重型颅脑损伤并消化道出血的预防及护理

回顾性总结32例重型颅脑损伤并消化道出血病人的临床护理经验，认为对颅脑损伤并消化道出血患实施早期胃肠浅压，早期肠内营养，早期药物治疗及合理饮食，有功于维持胃肠道结构和功能，减少出血发生，保证患预后。     

重型颅脑损伤后应激性消化道出血发病机理分析与护理方法探讨

目的分析重型颅脑损伤后应激性消化道出血的发病机理，探讨减少消化道出血的护理措施。方法回顾性分析2003年2月至2007年12月178例重度颅脑损伤中33例应激性消化道出血患者的护理过程，总结护理经验。结果重型颅脑损伤后发生应激性消化道出血33例（发生率18．5％），发生应激性消化道出血病死亡7例（病死率21．2％）。结论密切观察病情变化，早期监测上消化道出血，加强消化道护理，合理膳食，能减少应激性消化道出血的发生率和病死率。     

颅脑损伤后上消化道出血的高危因素分析

目的：探讨重型颅脑损伤后上消化道出血的发病因素及预防措施．方法：回顾性分析本科５年间收治的重型颅脑损伤患者１６９例，其中并发上消化道出血２２例（１３％）．结果：伤后有代谢性酸中毒、低氧血症、低血压、高血糖者，上消化道出血发生率明显增加，采用雷尼替丁等治疗对上消化道出血并无预防作用．结论：对重型颅脑损伤后上消化道出血的预防，应重视原发脑伤与继发性病理生理改变的早期处理     

颅脑损伤后应激性溃疡的发病机制及预防

颅脑损伤后并发应激性溃疡，亦称Cushing溃疡。据相关资料报道，颅脑损伤后应激性上消化道病变的发生率为40％～80％，甚至高达91％，其出血发生率为16％～47％，出血后死亡率可高达30％～50％，严重地影响患者的预后。因此，针对颅脑损伤后应激性溃疡的发病原因，早期预防是降低其发生率和提高重型颅脑损伤患者救治成功率的重要措施之一。     

肠内营养管理对高压氧治疗颅脑损伤患者消化道并发症的疗效

目的 探讨高压氧治疗中重型颅脑损伤患者实施早期肠内营养及高压氧治疗期间调整管饲液配方预防上消化道出血、肠胀气的效果.方法 中重型颅脑损伤伴昏迷患者分成观察组和对照组,各31例,观察组应用适宜营养制剂行早期肠内营养,在高压氧治疗期间应用自制管饲液行肠内喂养;对照组早期行静脉营养,高压氧治疗期间选用市售能全力制剂.观察上消化道出血、肠胀气发生率.结果 高压氧治疗前观察组发生上消化道出血2例(6.5%),对照组8例(25.8%);高压氧治疗时观察组发生肠胀气3例(9.7%),对照组10例(33.0%).2组比较,上消化道出血与肠胀气发生率差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 适宜营养制剂进行早期肠内营养,可以减少颅脑损伤患者上消化道出血,利于患者进行早期高压氧治疗;在高压氧治疗期间自制管饲液可以减少高压氧治疗时的肠胀气发生率,减轻胃肠不适,利于康复.     

重度颅脑损伤后早期肠内匀浆膳营养支持的临床观察与护理

目的:探讨重度颅脑损伤后早期给予肠内匀浆膳营养支持的作用及护理。方法:本研究回顾性分析78例重型颅脑损伤临床资料,其中42例在伤后早期(<72 h)给予肠内匀浆膳营养支持,36例采用肠外营养。比较两组在营养状态、血清蛋白水平、相关并发症及临床预后的差异。结果:结果显示早期肠内匀浆膳营养组,在改善患者营养状态、血清生化指标及临床预后方面优于肠外营养组(P<0.05),两组在相关并发症方面无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:重型颅脑损伤后早期采用匀浆膳肠内营养支持是一种既经济又有效的治疗措施,通过加强消化道护理有助于降低并发症、提高患者抗病能力并改善临床预后。     

颅脑损伤合并脑肿瘤卒中的临床分析

回顾分析12例颅脑损伤伴脑肿瘤卒中患者的临床资料，卒中主要表现为脑内血肿、蛛网膜下腔出血等。8例患者好转，2例植物生存，2例死亡。了解脑肿瘤卒中的临床特点，根据临床、影像学表现与颅脑损伤鉴别，有利于提高早期诊治水平。     

老年人颅脑损伤预后的相关影响因素分析

目的 探讨老年人颅脑损伤的相关影响因素和临床特点,以提高老年颅脑损伤的诊治水平. 方法总结2006年6月-2009年8月入院治疗的139例老年颅脑损伤患者,分析GCS、颅脑损伤类型、影响预后的主要并发症及临床治疗方法,探讨各种因素与预后的关系. 结果病死率与GCS、颅脑损伤类型、损伤后并发症密切相关.颅脑损伤表现为弥漫性脑肿胀、脑挫裂伤伴脑内多发性血肿、脑干损伤者病死率较高.颅脑损伤后伴有肺部感染、呼吸功能衰竭、上消化道出血或2～3种并发症同时发生时对预后产生不利影响. 结论颅脑损伤的程度、类型、并发症直接影响预后.老年人反应较为迟钝,主动做早期预见性检查和治疗可改善预后.     

外伤后颅内进展性出血损伤临床分析

外伤后颅内进展性出血（PHI）是指颅脑损伤后经手术证实或CT扫描,与伤后首次CT扫描结果比较,出现新的出血灶或原有出血灶明显扩大,如不及时发现和治疗,会影响患者预后,甚至造成死亡。本研究对2012年我院神经外科收治的外伤后颅内进展性出血损伤29例患者临床资料进行分析,探讨其临床特点,为本病的早期诊治积累经验。     

重型颅脑伤胃肠减压防治应激性溃疡效果观察

重型颅脑损伤并消化道溃疡属应激性溃疡[1] ,出血率高达 80 % [2 ] ,其原因主要与胃酸过多、胃排空延迟、胆汁反流等有关[3] 。对此 ,我们在重型颅脑损伤超早期 (伤后 6ｈ内 )置胃管间断胃肠减压进行防治 ,并与常规 (伤后 4 8ｈ)组进行疗效对比 ,前者疗效较佳。1　对象和方法1 1　对象　 10 5例中 ,男 80例 ,女 2 5例 ;年龄 12～79岁。超早期组 5 2例 ,ＧＣＳ计分 5 3± 1 8分 ,无重要器官合并伤 ,排除血液吞咽入胃内及消化道溃疡病史 ;常规组 5 3例 ,ＧＣＳ计分 5 6± 2 0分。1 2　方法　两组均先行胃肠外营养 ,清醒后能正常饮食者拔除…     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

Analysis of the results of the international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of Fe

The results of an international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of ⁵⁵Fe organized by the BIPM in 2005 are reported and analysed. This exercise, which follows the procedures of the CIPM mutual recognition arrangement to update older comparisons, is a renewal of the comparison organized by the BIPM that took place in 1978. A EUROMET comparison was organized in 1996 specifically to compare activity measurements of a ⁵⁵Fe solution by means of liquid-scintillation techniques. Results of these three comparisons are presented and discussed in this paper.

The radionuclide solution was provided by the NPL, which also distributed the samples to the participants. The activity of the ampoules was measured by 16 laboratories using 12 methods producing 25 results. Some general considerations on uncertainty assessments pertaining to the different techniques used are drawn. The outcome of four different estimators is compared from which the presence of at least one outlier can be confirmed. Further measurements should be made to try to reduce the discrepancy between the results. To date the outcome of the present comparison does not show an improvement to that of the 1996 comparison.     

Evaluation of the results of various technics of non-surgical therapy of varicocele

A new method of non-surgical treatment of varicocele syndrome is described: it consists in sclerotherapy of spermatic vein by trans-femoral percutaneous catheterization with balloon-catheters. In 8 cases venous thrombosis has been induced by direct electric clotting. The techniques and a 6 months follow-up are discussed. It is pointed out that this procedure should be considered as the method of choice for tubular lesions and sub-fertility prophylaxis in young people and in childhood.     

延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因分析

目的探讨延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因和预防措施.方法回顾性分析总结12例延迟性脾破裂中的诊断和误漏诊的经验与教训.结果本组延迟性脾破裂的误漏诊5例(41.66%).对多发伤与脾破裂并存可能认识不足,外伤史轻微或伤员隐瞒外伤史,缺乏腹痛-缓解-突然再腹痛的典型病史,缺乏“对冲性脾破裂”力学分析和整体化诊断思路等为其误漏诊的主要原因.结论详细的外伤史和全面系统检查,重视腹以外多发伤掩盖腹内脏器伤及延迟性脾破裂可能.确立外伤-腹内脏器伤-脾破裂整体化诊断思路.不间断地辅以B超检查脾形态学变化和腹内有无积液,腹腔穿刺确定有无血腹、X线胸腹部检查观察左侧胸肋角和膈肌运动情况、必要时CT检查以尽早发现脾包膜下血肿,降低延迟性脾破裂误漏诊率.