; and survival > or = 24 hours postburn. Eighty-nine records were complete. RESULTS: Mean TBSA was 43%, mean full-thickness burn size was 21%, mean age was 41 years, mean VOL was 4.9 mL/kg/% burn, and mean lactated Ringer's volume was 4.4 mL/kg/% burn; 53% had inhalation injury. MORT was 25.8%. Mean urine output was 0.77 mL/kg/h. By linear regression, VOL was associated with weight (negatively) and full-thickness burn size (r2 = 0.151). By logistic regression, receipt of over 4 mL/kg/% burn was predicted at admission by weight (negatively) and TBSA; by 24 hours postburn, mechanical ventilation replaced TBSA. With respect to MORT, logistic regression of admission factors yielded a model incorporating TBSA and an age function; by 24 hours postburn, the worst base deficit was added. CONCLUSION: Burn size and weight (negatively) were associated with greater VOL. However, a close linear relationship between burn size and VOL was not observed. Mechanical ventilation supplanted TBSA by 24 hours as a predictor of high VOL. Worst base deficit, TBSA, and an age function, but not VOL, were predictors of MORT.     

Flüssigkeitstherapie und hämodynamisches Monitoring im Verbrennungsschock

Successful surgical and intensive care treatment of severely burned patients requires adequate prehospital management and fluid resuscitation adjusted to individual needs of the patient. Burn shock fluid resuscitation is now predominantly performed utilizing crystalloid solutions. Whenever possible, colloid solutions should not be given in the first 24 h after burn injury. The rate of administration of resuscitation fluids should maintain urine outputs between 0.5 ml/kg per h and 1 ml/kg per h and mean arterial pressures of >70 mmHg. Extended hemodynamic monitoring can provide valuable additional information, if burn resuscitation is not proceeding as planned or volume therapy guided by these typical vital signs is not attaining the desired effect. We recommend this in patients with TBSA burns of >30%. Inhalation injuries, pre-existing cardiopulmonary diseases, or TBSA burns of >50% definitely require extended hemodynamic monitoring during burn shock resuscitation. The Swan-Ganz catheter or less invasive transcardiopulmonary indicator dilution methods can be utilized to assess hemodynamic data.     

Clinical study of a formula for delayed rapid fluid resuscitation for patients with burn shock

OBJECTIVE: To explore a suitable formula of delayed rapid fluid resuscitation for patients with burn shock. METHODS: Twenty patients with burns over 40% of total body surface area (TBSA) admitted 4-8 h after injury were studied. Plasma was used as colloid in 9 cases in the infused patients (the plasma group, PG) and gelofusine was used as colloid in 11 cases in the infused patients (the gelofusine group, GG). Rapid fluid resuscitation was administered under strict hemodynamic monitoring immediately after admission. Hemodynamic indexes including pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP), cardiac output (CO), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), and systemic vascular resistance (SVR), hemorheological parameters such as blood viscosity and plasma viscosity, and tissue oxygenation indices oxygen delivery (DO2), oxygen consumption (VO2), oxygen extraction (O2ext), lactic acid (LA) and base deficiency of arterial blood (AD) were determined in order to monitor function in or damage to important viscera. RESULTS: The amount of fluid rapidly infused in the first 2 h after hospitalization accounted for 38.8+/-6.0% of the required fluid amount for the first 24 h as calculated from the formula. When the amount of fluid infused into the patient before admission to our hospital was added, the total amount accounted for 48.3+/-5.0% of the fluid amount for the first 24 h. The actual amount of fluid infused in the first 24 h was 31.4+/-8.9% more than that of the amount calculated with the Evans' formula. The amount of fluid infused in the second 24 h was nearly equal to the amount calculated with the Evans' formula. After fast fluid replacement therapy, all the parameters determined were markedly improved. CONCLUSION: It is suggested on the basis of our study that the fluid amount for delayed rapid fluid resuscitation in patients with burn shock should be calculated as follows: (1) in the first 24h, the amount of fluid (ml) is equal to TBSA (%) x body weight (kg) x 2.6. The ratio between colloid and electrolytes is 1:1, each of the two fluid types is 1.3 ml per (%) TBSA per kg body weight. The volume of water required is 2000 ml. Half of the total amount of fluid is proposed should be infused in the first 2 h after hospitalization under strict monitoring of hemodynamic indices. (2) In the second 24 h, the amount of fluid (ml) is equal to TBSA (%) x body weight (kg) x 1. The ratio between colloid and electrolytes 1:1, each of the two is 0.5 ml. Water volume is 2000 ml.     

重大事故中成批黄磷烧伤患者的救治

目的 总结成批黄磷爆炸致烧伤的特点及救治经过,为今后应急抢救积累经验. 方法 收集整理与本次特大黄磷烧伤事故相关的资料,分析总结成批黄磷烧伤患者的伤情特点及处置经过. 结果 本次事故共造成81人受伤,其中男72人、女9人,年龄5～42岁[(24±13)岁],烧伤面积0.4%～70.0%[(9±11)%],Ⅲ/Ⅳ度烧伤面积为0.4%～60.0%TBSA[(7±10)%TBSA].大部分患者伴有磷中毒表现;27例肝功能异常占33.3%,15例肾功能异常占18.5%;42例电解质紊乱占51.9%.烧伤面积＞10%且≤20%TBSA的8例患者中,有6例伴心肌酶谱升高;6例出现贫血,其中3例为进行性贫血;1例于伤后48 h出现窒息;1例发生消化道应激性溃疡.72例患者于伤后4 d内行切削痂植皮手术.部分患者遗留瘢痕及手部功能障碍,3例患者部分截指.无一例患者死亡. 结论 黄磷爆炸易导致周围人员头、手等暴露部位深度烧伤,并造成严重的中毒和内脏损伤.立即组织足够的专业医疗力量对成批患者进行急救,尽早清除创面坏死组织、促进毒素排泄等,是抢救成功的关键.     

犬烧伤休克延迟复苏的实验研究

目的探讨应用林格液进行烧伤休克延迟复苏的效果.方法12只犬随机分为对照组(S组,6只)和治疗组(LR组,6只).LR组采用35%TBSAⅢ度烧伤模型,伤后6h以乳酸林格液进行复苏,并以尿量为1.0ml@kg-1@h-1及心输出量为伤前值的70%～80%来调整输液速度及输入量,观察其在伤后第一个24h复苏中的容量负荷、平均动脉压(MAP)、左心室收缩压(LVSP)、左室内压最大上升/下降速率(±dp/dtmax)、心脏排血指数(CI)、氧供给(DO2)及氧消耗(VO2)等的变化.结果乳酸林格液在烧伤休克延迟复苏后第一个24h的复苏中,每1%烧伤面积的输液量为(887±1.02)ml/kg,比采用Parkland公式复苏多1.2倍,其中在复苏后4h内的输液量为(3.63±0.99)ml/kg,为总入量的41%;MAP、LVSP、±dp/dtmax、CI、DO2及VO2等指标在复苏后2h即达到或接近对照组水平.结论乳酸林格液在烧伤休克延迟复苏中,比早期复苏需要更多的液体量才能满足需求,而血流动力学、心肌功能及氧动力学等在复苏后2h即有明显改善.     

Hypertonic lactated saline resuscitation reduces the risk of abdominal compartment syndrome in severely burned patients

BACKGROUND: Secondary abdominal compartment syndrome is a lethal complication after resuscitation from burn shock. Hypertonic lactated saline (HLS) infusion reduces early fluid requirements in burn shock, but the effects of HLS on intraabdominal pressure have not been clarified. METHODS: Patients admitted to our burn unit between 2002 and 2004 with burns > or =40% of the total body surface area without severe inhalation injury were entered into a fluid resuscitation protocol using HLS (n = 14) or lactated Ringer's solution (n = 22). Urine output was monitored hourly with a goal of 0.5 to 1.0 mL/kg per hour. Hemodynamic parameters, blood gas analysis, intrabladder pressure as an indicator of intraabdominal pressure (IAP), and the peak inspiratory pressure were recorded. Pulmonary compliance and the abdominal perfusion pressure were also calculated. RESULTS: In the HLS group, the amount of intravenous fluid volume needed to maintain adequate urine output was less at 3.1 +/- 0.9 versus 5.2 +/- 1.2 mL/24 h per kg per percentage of total body surface area, and the peak IAP and peak inspiratory pressure at 24 hours after injury were significantly lower than those in the lactated Ringer's group. Two of 14 patients (14%) in the HLS group and 11 of 22 patients (50%) developed IAH within 20.8 +/- 7.2 hours after injury. CONCLUSION: In patients with severe burn injury, a large intravenous fluid volume decreases abdominal perfusion during the resuscitative period because of increased IAP. Our data suggest that HLS resuscitation could reduce the risk of secondary abdominal compartment syndrome with lower fluid load in burn shock patients.