床旁纤维支气管镜在重症监护室老年危重患者医院获得性肺炎救治中的临床应用

目的 回顾性探讨纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)在重症监护室(ICU)老年危重医院获得性肺炎(HAP)患者检查和救治的效果、安全性、必要性及操作中的关键问题.方法 对42例入住ICU明确诊断为HAP的60岁以上的老年危重患者,按是否采用纤支镜干预治疗分为纤支镜治疗组(22例)和常规治疗组(20例),比较两组ICU停留时间、纤支镜使用前后动脉血气分析变化、HAP临床进展率及病死率等的变化.结果 与常规治疗组比较,纤支镜治疗组ICU停留时间[(11±4):(16±4)]d、机械通气时间[(9±5):(13±5)]d均明显缩短(P＜0.05)、HAP病死率(13.6%:40.0%)明显降低(P＜0.05);纤支镜治疗后动脉血氧分压(PaO2)显著升高、呼吸频率显著下降好转,与治疗前比较差异均有显著性(P＜0.05)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)及pH值均较对照组同一时间显著好转,差异均有显著性(均P＜0.05).同时老年危重患者因气管插管、镇静剂应用、鼻饲饮食不当及制酸剂使用不当等原因致误吸的风险增加,成为HAP感染的主要原因,对于此类患者采用床旁纤支镜吸引排痰成为一种必要的治疗手段,疗效确定.结论 纤支镜是老年危重医院获得性肺炎(HAP)患者治疗中安全有效的方法,值得推广.     

纤维支气管镜对合并肺不张开颅手术患者的早期治疗研究

目的 探讨在机械通气下使用纤维支气管镜对重型颅脑外伤和脑出血行开颅手术并发肺不张患者进行早期干预的安全性和有效性.方法 55例并发肺不张的重型颅脑外伤和脑出血开颅术患者[格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)＜8分],在气管插管和机械通气下,从气管导管外侧插入纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)进行纤支镜吸痰和肺泡灌洗治疗,术中严密观察患者意识、生命体征和动脉血气变化,并对纤支镜术中5、10、25 min及操作结束和术后30 min有关指标的变化与纤支镜术前进行对照分析.结果 55例患者进行纤支镜治疗82例次、局部肺泡灌洗111次,操作均顺利完成,纤支镜治疗后肺不张均消失.与纤支镜治疗前比较,术后GCS评分无明显变化(分:5.6±2.5比5.4±2.6,P＞0.05);术中心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)、收缩压(SBP)、动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2)无明显变化,术后HR、SBP较术前有明显下降[HR(次/min):88.2±14.2比98.2±18.3,SBP(mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa):110.6±18.2比118.4±18.5,均P＜0.05],SaO2明显升高(0.982±0.022比0.945±0.035,P＜0.05);术中、术后pH值无明显变化,术中动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)无明显改变,操作结束和术后30 min时PaO2较术前明显升高(mm Hg:84.5±14.4、81.6±18.2比76.2±15.4,均P＜0.05),PaCO2明显下降(mm Hg:27.0±12.8、29.3±18.2比36.5±11.6,均P＜0.05),肺泡-动脉血氧分压差[P(A-a)O2]于术中10 min、25 min和操作结束、术后30 min较术前呈明显降低趋势(mm Hg:36.1±4.7、32.4±6.2、32.5±5.2、31.2±7.2比38.5±5.6,均P＜0.05).所有患者未发生纤支镜和呼吸机相关不良反应.结论 机械通气下由气管导管外侧插入纤支镜对合并肺不张的重型颅脑外伤和脑出血开颅手术患者进行早期纤支镜吸痰和肺泡灌洗,对患者的生命体征无明显变化,操作安全有效.     

吸气与呼气压力-容积曲线对确定最适呼气末正压的比较性研究

目的 根据吸气与呼气压力-容积曲线(P-V曲线)确定呼气末正压(PEEP),探寻最适PEEP治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的方法.方法 20只ARDS模型犬按配对随机法分成两组.用软件根据列文伯格-马夸尔特算法(Levenberg-Marquardt iterative algorithm)求解Boltzmann公式参数,根据公式计算P-V曲线呼气支真正拐点压力(Pinf d)或吸气支相应的低位转折点压力(Plip)值.对照组(吸气支)应用P-V曲线Plip+2 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa)作为最佳PEEP值;实验组(呼气支)应用P-V曲线Pinfd作为最佳PEEP 值.两组分别监测0、2、6、12、24及48 h的心率(HR)、血压(BP)、指尖脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)、肺静态顺应性(Cst)、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)及动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2).结果 两组ARDS模型犬氧合指数均明显升高,实验组监测12、24、48 h时氧合指数(mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)明显高于对照组(12 h:177.63±8.94比165.60±8.90,24 h:194.19±10.67比168.70±10.60,48 h:203.15±13.21比171.26±9.21,均P＜0.01);监测2、6、12、24及48 h Cst(ml/cm H2O)明显高于对照组(2 h:41.00±4.17比36.20±3.90,6 h:44.00±4.65比36.88±3.39,12 h:46.92±5.47比37.92±3.10,24 h:42.83±8.97比37.92±3.09,48 h:42.64±9.04比37.97±2.98,P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论 根据P-V曲线呼气支确定最佳PEEP治疗ARDS较吸气支更优.     

纤维支气管镜吸痰治疗对脑卒中重症肺部感染患者的临床疗效

目的 探讨纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)吸痰治疗在脑卒中重症肺部感染中的应用价值.方法 收集2010年6月至2013年2月重症肺部感染者108例,随机分为两组,治疗组(54例)予纤支镜吸痰联合常规抗感染治疗,对照组(54例)予常规抗感染治疗,并将两组血气分析指标、体温、临床疗效进行统计学比较.结果 经纤支镜吸痰治疗后,治疗组的酸碱度(pH)、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、经皮血氧饱和度(SpO2)均较前明显好转,差异均有显著性差异(P均＜0.01);而对照组的上述指标比较差异无统计学意义(P均＞0.05);治疗组治疗后第3天体温下降明显,两组体温比较差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);治疗组疗效显著高于对照组,两组总有效率比较差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 经纤支镜吸痰联合常规抗感染治疗脑卒中重症肺部感染患者,是一种有效的方法.     

丙氨酰谷氨酰胺在创伤性急性肺损伤机械通气治疗中的临床研究

目的:探讨丙氨酰谷氨酰胺(Ala-Gln)在创伤性急性肺损伤(ALI)机械通气治疗中的临床疗效.方法:将创伤性ALI机械通气患者60例随机分为观察组(n=30)和对照组(n=30),观察组在常规治疗基础上加Ala-Gln 0.5 g/(kg·d),连用7 d,比较两组的 PaO2、氧合指数、APACHEⅡ评分、机械通气时间、住 ICU 时间、ARDS发生率及病死率.结果:观察组治疗后PaO2、氧合指数、APACHEⅡ评分、机械通气时间、住ICU 时间、ARDS发生率组均明显优于对照组(P均<0.05),但病死率无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论:Ala-Gln在创伤性ALI机械通气治疗中可能有肺保护作用,适合创伤性ALI的治疗.     

自拟复方大黄制剂治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床作用探讨

目的 探讨复方大黄制剂在救治急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)中的作用.方法 采用前瞻性研究方法,选择ARDS病例50例,按就诊时间的先后顺序分为中药治疗组(25例)和对照组(25例).两组均采用常规综合治疗,治疗组在常规综合治疗基础上加用中药复方大黄制剂.观察两组患者治疗后机械通气时间、住院时间、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、氧合指数(OI)的变化,以及并发症和预后情况.结果 中药治疗组治疗后24、36、48、72 h动脉血气分析结果较对照组明显改善(均P＜ 0.05).与对照组比较,中药治疗组机械通气时间(d:7.32±3.07比9.18±4.47)、住院时间(d:10.20±2.27比12.04±3.79)、并发症发生率[12％(3/25)比20％(5/25)]和病死率[ 8％( 2/25)比16％(4/25)]均明显降低(均P＜0.05).结论 采用复方大黄制剂与机械通气及药物综合治疗ARDS,可明显减低肺气压伤等并发症发生率,使机械通气治疗时间缩短,易于脱机;同时ARDS的抢救成功率显著提高,病死率降低.     

连续性高容量血液滤过治疗重度急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床疗效

目的 探讨连续性高容量血液滤过(CHVHF)治疗重度急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的临床疗效.方法 采用前瞻性随机对照研究方法,选择2007年6月至2011年6月入住本院重症监护病房(ICU)的65例重度ARDS患者进行研究,按照随机数字表法分为治疗组(37例)和对照组(28例),对照组给予常规治疗,治疗组在常规治疗基础上应用CHVHF治疗.观察两组患者治疗前及治疗后6、24、48、72 h肺功能指标氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、血管外肺水指数(EVLWI)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2),以及血流动力学参数如心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)的变化,并观察机械通气的持续时间、住ICU天数、撤机成功率、28 d存活率等指标.结果 两组治疗后肺功能指标较治疗前均有明显改善,随治疗时间延长PaO2/FiO2(mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0.133kPa)逐渐升高,EVLWI (ml/kg)、PaCO2(mm Hg)逐渐下降,且治疗组较对照组改善明显(6 h PaO2/FiO2:92.6±7.2比83.8±11.4,24 h EVLWI:10.8±3.7比12.6±4.5,24 h PaCO2:47.2±8.5比51.4±4.8,均P＜0.05).两组治疗后血流动力学指标HR、MAP较治疗前明显改善,但两组间比较差异无统计学意义.与对照组比较,治疗组机械通气时间(d)、住ICU天数(d)明显缩短(机械通气时间:12±4比19±6,住ICU天数:21±4比33±8,均P＜0.05),撤机成功率、28 d存活率明显升高(撤机成功率:81.1％比64.3％,28 d存活率:86.5％比71.4％,均P＜0.05).结论 重度ARDS患者采用CHVHF治疗能明显改善肺功能,缩短机械通气时间,提高机械通气撤机成功率,降低病死率,对血流动力学无明显不利影响.     

6％羟乙基淀粉130/0.4联合高容量血液滤过对急性肺和肾损伤患者的影响

目的 探讨6％羟乙基淀粉130/0.4(万汶)联合高容量血液滤过(HVHF)对急性肺损伤(ALI)、急性肾损伤(AKI)患者的影响.方法 选取2006年8月至2011年5月山东大学附属省立医院重症医学科108例ALI合并AKI患者,按入院顺序随机分为万汶组(68例)和万汶+HVHF组(40例).两组均静脉滴注万汶进行容量复苏,万汶+HVHF组完成72 h HVHF.比较两组治疗前后动脉血乳酸(Lac)、血清高敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP),以及反映ALI的指标肺泡-动脉血氧分压差(PA-aDO2)、氧合指数(OI)和反映AKI的指标血清胱抑素C(Cyst C)、肌酐清除率(CCr)的变化.结果 与万汶组比较,万汶+HVHF组治疗72 h血Lac(mmol/L)、hs-CRP(mg/L)、PA-aDO2(mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)、血Cyst C(mg/L)显著下降(Lac:1.7±0.7比2.7±1.5;hs-CRP:35.8±18.8比99.5±20.4;PAaDO2:115.5±23.1比155.4±27.4;Cyst C:2.06±1.12比3.95±2.06,均P＜0.01),OI(mm Hg)、血CCr(ml/min)显著升高(OI:295.2±38.8比239.5±32.7;CCr:108.71±31.33比90.21±30.35,均P＜0.01).治疗7d后,万汶+HVHF组病死率显著低于万汶组[10.00％(4/40)比29.41％(20/68),P＜0.05].结论 万汶联合HVHF治疗能改善ALI、AKI患者的器官功能,防治多器官功能障碍综合征的发生.     

纤维支气管镜在慢性阻塞性肺疾病机械通气序贯撤机中的应用

目的 观察应用纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)辅助慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性发作(AECOPD)并发呼吸衰竭患者机械通气时序贯撤机的临床疗效.方法 将106例AECOPD并发呼吸衰竭接受经口气管插管和机械通气者随机分为2组:应用纤支镜辅助有创-无创机械通气序贯撤机组(A组,54例)和有创-无创机械通气序贯撤机组(B组,52例).A组纤支镜从气管导管外进入气道,操作过程中不间断使用呼吸机.两组患者一般治疗相同,达肺部感染控制窗( PIC)后拔除气管导管改无创机械通气模式,然后依情况决定撤机.治疗后比较两组病例下列指标:(1)PIC出现时间、总机械通气时间、住ICU时间、首次撤机成功率、再上机率、呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)发生率;(2)纤支镜操作对该类患者的安全性.结果 A组和B组PIC出现时间分别为(5.01±1.49)d、(5.87±1.87)d,p＜0.05;总机械通气时间分别为(6.98±1.84)d、(8.69±2.41)d,P＜0.01;住ICU时间分别为(9.25±1.84)d、(11.10±2.63)d,P＜0.01;首次撤机成功率分别为96.30％、76.92％,P＜0.01;再上机率分别为5.56％、19.23％,P＜0.05;VAP发生率分别为3.70％、23.07％,P＜0.01.治疗组纤支镜操作简便、安全,未发生明显不良反应.结论 AECOPD并发呼吸衰竭进行机械通气患者应用纤支镜辅助治疗可缩短机械通气时间,增加撤机成功率,减少VAP的发生,且方便安全.     

加减陷胸桃承汤合参麦注射液对急性呼吸窘迫综合征大鼠细胞凋亡的影响

目的:观察加减陷胸桃承汤合参麦注射液对盲肠结扎穿孔术(CLP)后急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)模型大鼠的治疗作用,并探讨其机制.方法:采取CLP造成大鼠ARDS模型,分别以加减陷胸桃承汤(桃承组)、参麦注射液(参麦组)、加减陷胸桃承汤合参麦注射液(合方组)预处理动物,进行对照观察.于3、6、12和24 h采血进行血气分析,于3 h和12 h取肺组织检测细胞凋亡情况.结果:模型组随时间延长,动脉血氧分压(PaO2)逐渐下降,动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)逐渐上升,与治疗组及假手术组比较差异均有显著性(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).用药各组PaO2均较模型组升高,但仍低于假手术组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),其中参麦组与合方组回升幅度较桃承组大,差异均有显著性(P均＜0.05);随着时间的延长,桃承组、参麦组和合方组之间PaCO2水平变化不明显,但均较模型组明显下降(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),与假手术组比较差异均无显著性(P均＞0.05).模型组细胞凋亡明显增加,与假手术组比较差异有极显著性(P均＜0.01);用药各组细胞凋亡表达较模型组明显下降(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),与假手术组比较差异均无显著性(P均＞0.05).结论:加减陷胸桃承汤与参麦注射液均有升高CLP后ARDS模型大鼠PaO2、降低PaCO2的作用,且有一定的协同作用;其机制可能与其减轻肺组织细胞凋亡有关.     

乌司他丁丹参注射液联合治疗创伤后急性肺损伤的临床研究

目的 探讨乌司他丁、丹参注射液联合治疗对创伤后急性肺损伤(ALI)的效果及机制.方法 将60例急诊胸腹部创伤患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组30例,两组常规治疗相同.治疗组加用乌司他丁600 kU/d、丹参注射液30 mL/d静脉注射.观察两组患者治疗前后血气分析、住院时间、住ICU时间、急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)发生率和病死率,并测定血浆肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平.结果 治疗组住院时间、住ICU时间、ARDS发生率和病死率均显著优于对照组(P<0.01);治疗组呼吸频率、动脉血氧分压、氧合指数改善程度均显著优于对照组(P<0.01);治疗组TNF-α、IL-6水平均显著低于对照组(P<0.01).结论 乌司他丁、丹参注射液联合治疗能显著改善创伤后急性肺损伤预后,缩短治疗时间,具有积极推广价值.     

甘遂辅助治疗重症急性胰腺炎并发急性肺损伤的临床研究

目的观察中药甘遂对于重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)并发急性肺损伤(ALI)的疗效。方法将35例SAP并发ALI患者随机分为2组,对照组予以常规治疗方案,治疗组在对照组基础上加用甘遂治疗。对比2组肺功能指数、血气分析指数以及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的水平变化。结果治疗第5天时,治疗组的血清TNF-α浓度明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。治疗组PaO2/FiO2、PaO2及RR指标明显优于对照组(P<0.01或P<0.05)。治疗组住院时间、ICU治疗时间明显短于对照组,ARDS发生率亦明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。结论甘遂可以有效控制或缓解SAP患者ALI的进展。     

Acute respiratory distress syndrome in trauma patients: ICU mortality and prediction factors

OBJECTIVES: To study the factors that influence the intensive care unit (ICU) mortality of trauma patients who develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and to evaluate determinants of length of ICU stay among these patients. DESIGN: Study on a prospective cohort of 59 trauma patients that developed ARDS. SETTING: ICU of a referral trauma center. Fifty-nine patients were included during the study period from 1994 to 1997. METHODS: The dependent variables studied were the mortality and length of ICU stay. The main independent variables studied included the general severity score APACHE III, the revised trauma and injury severity scores (RTS, ISS), emergency treatment measures, the gas exchange index (PaO2/FIO2) recorded after the onset of ARDS and the development of multiple system organ failure (MSOF). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 42.1 +/- 16.7 years, 49 patients (83 %) were male, the mean APACHE III score was 52.7 +/- 33.7 points, the ISS 28.5 +/- 11.4 points and the RTS 8.9 +/- 2.5 points. ICU length of stay was 28.5 +/- 24.5 days and the mortality rate 31.7 % (19 deaths). Mortality was associated with the following: PaO2/FIO2 ratio on the 3rd, 5th and 7th days post-ARDS; high volume of crystalloid/colloid infusion during resuscitation; the APACHE III score; and the development of MSOF According to the multivariate analysis, the mortality of these patients was correlated with the PaO2/FIO2 ratio on the 3rd day of ARDS, the APACHE III score and the development of MSOF. This analysis also showed days on mechanical ventilation to be the only variable that predicted ICU length of stay. CONCLUSIONS: The ICU mortality of trauma patients with ARDS is related to the APACHE III score, the gas exchange evolution as measured by the PaO2/FIO2 on the 3rd day and the progressive complications indicated by the onset of MSOF. The length of ICU stay of these patients is related to the number of days on mechanical ventilation.     

Statin administration did not influence the progression of lung injury or associated organ failures in a cohort of patients with acute lung injury

Purpose  Preclinical studies suggest that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) may attenuate organ dysfunction. We evaluated whether statins are associated with attenuation of lung injury and prevention of associated organ failure in patients with ALI/ARDS. Methods  From a database of patients with ALI/ARDS, we determined the presence and timing of statin administration. Main outcome measures were the development and progression of pulmonary and nonpulmonary organ failures as assessed by changes in PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (SOFA) between days 1 and 7 after the onset of ALI/ARDS. Secondary outcomes included ventilator free days, ICU and hospital mortality, and lengths of ICU and hospital stay. Results  From 178 patients with ALI/ARDS, 45 (25%) received statin therapy. From day 1 to day 7, the statin group showed less improvement in their PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio (27 vs. 55, P = 0.042). Ventilator free days (median 21 vs. 16 days, P = 0.158), development or progression of organ failures (median ΔSOFA 1 vs. 2, P = 0.275), ICU mortality (20% vs. 23%, P = 0.643), and hospital mortality (27 vs. 37%, P = 0.207) were not significantly different in the statin and non-statin groups. After adjustment for baseline characteristics and propensity for statin administration, there were no differences in ICU or hospital lengths of stay. Conclusion  In this retrospective cohort study, statin use was not associated with improved outcome in patients with ALI/ARDS. We were unable to find evidence for protection against pulmonary or nonpulmonary organ dysfunction. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Direct hemoperfusion using a polymyxin B immobilized column improves acute respiratory distress syndrome

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by a high mortality rate. We have studied whether direct hemoperfusion using a polymyxin B immobilized fiber column (PMX-DHP) is effective for acute lung injury (ALI) and ARDS. Two ALI and eighteen ARDS patients were evaluated, four congestive heart failure (CHF) patients were evaluated as cardiogenic pulmonary edema, and we retrospectively compared the outcome with ten patients with ARDS who had been hospitalized between 1990 and 1998 as the untreated group. PMX-DHP was carried out twice at a rate of 80-100 ml/minute for 2 hours, with a time interval of approximately 24 hours. We monitored systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic BP, and the PaO(2)/FIO(2) (PF) ratio before and after PMX-DHP treatment. The mortality was classified if patients were alive at day 30 after initiating PMX-DHP. The mortality of ARDS patients was approximately 20%. Systolic BP increased significantly from 106 +/- 20 to 135 +/- 21 and to 125 +/- 20 mmHg on the following day. Diastolic BP increased from 61 +/- 16 to 78 +/- 15, and to 72 +/- 12 mmHg. The PF ratio increased significantly from 125 +/- 54 to 153 +/- 73, and 163 +/- 78 Torr. CHF patients did not reveal improvement of systolic, diastolic BP, and PF ratio after PMX-DHP. Eight of ten patients in the untreated group died through exacerbated ARDS. In ARDS patients, PMX-DHP improved circulatory disturbance and oxygenation despite the underlying diseases. The mortality improved compared with that before induction of PMX-DHP.     

乌司他丁联合山莨菪碱对多发伤致急性肺损伤的预防性治疗研究

目的探讨联合应用乌司他丁和山莨菪碱对多发伤致急性肺损伤(ALI)的预防作用及临床意义。方法将2005年1月至2008年1月诊治多发伤病例586例,严格按照损伤控制学理论治疗多发伤的原则分为四组:常规治疗组142例、乌司他丁治疗组143例、山莨菪碱治疗组152例及联合用药治疗组149例,四组又按照损伤严重评分(ISS)分成三组:ISS<20分组,20分≤ISS<27分组和ISS≥27分组。联合用药组为静脉应用乌司他丁和山莨菪碱。观察四组患者的ICU治疗天数、ALI及急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患病率及多发伤患者的病死率。结果联合用药组、单独用药组和常规治疗组相互比较,ISS<20分的多发伤患者四组ICU观察天数均值、ALI/ARDS患病率与多发伤患者的病死率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);ISS≥20分组中,单独用乌司他丁和(或)山莨菪碱治疗的ICU观察天数少于常规治疗组,而ALI/ARDS患病率及病死率也明显降低(P<0.05);ISS≥20分的联合用药组与单独用药组比较,ICU观察天数均值、ALI/ARDS患病率及病死率均明显降低(P<0.05)。结论预防性应用乌司他丁和(或)山莨菪碱治疗多发伤,可以减少严重创伤(ISS≥20分)ICU治疗天数,降低ALI/ARDS的患病率和多发伤患者的病死率;联合用药具有协同效应。     

Pediatric ARDS: effect of supine-prone postural changes on oxygenation

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of repeated prone positioning (supine-prone/prone-supine) on oxygenation in children suffering from ARDS. DESIGN: Single-center prospective case series. SETTING: University pediatric ICU. PATIENTS: Consecutive pediatric patients with severe ARDS (PaO(2)/FiO(2) <200, Murray score >2.5). INTERVENTIONS: Patients were treated as soon as possible with supine-prone/prone-supine positioning every 8 h until clinical improvement or death occurred. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Twenty-three patients who had ARDS (0.5-months to 12.6-years-old), were placed in the prone position within 56+/-109 h after the diagnosis of ARDS. Prone-supine/supine-prone postural changes were repeated every 8 h for 9.7+/-5.5 days. Changes in PaO(2)/FiO(2) ratio during supine-prone and prone-supine positioning were evaluated. A positive change was defined as an increase of 15% of baseline value. The patient was classified as a responder when the mean increase in the prone position was greater than 15%. There were 18 responders and five non-responders. The responders showed an increase in PaO(2)/FiO(2) ratio of 22%, from 91+/-33 to 112+/-43 (P <0.001), when they were placed from the supine to the prone position. Their PaO(2)/FiO(2) ratio dropped from 109+/- 37 to 94 +/-36, P = 0.011, when changed from the prone to supine position. The overall mortality rate in this series was 48% (11 patients), which was higher in the non-responders (80%) than in the responders (39%), although this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.95). CONCLUSIONS: The prone position improves oxygenation in a significant proportion of children with ARDS. Although no statistically significant difference was found for the mortality rate, it was higher for the non-responders (80%) vs the responders (39%).     

急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者预后因素分析

目的 研究影响急性损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome,ALI/ARDS)患者的预后因素.方法 回顾分析巾国医学科学院肿瘤医院ICU 2005年1月至2006年12月问全部63例AIJ/ARDS患者的资料.根据病情转归分为生存组(n:39)和死亡组(n=24).根据病凶分为肺外型和肺内型.结果 ALI/ARDS发病率为5.2%(63/1201).单因素分析发现生存组和死亡组之间机械通气时间(P=0.028)、血肌酐水平(P=0.031)、氧合指数(P=0.023)、转入时APACHE Ⅱ评分(P<0.001)和转入时SOFA评分(P<0.001)差异具有统计学意义.多因素分析发现仅转入时APACHEⅡ评分影响预后(P=0.015,OR:3.809,95%CI:1.295～11.203).肺内型和肺外型两组之间1年生存率差异无统计学意义(63.9%vs.55.4%,P=0.982).ARDS组和ALI组两组之间1年生存率差异具有统计学意义(44.9%vs.88.9%,P=0.008).结论 转入时患者APACHE Ⅱ评分是判断ALI/ARDS患者预后的独立危险因素,ALI/ARDS的病因不影响ALI/ARDS患者的生存.     

Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome at the intensive care unit of a general university hospital in Brazil. An epidemiological study using the American-European Consensus Criteria

OBJECTIVES: To determine: (1) the frequency of acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); (2) the mortality associated with these syndromes and (3) the influence of risk factors, comorbidities and organ system dysfunction in the mortality of ALI patients. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Intensive care unit (ICU) of a general university hospital in Brazil. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: All patients that remained in the ICU for more than 24 h were evaluated regarding the presence/development of ALI/ARDS according to the 1994 American-European Consensus Conference. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: One thousand three hundred and one patients were studied and analyzed regarding mortality, risk factors, comorbidities and organ system dysfunction(s). The frequency of ALI was 3.8% (50), of which ARDS was 2.3% (30) and ALI/non-ARDS 1.5% (20) (p=0.15). The ICU mortality of patients with ALI was 44.0%; in ALI/non-ARDS and ARDS patients it was 40.0% and 46.7%, respectively (p=0.43). The hospital mortality of ALI patients was 48.0%; in ALI/non-ARDS and ARDS patients it was 50.0% and 46.7%, respectively (p=0.21). A multivariate analysis demonstrated that renal (ICU and hospital: p=0.002) and hematological dysfunction (ICU: p=0.008; hospital: p=0.02) were independently associated with ICU and hospital mortality in ALI patients. CONCLUSIONS: (1) The frequency of ALI was 3.8%, of which the frequency of ARDS was 2.3% and of ALI/non-ARDS 1.5%; (2) The ICU and hospital mortality of ALI patients was 44.0% and 48.0%, respectively; mortality rates of ARDS and ALI/non-ARDS did not differ significantly; (3) Renal and hematological dysfunction were associated with mortality in ALI patients.     

Titrating positive end-expiratory pressure therapy in patients with early, moderate arterial hypoxemia

A prospective randomized study to compare two physiologic end-points for titrating positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was performed in patients with early, moderate arterial hypoxemia after surgery or trauma. All patients initially received 5 cm H2O of PEEP. In group 1 patients, PEEP was increased only if PaO2 decreased below 65 torr on an inspired oxygen fraction (FIO2) of 0.45. PEEP was then added in 2- to 3-cm H2O increments until PaO2 again was above 65 torr. Group 2 patients were treated with incremental PEEP until the PaO2/FIO2 ratio was greater than 300 or physiologic shunt (Qsp/Qt) was less than 0.20. All therapy other than PEEP was similar in the two groups. There were no statistically significant differences in entry PaO2 (mean 85 +/- 11 [SD] and 87 +/- 11 torr in groups 1 and 2, respectively), and Qsp/Qt was 0.22 in each group. Five (28%) of 18 patients in group 1 and 19 (95%) of 20 patients in group 2 received more than 5 cm H2O of PEEP. Between groups 1 and 2 there were no statistically significant differences in days intubated (3.4 +/- 3 vs. 5.3 +/- 5, respectively), ICU days (5.3 +/- 3 vs. 6.6 +/- 5), hospitalization days (26 +/- 24 vs. 28 +/- 24), incidence of pulmonary barotrauma (0/18 vs. 1/20), ICU mortality (22% vs. 20%), or overall mortality (33% vs. 25%). The number of blood gas analyses and cardiac output measurements, and the total hospital charges were also similar in both groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)