胸肩峰动脉肩峰支逆行锁骨骨膜(骨)瓣移位术的应用解剖

目的:为修复肱骨近端提供新的手术方法。方法:在40例成人尸体标本上,观察了胸肩峰动脉走行、分支及分布。结果:胸肩峰动脉肩峰支沿途发出3～5支、外径0.3～0.5mm的骨膜支分布锁骨中外段后参与肩峰网形成;其长度5.1±0.4crn、外径1.2±0.2mm。锁骨支有1～3支、外径0.2～0.5mm的骨膜支分布锁骨中内段;其长度2.0±0.1cm、外径1.2±0.2mm。结论:可设计以胸肩峰动脉肩峰支蒂逆行锁骨骨膜(骨)瓣转位修复肱骨近端的新术式。     

胸锁乳突肌锁骨头锁骨瓣修复下颌骨缺损的应用解剖

目的:为带胸锁乳突肌锁骨头为蒂锁骨瓣移位术提供解剖学基础。方法:在40侧成人尸体标本上,解剖观察胸锁乳突肌的形态,血供来源,分布特点及其与锁骨的关系;2例新鲜标本上作模拟术式。结果:胸锁乳突肌血供丰富,其锁骨头的主要血供为甲状腺上动脉胸锁乳突肌支,外径1.52±0.1mm,其入肌点相当于胸锁乳突肌前缘中下1/3交界处;锁骨内侧端主要血供由甲状腺上动脉胸锁乳突肌支(82.5%)的骨膜支及其与颈横动脉(10%)或肩胛上动脉的锁骨支(2.5%)构成的丰富吻合支供血。结论:以胸锁乳突肌锁骨头带半片锁骨瓣转位修复下颌骨缺损是可行的。     

胸锁乳突肌锁骨头的血供及应用解剖

目的:为临床应用胸锁乳突肌锁骨头复合瓣提供应用解剖学基础。方法:在40侧成人尸体标本上,解剖观察胸锁乳突肌的形态,血供来源及其动脉在胸锁乳突肌内的分布、构筑特点。结果:胸锁乳突肌血供丰富。其锁骨头主要血供为甲状腺上动脉胸锁乳突肌肌支。该支出现率占82.5%,距甲状腺上动脉起点(1.72±0.76)cm处发出,起始外径(1.52±0.10)mm,肌外长度为(22.07±0.4)mm;胸锁乳突肌由副神经支配,其体表投影位于乳突尖下方(4.01±0.39)cm,距肌前缘的距离为(2.14±0.46)cm处。结论:胸锁乳突肌锁骨头血供丰富为多源性,血管粗、蒂长,可以制成胸锁乳突肌锁骨头带半片锁骨瓣修复骨组织缺损。     

肩胛上血管肩峰支肩胛冈骨瓣移位术的应用解剖

目的:为锁骨肩峰端骨不连修复提供新的手术方法。方法:在40侧成人尸体标本上,解剖观测肩胛上血管肩峰支的走行、分支及分布;1 侧标本上摹拟手术设计。结果:肩峰支自肩胛上动脉发出后,向外走行于斜方肌、冈上肌之间,穿斜方肌在肩峰处的附着点达肩峰,并与胸肩峰动脉的肩峰支吻合构成肩峰动脉网。其长度为4.6±1.1cm,外径1.7±0.4mm。其主要分支肩胛冈支外径0.8±0.1mm,长度2.0±0.5cm。结论:可以肩峰支为蒂设计切取肩胛冈骨瓣移位修复锁骨肩峰端骨不连。     

带血管神经蒂股薄肌瓣重建尿道括约肌的应用解剖

目的为带血管神经蒂股薄肌瓣转位重建尿道括约肌术提供解剖学基础。方法在35例成人下肢标本上,对股薄肌的形态、主要血管、神经的来源,血管神经蒂的长度、入肌部位等进行解剖观测。结果股薄肌全长(42.0±0.6)cm,肌腹长(31.0±3.8)cm;肌腱长(10.9±0.9)cm;股薄肌的血供主要来源于股深动脉的股薄肌支,该分支起始处外径(2.1±0.6)mm,血管蒂长(9.2±0.9)cm,入肌部位在股薄肌中、上1/3交界处前缘的深面;股薄肌的神经支配,均恒定地来自闭孔神经前支,该神经在闭膜管处,横径为(1.7±0.4)mm;厚(0.5±0.2)mm,从闭膜管至入肌点处长(10.4±1.4)cm。结论带血管神经蒂股薄肌瓣转位重建尿道括约肌术,经尸体摹拟实验,证明具有可行性。     

三角肌的血供特点及临床意义

目的 :为临床应用三角肌皮 (骨 )瓣提供应用解剖学基础。方法 :5 0侧成人上肢标本 ( 10侧动脉铸型标本 ) ,观察三角肌形态、血供来源、分布特点及神经支配 ;2例新鲜上肢标本经锁骨下动脉灌注含有银珠粉的显影剂 ,X线拍片 ,观察动脉在三角肌内的分布、构筑特点。结果 :三角肌前部肌束血供来源于胸肩峰动脉的三角肌支和肩峰支 ,其血管神经束在肩峰角下 5 .6cm入肌 ;中后部肌束血供主要来源于旋肱前动脉和旋肱后动脉 ;三角肌由腋神经支配 ,其主干的体表投影位于肩峰平面下方 ( 5 .3± 1.7)cm ;三角肌后缘前方 ( 4 .2± 1.2 )cm和肩峰前角与三角肌粗隆连线后方 ( 1.3± 1.1)cm处。结论 :三角肌血供丰富为多源性 ,血管径粗、蒂长、体表易定位 ,有神经伴行 ,可以制成带感觉的肌皮骨瓣用以修复软 (骨 )组织缺损     

肩胛上血管肩峰支肩胛冈骨瓣移位术的应用解剖

目的为锁骨肩峰端骨不连修复提供新的手术方法.方法在40侧成人尸体标本上,解剖观测肩胛上血管肩峰支的走行、分支及分布;1侧标本上摹拟手术设计.结果肩峰支自肩胛上动脉发出后,向外走行于斜方肌、冈上肌之间,穿斜方肌在肩峰处的附着点达肩峰,并与胸肩峰动脉的肩峰支吻合构成肩峰动脉网.其长度为4.6±1.1cm,外径1.7±0.4mm.其主要分支肩胛冈支外径0.8±0.1mm,长度2.0±0.5cm.结论可以肩峰支为蒂设计切取肩胛冈骨瓣移位修复锁骨肩峰端骨不连.     

甲状腺上动脉胸锁乳突肌支为蒂锁骨瓣转位术的解剖及其应用

目的为甲状腺上动脉胸锁乳突肌支为蒂的锁骨瓣转位修复下颌骨缺损提供解剖学依据。方法在36侧成人尸体标本上,观察甲状腺上动脉胸锁乳突肌支的走行、分支、分布及吻合。结果甲状腺上动脉胸锁乳突肌支起源恒定,距锁骨上方(7.9±0.8)cm处分为升支和降支,降支主干外径(1.0±0.2)mm。72.2%的降支直达锁骨,27.8%的降支与颈横动脉或肩胛上动脉锁骨支吻合分布锁骨。结论以甲状腺上动脉胸锁乳突肌支为蒂半片锁骨瓣转位可修复下颌骨小面积缺损。临床应用1例取得成功。     

肩胛上血管肩峰支肩胛冈骨瓣移位术的应用解剖

目的:为锁骨肩峰端骨不连修复提供新的手术方法.方法:在40侧成人尸体标本上,解剖观测肩胛上血管肩峰支的走行、分支及分布;1侧标本上摹拟手术设计.结果:肩峰支自肩胛上动脉发出后,向外走行于斜方肌、冈上肌之间,穿斜方肌在肩峰处的附着点达肩峰,并与胸肩峰动脉的肩峰支吻合构成肩峰动脉网.其长度为4.6±1.1cm,外径1.7±0.4mm.其主要分支肩胛冈支外径0.8±0.1mm,长度2.0±0.5cm.结论:可以肩峰支为蒂设计切取肩胛冈骨瓣移位修复锁骨肩峰端骨不连.     

胸锁乳突肌瓣转位修复晚期面瘫的解剖与临床

目的:为应用胸锁乳突肌瓣转位修复晚期面瘫提供解剖依据。方法:利用新鲜尸体和活体头颈部共计26侧,解剖观测胸锁乳突肌的起止、长度、血供及其神经的分支类型和入肌部位。结果:胸锁乳突肌全长为17.0～19.0cm,枕动脉与副神经伴行支于乳突尖部下方4.0～5.0cm入肌肉上段;副神经分叉点至胸锁乳突肌胸骨端起点的长度为14.0～15.7cm,大于分叉点至口轮匝肌外上缘的距离11.0～14.3cm。结论:胸锁乳突肌瓣转位修复面瘫的长度足以满足治疗需要,并且不论肌外、肌内分叉均可以顺利转位,肌肉血供也没有影响。。     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008