1406例孕妇孕中期羊水细胞培养及染色体核型分析

目的通过对具有产前诊断指征的妊娠中期孕妇进行羊水细胞培养及染色体核型分析,探讨胎儿染色体异常特点,为产前诊断提供客观的实验依据。方法对2010年1月—2011年12月于我院就诊的1406例具有产前诊断指征的孕妇,在B超引导下行羊膜腔穿刺术,抽取羊水20 ml,进行羊水细胞培养,染色体制备及胎儿染色体核型分析。结果在1406例孕妇的羊水染色体检查结果中,共检出异常核型94例,包括染色体数目异常33例,结构异常61例,胎儿染色体异常率为6.69%,其中21-三体15例,18-三体7例,特纳综合征5例、47,XXX,2例,平衡易位6例、倒位27例、嵌合体6例,其他染色体结构异常26例。结论进行羊水细胞培养染色体核型分析在产前诊断中具有重要的作用,能有效地降低染色体病患儿的出生率。     

广州地区羊水染色体核型分析的产前诊断及相关遗传咨询

目的探讨羊水细胞染色体核型分析在产前诊断中的意义及其相关的遗传咨询。方法羊膜腔穿刺术抽取羊水进行细胞培养,收获中期细胞后制片,常规G显带,进行核型分析。结果在520例羊水细胞培养病例中发现异常染色体核型18例,其中染色体结构异常6例,21三体3例,18三体2例,13三体1例,性染色体异常3例,嵌合体3例。正常多态性核型19例。结论对具有各种产前诊断指征的孕妇进行羊水细胞染色体核型分析是十分必要的,可有效降低出生缺陷率。     

羊水细胞学检查在产前诊断中的应用

目的：分析产前诊断的高危孕妇羊水细胞染色体核型,了解孕中期异常核型出现的频率,类型及与各种产前诊断指征之间的关系。方法：130例有产前论断孕妇（2例为双胎妊娠）在妊娠17－27周时行羊膜腔穿刺术,抽羊水行羊水细胞培养查染色体核型。结果：羊水细胞培养成功并进行核型分析的为126例,成功率为95．4％;妊17－20周与妊20－27周的羊水培养成功率未见显著差异,分别95．9％（71／74）,94．8％（55／58）,P＞0．05;发现异常核型10例,异常检出率为7．8％（10／126）;三体为主要的染色体异常,占异常核型的40％（4／10）,其中21三体占30％（3／10）,性染色体数目异常及平衡易位各1例,4例INV9;畸胎为指征的异常核型检出率高达33．3％（2／6）;发现1例单卵双胎妊娠两胎均为21三体儿;高龄为指征占成功产前诊断的46．3％（60／126）,检出异常核型3例,检出率5％（3／60）。结论：在有产前诊断指征的孕妇中,胎儿染色体异常核型的发生率为7．8％,三本仍是妊娠中期主要的异常核型,结合B超筛查及定位的羊膜腔穿刺术在产前诊断仍占有不可代替的重要作用。     

Direct prenatal chromosome diagnosis of a malignancy

A fetal tumor was suspected at 31 weeks of gestation. The occurrence of polyhydramnios led to an ultrasound examination, which revealed deformation of the fetal head, face, eye, and neck. This was confirmed by computerized tomography. Amniocentesis yielded cells with an inverted duplication of chromosome #1. This abnormality of chromosome #1 marked the malignant teratoma cells in the amniotic fluid. Cytogenetic analysis of tumor tissue and of normal tissue obtained postnatally confirmed that the abnormality of chromosome #1 observed in amniotic fluid cells was confined to the tumor. The constitutional karyotype was normal. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the direct chromosomal detection of malignancy before birth.     

Confined placental mosaicism.

In most pregnancies the chromosomal complement detected in the fetus is also present in the placenta. The detection of an identical chromosomal complement in both the fetus and its placenta has always been expected as both develop from the same zygote. However, in approximately 2% of viable pregnancies studied by chorionic villus sampling (CVS) at 9 to 11 weeks of gestation, the cytogenetic abnormality, most often trisomy, is confined to the placenta. This phenomenon is known as confined placental mosaicism (CPM). It was first described by Kalousek and Dill in term placentas of infants born with unexplained intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Contrary to generalised mosaicism, which is characterised by the presence of two or more karyotypically different cell lines within both the fetus and its placenta, CPM represents tissue specific chromosomal mosaicism affecting the placenta only. The diagnosis of CPM is most commonly made when, after the diagnosis of chromosomal mosaicism in a CVS sample, the second prenatal testing (amniotic fluid culture or fetal blood culture analysis) shows a normal diploid karyotype.     

连云港地区1234例羊水细胞染色体核型分析

目的分析连云港地区1234例孕中期羊水细胞染色体核型结果,探讨染色体异常核型在各产前诊断指征下发生的频率、类型及其之间的关系。方法根据产前诊断的不同指征,将染色体核型结果分组,分析染色体异常核型的检出率及分布。结果 1234例羊水细胞染色体核型中,母血清学产前筛查高风险900例（3.11%）;高龄（≥35岁）235例（2.13%）;超声提示胎儿异常62例（11.29%）;不良孕史24例（4.17%）;无创产前DNA检测提示异常7例（85.71%）,共检出异常核型48例（3.89%）。异常核型中染色体易位6例,5例遗传自亲代,1例为新发突变;染色体倒位6例,均遗传自亲代;性染色体异常7例,21三体15例,18三体4例,13三体1例,三倍体1例。结论羊水细胞染色体核型分析是临床产前诊断的经典方法之一。超声检查提示异常以及高龄孕妇应注意胎儿染色体异常的可能性。对于无创产前DNA检测的结果要进行羊水细胞染色体核型分析的验证。     

产前诊断中羊水细胞染色体嵌合体的发现与处理

目的探讨如何处理羊水细胞培养中出现的嵌合现象。方法收集2007年1月至2011年6月因各种产前诊断指征行羊膜腔穿刺及染色体检查检出为嵌合体病例共27例。统计嵌合体检出率、类型、相应脐带血分析结果,并对所有病例进行出生后随访。结果嵌合体发生率为0．69％。其中,性染色体XX／XY嵌合体11例（占40．74％）;数目异常嵌合体13例（占48．15％）;结构异常3例（占11．11％）。其中14例行脐血染色体检查,确诊为真性嵌合体1例,终止妊娠;未行脐血染色体检查13个病例中,除2例失访外,余均正常分娩,出生随访未见异常。结论产前诊断羊水细胞嵌合体多为假性嵌合体,各种类型的假性嵌合体一般预后均良好。正确处理和判断羊水细胞培养中出现的嵌合现象,对产前诊断和遗传咨询具有重要的意义。     

Cytogenetic and molecular genetic analysis of the amniotic fluid cells of a fetus with pseudodicentric isochromosome 22 resulting in partial tetraploidy of 22qCSCD

Objective To diagnose chromosomal abnormalities in amniotic fluid cells by combining karyotyping and single nucleotide polymorphism array (SNP-array) analysis, and to explore the application of SNP-array in routine clinical practice. Methods Conventional G banding was used to karyotype a fetal amniotic fluid sample and the corresponding peripheral blood samples from the parents, followed by SNP- Array analysis of the fetal genomic DNA from the amniotic fluid. Results The karyotype of the amniocytes was 47, XX, +mar. The marker chromosome was further identified as psu idic (22) (q11. 2) by SNP-array analysis, revealing tetraploidy of a 1. 7 Mb fragment in 22q11. 1-qll. 2 interval that involves the critical region for Cat eye syndrome. Conclusion A rare chromosomal abnormality was identified by combining conventional G banding and SNP-array. The high resolution SNP-array could provide more detailed information for determining the origin of chromosomal abnormalities. © 2018 West China University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.     

Prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders.

Three hundred and fifty pregnancies were monitored by transabdominal amniocentesis in the fourteenth to sixteenth week of gestation followed by karyotyping or biochemica assays of cultured amniotic fluid cells and analysis of alpha-fetoprotein in the amniotic fluid supernatant. The pregnancy was interrupted in 36 cases (10%) either becasue of a fetal abnormality or the presence of a male fetus in pregnancies at risk for an X-linked disease. Four chromosomal aberrations were found in 87 pregnancies tested because of advanced maternal age. In 101 pregnancies with a recurrence risk of Down's syndrome, 2 fetuses with an abnormal karyotype were detected. In 11 cases, in which 1 parent was a carrier of a balanced translocation, 2 unbalanced fetal karyotypes were found. Fetal chromosome studies in 43 pregancies at risk for an X-linked disease indicated the presence of a male fetus in 21 cases. Prenatal diagnosis of 11 different metabolic diseases was performed in a total of 34 cases. Microchemical techniques were used to allow completion of the diagnosis of seven different enzyme deficiencies within 9 to 22 days after amniocentesis. Alpha-fetoprotein assay in the amniotic fluid supernatant of 47 pregnancies at risk for an open neural tube defect resulted in the detection of 3 anencephalic fetuses during the second half of pregnancy. The safety and reliability of amniocentesis and the possible effects on the outcome of pregnancy are evaluated. Prenatal diagnosis offers a promising alternative for parents who are at risk of having a child with a genetic disease which can be detected in amniotic fluid or in cultured amniotic fluid cells.     

Chromosomal mosaicism in amniotic fluid cell cultures

Six cases of chromosomal mosaicism detected in amniotic fluid cultures are described. In five of these there was no evidence of fetal mosaicism. In one case fetal mosaicism was demonstrated but only by the study of fibroblasts since blood cultures showed only normal cells. The implications of amniotic fluid mosaicism are discussed and it is concluded that this usually does not indicate fetal mosaicism. The value of repeated amniocentesis in the diagnosis of fetal mosaicism was demonstrated by findings in three of the cases. It is recommended that amniotic fluid cultures be harvested in situ for chromosome studies and that cytogenetic results be expressed as number of colonies karyotyped rather than as number of cells analyzed.     

细菌人工染色体标记-微球鉴别/分离法对1239份羊水的快速产前诊断

目的探讨细菌人工染色体标记-微球鉴别/分离法(bacterial artificial chromosomes-on-beads,BoBs)联合染色体核型分析在产前诊断中的应用价值。方法1239例有产前诊断指征的孕妇羊水细胞行染色体核型分析和BoBs检测,检测结果进行比较分析。结果1239例羊水中共发现胎儿染色体异常30例,检出率为2.42%,其中染色体核型分析检出25例,BoBs检出25例。30例异常核型中,染色体非整倍体17例,BoBs检测结果与染色体核型分析结果吻合;染色体微缺失/微重复综合征8例,染色体核型分析检出3例;染色体结构异常5例,BoBs检测未见异常。结论BoBs技术联合染色体核型分析可快速检测胎儿染色体异常及常见微缺失/微重复综合征,大大提高了产前诊断的效率及准确性。     

临沂地区788例孕中期羊水细胞染色体核型分析

目的分析临沂地区788例妊娠中期孕妇羊水细胞染色体核型,探讨羊膜腔穿刺的指征对产前诊断胎儿染色体病的意义。方法临沂地区788例有产前诊断指征的孕妇,在B超定位下进行羊膜腔穿刺术,抽取羊水细胞进行培养及染色体核型分析。结果发现异常核型30例,异常核型检出率为3.81%（30/788）。其中21-三体7例,46,XY,der（21,21）（q10;q10）＋211例,46,XX,der（21,21）（q10;q10）＋211例,18-三体5例,13-三体1例,47,XXX1例,47,XXY1例,平衡异位5例、倒位7例,47,XX＋mar2例。结论羊水细胞染色体检查是目前安全、有效、最可靠的产前诊断胎儿染色体病的方法。     

湘潭地区孕早中期联合产前筛查与产前诊断的临床应用价值探讨

目的 探讨孕早中期孕妇联合产前筛查与产前诊断对预防出生缺陷的实用价值.方法 应用全自动时间分辨荧光免疫法对18247例孕妇血清标志物联合筛查,高风险孕妇通过羊水产前诊断进行效果评价.结果 筛查出唐氏综合征高风险873例,18-三体高风险91例,NTD高风险者104例,总阳性率5.85％.有583例孕妇接受羊水产前诊断,占筛查高危的60.5％.确诊胎儿染色体数目异常19例(唐氏综合征13例、18-三体综合征2例、性染色体异常4例);染色体结构异常13例;B超确诊脊柱裂或脑畸形13例.结论 联合产前筛查与产前诊断是预测不良妊娠结局的有效指标,对降低出生缺陷有重要的临床意义.     

Involvement of the afterbirth in influenza

Light- and fluorescence-microscopy examinations of 186 placentas were carried out, with concurrent determination of placental interferon, isolation of influenza virus, and serologic tests of maternal and fetal blood, and amniotic fluid. In 32 of the cases, placentitis caused by serotype A or B of influenza virus was present, characterized by hyperplasia and subsequent destruction of amniotic cells, trophoblast, decidual cells, and vascular endothelium, by the presence of influenza antigens, fuchsinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions in the affected cells, and lymphoid infiltrates, and/or by circulatory disturbances. In addition, an interferon possessing properties of viral, immune, and placental interferon was detected in a number of placentas. A or B influenza virus was isolated from 3 placentas. Diagnostic titers of anti-influenza antibody occurred in fetal blood and amniotic fluid samples. The present results indicate that influenza virus may persist and replicate in placental cells.     

细菌人工染色体微珠联合染色体核型分析在产前诊断中的价值研究

目的探讨细菌人工染色体微珠(BACs-on-Beads,BoBs)联合染色体核型分析在产前诊断中的价值。方法2016年6月至2019年1月在本院接受侵入性产前诊断的2500例单胎妊娠孕妇作为研究对象,均采集羊水。同时进行羊水细胞的BoBs检测和染色体G显带核型分析。结果BoBs技术共检出93例胎儿染色体异常,检出率为3.72%,其中染色体数目异常78例(4例13号染色体三体,19例18号染色体三体,34例21号染色体三体,9例XXX,6例XXY,6例XYY)、染色体结构异常9例(6例未被核型分析检出)、嵌合型染色体6例。在6例染色体结构异常的胎儿中,DiGeorge综合征和Williams-Beuren综合征各1例,其余4例为染色体微缺失/微重复综合征。核型分析对胎儿异常的检出率为4.56%(114/2500),核型分析对染色体数目异常的检出率与BoBs检测相同。核型分析额外检出21例染色体结构异常和6例嵌合型染色体。结论染色体核型分析联合BoBs技术发挥了细胞遗传学和分子遗传学的技术优势,极大提高了染色体异常的检出率,值得在临床应用和推广。     

Cytokine imbalance in pregnancies with fetal chromosomal abnormalities

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study is to investigate the levels of some of the cytokines which may be involved in the mechanisms leading to the impairment of placental perfusion and to the onset of uterine contractions in pregnancies with fetal genetic abnormalities compared with controls. METHODS: The amniotic fluid and maternal plasma levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and tumour necrosis factor-beta in patients with fetal chromosomal abnormalities were measured, as well as in euploid pregnancies in the seventh week of gestation. RESULTS: An increase of interleukin-6 (P = 0.034) and a decrease of interleukin-8 (P < or =0.0001) in amniotic fluid, and a decrease of interleukin-6 in the maternal plasma (P = 0.026) was shown in pregnancies with fetal chromosomal abnormalities. A positive correlation was observed between amniotic interleukin-8 and serum interleukin-6 in the presence of fetal aneuploidy (P < 0.006). CONCLUSION: Further investigations of cytokine imbalance in pregnancies with poor outcome as a consequence of genetic disorders rather than infection is warranted.     

Prenatal diagnosis of bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma: detection of tonofilament clumps in fetal epidermal and amniotic fluid cells.

The prenatal diagnosis of bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma (BIE) has been achieved at 20 weeks' gestation by electron microscopic identification of a pathognomonic cytoskeletal abnormality within fetal epidermal cells obtained by fetoscopic skin biopsy. The same abnormality was also observed in skin derived amniotic fluid cells. The question whether amniocentesis might be used instead of fetoscopy for future prenatal detection of BIE is discussed.     

Prenatal diagnosis of mosaic tetrasomy 8p

Tetrasomy 8p is a rare chromosomal disorder that has only been detected in a mosaic form. At the present time, 11 cases have been reported; their phenotype included agenesis of the corpus callosum, enlarged ventricles, minor facial dysmorphism, rib and vertebral anomalies, and mild to moderate developmental delay. To the best of our knowledge, tetrasomy 8p has never been prenatally diagnosed. This 43-year-old woman was referred for amniocentesis at 20 weeks' gestation because of advanced maternal age. Amniotic fluid cells were cultured according to standard techniques by the in situ method. A supernumerary chromosomal marker was detected in a single clone of cultured amniotic cells and interpreted by RHG banding as an isochromosome of the short arm of chromosome 8 (i(8p)). The ultrasound investigation at 27 weeks gestation revealed enlarged ventricles and agenesis of the corpus callosum, which were confirmed at fetal autopsy after medical termination of the pregnancy. Chromosomal analyses, including RHG banding and FISH, of several tissues showed different levels of i(8p) mosaicism. Whereas no i(8p) was detected on cytotrophoblast nor additional amniotic fluid cells, 97% and 30% of cells from long-term cultures of placenta and lymphocytes, respectively, had the i(8p). Using DNA markers, the isochromosome 8p was interpreted as the result of a prezygotic event during maternal meiosis. Our findings suggest that the i(8p) is the subject of tissue selection. Tetrasomy 8p might be underdiagnosed during pregnancy; therefore, karyotyping on a fetal blood sample following detection of agenesis of the corpus callosum when no chromosomal abnormality has been found on the amniotic fluid cell cultures should be discussed with the parents.     

妊娠中期胎儿染色体病的产前诊断

目的探讨羊水细胞染色体核型分析在妊娠中期产前诊断胎儿染色体病中的必要性和安全性。方法1982年1月至2007年9月天津医科大学总医院1531例符合产前诊断指征的孕妇,于妊娠19-26周在B超引导下进行羊膜腔穿刺取羊水15-20ml,羊水细胞培养G显带进行羊水细胞染色体核型分析。结果1531例羊水细胞培养成功1492例,成功率为97.45%（1492/1531）;1492例羊水染色体核型分析,异常核型45例,异常率为3.02%（45/1492）,其中染色体数目异常21例（46.67%,21/45）,主要是21-三体综合征（10例）和18-三体综合征（5例）;染色体结构异常24例（53.33%,24/45）,异常核型的人群分布以唐氏综合征筛查高风险为主（84.44%,38/45）;遗传多态性3例;胎儿丢失率为0.65‰（1/1531）,胎死宫内率为1.31‰。羊水染色体异常核型分析结果与随访结果一致。结论羊水细胞染色体核型分析是必要的、安全可靠的,在产前诊断染色体病中起着不可替代的作用。     

黏多糖病Ⅱ型的产前诊断

目的 应用胎儿羊水细胞艾杜糖-2-硫酸酯酶(iduronate-2-sulfatase,IDS)活性测定和基因突变检测的方法,对2例黏多糖病Ⅱ型(mucopolysaccharidosis typeⅡ,MPSⅡ)高危妊娠孕妇进行产前诊断.方法 胎儿羊水细胞培养,测定其IDS活性,并抽取羊水细胞基因组DNA,做胎儿性别鉴定和IDS基因突变检测.结果 2例胎儿羊水细胞IDS活性均明显下降,基因测序发现1例男性胎儿为IDS突变半合子,另1例女性胎儿为IDS基因突变携带者.结论 胎儿羊水细胞酶活性测定结合基因突变分析是一种准确、可靠、灵敏的MPSⅡ产前诊断方法,可对高危妊娠孕妇作出快速的产前诊断.