原发性醛固酮增多症患者术前术后胰岛B细胞功能变化的研究

目的 探讨原发性醛固酮增多症（简称“原醛症”）患者肾上腺腺瘤手术前后胰岛B细胞功能的变化。方法 北京协和医院内分泌科2004-2006年收治的17例原醛症患者，接受肾上腺腺瘤摘除术前后均进行标准的75g葡萄糖耐量试验，分析胰岛素抵抗指数，HOMA分泌功能指数、胰岛素曲线下面积（INSAUC）胰岛素和血糖增量之比（△I30／△G30）等指标的变化以及和血钾、血浆醛固酮的相关关系。结果 △I30／△G30在术后明显升高（P=0．01），按体重指数（BMI）≥25分层后肥胖或超重组术后△I30／△G30增加不明显（P=0．08）；术前低血钾的患者术后胰岛B细胞分泌功能明显改善，而术前血钾正常者改善不明显。手术前后INSAUC变化和空腹血钾正相关（r=0，71，P=0．01），和醛固酮水平的变化以及随访时间无明显相关。结论 原醛症患者肾上腺腺瘤摘除术后低血钾纠正，胰岛B细胞的分泌功能改善，其改善程度受术前血钾和体重的影响。     

原发性醛固酮增多症的分型诊断

目的 探讨用于原发性醛固酮增多症(原醛症)分型诊断检查方法的价值.方法 收集本院近7年来57例临床确诊的原醛症患者[醛固酮瘤22例,特发性醛固酮增多症(特醛症)26例,原发性肾上腺增生9例],检测患者的血电解质、血浆肾素活性及血、尿醛固酮,将结果与19例原发性高血压患者对照.再通过肾上腺CT、体位激发试验及肾上腺静脉采血检查对原醛症患者分型并随访.结果 (1)醛固酮瘤患者血压及血、尿醛固酮较特醛症患者高,血钾及血浆肾素活性则低,而原发性肾上腺增生患者临床及生化改变介于两者之间.肾上腺CT检查在原醛症分型诊断中的符合率为醛固酮瘤86.4%,特醛症73.1%,原发性肾上腺增生22.2%;肾上腺静脉采血检查以两侧醛固酮之比作为判定标准时符合率为86.4%、80.8%和77.8%,以醛固酮与皮质醇之比为判定标准则符合率分别为95.5%、92.3%及100.0%.(2)醛固酮瘤及原发性肾上腺增生患者术后随访血醛固酮均下降,血压恢复正常者分别为22.7%及44.9%,血钾恢复正常者为83.3%及100.0%,而特醛症患者随访中各项测值无明显变化,另有33.3%诊断时血钾正常的患者随访中出现低血钾.结论 原醛症的分型诊断需依靠多种检查手段综合分析,单纯依赖影像学检查或体位激发试验并不可靠,肾上腺静脉采血检查可作为影像学检查的补充,用两侧醛固酮与皮质醇的比值分析较单纯比较两侧醛固酮之比更为可靠;醛固酮瘤及原发性肾上腺增生患者术后临床及生化测值均得以明显改善,而特醛症患者随访中无明显变化.     

内分泌疾病急诊的诊断和处理(二)

七、原发性醛固酮增多症并发高血压低血钾危象(一)病因原发性醛固酮增多症(简称原醛),大多(90%)由于肾上腺皮质腺瘤、少数由于皮质增生或癌肿所引起。由于自主性分泌醛固酮等盐皮质激素过多,潴钠排钾,使血压升高和血钾减低,可出现高血压低血钾瘫痪危象。(二)临床表现原醛的特征是高血压伴有低血钾,以及由于低血钾所引起的肌肉软弱麻痹和失钾性肾病。1.高血压,是最早出现的主要症状,常阵发性加重,多在150～250/90～130mmHg。常伴     

单侧肾上腺皮质腺增生引起的原发性醛固酮增多症

原发性醛固酮增多症(以下简称原醛),通常是由于肾上腺皮质腺瘤或双侧皮质增生引起的醛固酮过度分泌所致。测定卧位和立位血浆醛固酮可以粗略地鉴别这两种类型,更可靠的是术前经肾上腺静脉取血检查,若腺瘤较大,肾上腺扫描或C-T检     

低血钾与正常血钾原发性醛固酮增多症患者的临床特征

背景随着血浆醛固酮与肾素活性比值被普遍用于原发性醛固酮增多症(原醛)的筛查,原醛的确诊率较以往明显提高,更多的正常血钾原醛患者被检出.目的 了解正常血钾与低血钾原醛患者临床特征的差异.方法 回顾性分析2005-2010确诊的住院原醛患者,以血钾3.5 mmol/L为分割点,分为正常血钾组和低血钾组,比较两组患者临床生化...     

应重视从高血压人群中鉴别原发性醛固酮增多症

原发性醛固酮增多症(原醛症)是一组醛固酮分泌增多、肾素-血管紧张素系统受抑制但不受钠负荷调节的疾病,是临床可控制或可治愈的继发性高血压.因肾上腺皮质增生或肿瘤而自主分泌过多醛固酮,可产生心、脑、肾血管损害,高血压,钠潴留、排钾增多而导致低钾血症.原醛症常见原因是肾上腺腺瘤、单侧或双侧肾上腺增生,少见原因为遗传缺陷所导致的糖皮质激素可调节的醛固酮增多症.     

2型糖尿病患者糖耐量正常一级亲属降脂治疗对胰岛B细胞功能的影响

目的观察2型糖尿病患者糖耐量正常一级亲属血清游离脂肪酸(FFA)浓度降低后,胰岛B细胞分泌功能的变化。方法2004年4月至2005年7月,对安徽医科大学第一附属医院内分泌科38例2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者糖耐量正常的一级亲属,给予阿昔莫司0.25g,每日3次,口服,连用5d。服药前后均进行75g口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)。结果服用阿昔莫司后,空腹FFA、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、OGTT葡萄糖曲线下面积(AUCg)、游离脂肪酸曲线下面积(AUCf)均明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),胰岛B细胞功能指数(ΔI30/ΔG30)、胰岛B细胞功能调整指数(ΔI30.ΔG30-1.HOMA-IR-1)均明显增加(P<0.05或P<0.01),而体重指数(BMI)、腰臀围比(WHR)、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、胰岛素曲线下面积(AUCi)均无显著改变(P>0.05)。服药前后ΔI30/ΔG30、ΔI30.ΔG30-1.HOMA-IR-1的改变值与空腹FFA改变值(ΔFFA)、AUCf改变值(ΔAUCf)呈显著负相关(r=-0.39~-0.49,P<0.05或P<0.01),HOMA-IR改变值(ΔHOMA-IR)与ΔFFA、ΔAUCf均呈显著正相关(r=0.31,0.35,P<0.05);服药前后AUCg改变值(ΔAUCg)与ΔI30/ΔG30、ΔI30.ΔG30-1.HOMA-IR-1的改变值呈显著负相关(r=-0.52,-0.56,P<0.01),与ΔHOMA-IR无显著相关性(r=0.28,P=0.07);ΔAUCg与ΔAUCf之间呈显著正相关(r=0.44,P<0.05)。结论阿昔莫司在降低T2DM患者糖耐量正常的一级亲属FFA的同时,可明显改善胰岛素敏感性、口服葡萄糖耐量以及胰岛B细胞的分泌功能,提示脂毒性可能参与早期胰岛B细胞功能缺陷的发生。     

三级高血压单位5100例患者低血钾症与原发性醛固酮增多症的发病率

常伴有低血钾症的原发性醛固酮增多症(原醛)被认为是一个少见病。广泛筛查高血压患者发现正常血钾的原醛发生率增加。许多研究报道原醛低血钾症的发生率,相反,低血钾症患者中原醛的发生率并不明确。在该回顾性观察研究,研究者探讨了高血压患者中低钾的发生率以及低血钾症合并高血压患者中原醛的发生率。     

2型糖尿病HbA1c与胰岛β细胞功能及IR的关系

将196例新诊断为T2DM的患者按HbA1c水平分为1组(HbA1c≤7.5%)、2组(HbA1c9.0%)和3组(HbA1c≥9.0%)。采用HOMA-β,HOMA-IR评价基础胰岛素分泌功能和IR程度。采用ΔI130/ΔG30、INSAUC评价第一相胰岛素分泌功能。结果①校正性别、年龄、BMI后,随HbA1c的升高,HOMA-β及第一相胰岛素分泌下降,HbA1c≥9.0%组HOMA-IR较1组、2组升高。②HOMA-β、ΔI130/ΔG30、INSAUC与血糖、HbA1c、TG成负相关;HOMA-IR与血糖、BMI、TG正相关。③多元逐步回归分析显示,FPG、BMI和HbA1c是HOMA-β的独立影响因素;BMI、HbA1c和TG是ΔI130/ΔG30的独立影响因素;腰围、FPG、BMI是INSAUC的独立影响因素;BMI、TG、是HOMA-IR的独立影响因素。结论T2DM患者存在胰岛素分泌缺陷及IR,两种情况在HbA1c水平较高者中尤为显著。     

胰岛素泵治疗对不同BMI初发2型糖尿病患者胰岛功能的影响

目的探讨胰岛素泵治疗对不同BM I初发2型糖尿病患者胰岛功能的影响。方法选择初发2型糖尿病患者42例,以BM I 25 kg/m2为界限,分为消瘦组16例和肥胖组26例,均采用胰岛素泵强化治疗2周。治疗前后检测空腹血糖、胰岛素,口服75 g葡萄糖负荷后0.5、2 h血糖和胰岛素水平,并应用HOMA公式和ΔI30Δ/G30评价胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞功能改善情况,分析BM I与HOMA-B和ΔI30Δ/G30的关系。结果治疗前肥胖组与消瘦组胰岛功能无统计学差异（P均〉0.05）;治疗后两组胰岛功能均有明显改善（P均〈0.05）,肥胖组较消瘦组改善更明显（P均〈0.05）,BM I与HOMA-B和ΔI30Δ/G30呈正相关（r分别为0.688、0.746,P均〈0.05）。结论胰岛素泵强化治疗能显著改善初发2型糖尿病患者的胰岛功能,其中肥胖患者胰岛功能改善更明显。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.