妊娠期糖耐量受损对母儿的影响

目的研究妊娠期糖耐量受损对孕妇、胎儿、新生儿的影响。方法对868名孕妇，在24～28w行50g葡萄糖激发试验，异常者再进行75g葡萄糖耐量试验，根据血糖结果分为：糖代谢正常组、GDM组和GIGT组，对3组孕妇及围生儿妊娠结局进行比较。结果GDM和GIGT的发生率分别为3．2％和7．8％；孕妇年龄≥30岁、肥胖、有糖尿病家族史GDM和GIGT的发生率较高；GDM组和GIGT组中孕妇妊高征、羊水过多、巨大儿、胎儿窘迫、早产的发生率及剖宫产率、新生儿高胆红素血症和低血糖的发生率均明显高于糖代谢正常组，但GIGT组和GDM组间无差异。结论GDM和GIGT均可使围生期母婴并发痘增加，应重视孕期糖代谢异常的筛查，加强对GIGT孕妇的宣教，及时诊断和治疗GIGT，避免不良结局的发生。     

Altered Skeletal Muscle Fatty Acid Handling in Subjects with Impaired Glucose Tolerance as Compared to Impaired Fasting Glucose

Altered skeletal muscle fatty acid (FA) metabolism contributes to insulin resistance. Here, we compared skeletal muscle FA handling between subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG; n = 12 (7 males)) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; n = 14 (7 males)) by measuring arterio-venous concentration differences across forearm muscle. [²H₂]-palmitate was infused intravenously, labeling circulating endogenous triacylglycerol (TAG) and free fatty acids (FFA), whereas [U-¹³C]-palmitate was incorporated in a high-fat mixed-meal, labeling chylomicron-TAG. Skeletal muscle biopsies were taken to determine muscle TAG, diacylglycerol (DAG), FFA, and phospholipid content, their fractional synthetic rate (FSR) and degree of saturation, and gene expression. Insulin sensitivity was assessed using a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Net skeletal muscle glucose uptake was lower (p = 0.018) and peripheral insulin sensitivity tended to be reduced (p = 0.064) in IGT as compared to IFG subjects. Furthermore, IGT showed higher skeletal muscle extraction of VLDL-TAG (p = 0.043), higher muscle TAG content (p = 0.025), higher saturation of FFA (p = 0.004), lower saturation of TAG (p = 0.017) and a tendency towards a lower TAG FSR (p = 0.073) and a lower saturation of DAG (p = 0.059) versus IFG individuals. Muscle oxidative gene expression was lower in IGT subjects. In conclusion, increased liver-derived TAG extraction and reduced lipid turnover of saturated FA, rather than DAG content, in skeletal muscle accompany the more pronounced insulin resistance in IGT versus IFG subjects.     

妊娠期糖代谢异常对妊娠结局影响

目的研究妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)和妊娠期糖耐量受损(GIGT)对孕产妇和新生儿的影响。方法在产科住院待产孕妇中收集已经诊断为GDM 105例及GIGT的孕产妇共145例,并选取同期待产的血糖正常孕妇234人作为对照,对这3组孕产妇妊娠结局进行监测。结果3组比较,乙型肝炎病毒阳性(P=0.009)、剖宫产(P=0.000)、妊娠期高血压疾病(P=0.002)、妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(P=0.004)、早产(P=0.027)、足月小样儿(P=0.011)、新生儿低血糖(P=0.007)、新生儿肺炎(P=0.001)和新生儿转科(P=0.000)的发生率差异均有统计学意义;GDM组与正常组比较,乙型肝炎病毒阳性(P=0.041)、剖宫产(P=0.000)、妊娠期高血压疾病(P=0.001)、妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(P=0.009)、早产(P=0.012)、足月小样儿(0.019)、新生儿低血糖(P=0.030)、新生儿肺炎(P=0.000)和新生儿转科(P=0.000)发生率差异均有统计学意义;GIGT组与正常组比较,乙型肝炎病毒阳性(P=0.041)、剖宫产(P=0.000)、妊娠期高血压疾病(P=0.021)、妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(P=0.021)、早产(P=0.048)、新生儿低血糖(P=0.021)、新生儿肺炎(P=0.004)和新生儿转科(P=0.000)发生率差异均有统计学意义。结论GDM和GIGT均会引起不良妊娠结局,应加强对妊娠期糖代谢异常的筛查,重视对妊娠期糖代谢异常的管理和规范化治疗,以改善妊娠结局。     

未经干预的糖耐量受损患者动态血糖的特点

目的动态监测糖耐量受损(IGT)患者血糖波动及漂移趋势。方法采用动态血糖监测系统(CGMS)对58例未经干预治疗的IGT患者进行连续72h的血糖监测。结果患者一天中血糖较低的时间段为夜间3点,以后血糖逐渐升高,进餐后2h血糖漂移至最高峰值,一天内血糖高于7.8及11.1mmol/L所占的时间构成比分别为(13.3±11.1)/和(0.3±1.2)/。一天内血糖最高与最低值的差值为(4.4±1.3)mmol/L。日内平均血糖波动幅度为(4.86±0.19)mmol/L。日间血糖平均绝对差为(1.09±0.06)mmol/L。平均血糖水平与HbA1C及指端毛细血管血糖值呈显著正相关(r值分别为0.86,0.89,均P<0.01)。结论动态血糖监测能详细显示IGT患者血糖波动及漂移趋势的特征,可对拟定干预治疗方案提供依据。     

Bisphenol A Exposure during Pregnancy Disrupts Glucose Homeostasis in Mothers and Adult Male Offspring

Background

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widespread endocrine-disrupting chemical used as the base compound in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics. In humans, epidemiological evidence has associated BPA exposure in adults with higher risk of type 2 diabetes and heart disease.

Objective

We examined the action of environmentally relevant doses of BPA on glucose metabolism in mice during pregnancy and the impact of BPA exposure on these females later in life. We also investigated the consequences of in utero exposure to BPA on metabolic parameters and pancreatic function in offspring.

Methods

Pregnant mice were treated with either vehicle or BPA (10 or 100 μg/kg/day) during days 9–16 of gestation. Glucose metabolism experiments were performed on pregnant mice and their offspring.

Results

BPA exposure aggravated the insulin resistance produced during pregnancy and was associated with decreased glucose tolerance and increased plasma insulin, triglyceride, and leptin concentrations relative to controls. Insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation was reduced in skeletal muscle and liver of BPA-treated pregnant mice relative to controls. BPA exposure during gestation had long-term consequences for mothers: 4 months postpartum, treated females weighed more than untreated females and had higher plasma insulin, leptin, triglyceride, and glycerol levels and greater insulin resistance. At 6 months of age, male offspring exposed in utero had reduced glucose tolerance, increased insulin resistance, and altered blood parameters compared with offspring of untreated mothers. The islets of Langerhans from male offspring presented altered Ca²⁺ signaling and insulin secretion. BrdU (bromodeoxyuridine) incorporation into insulin-producing cells was reduced in the male progeny, yet β-cell mass was unchanged.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that BPA may contribute to metabolic disorders relevant to glucose homeostasis and that BPA may be a risk factor for diabetes.     

Metabolic Effects of an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Compared to the Mixed Meal Tolerance Tests: A Narrative Review

The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is recommended for assessing abnormalities in glucose homeostasis. Recognised as the gold standard test for diagnosing diabetes, the OGTT provides useful information about glucose tolerance. However, it does not replicate the process of absorption and digestion of complex foods, such as that which occurs with a mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT), an alternative that is still not well explored in the diagnosis of metabolic alterations. The MMTT could be an asset in detecting glucose homeostasis disorders, including diabetes since it has more similarities to the common dietary pattern, allowing early detection of subtle changes in metabolic homeostasis in response to combined nutrients. This alternative has the advantage of being more tolerable and pleasant to patients since it induces a more gradual increase in blood glucose, thus reducing the risk of rebound hypoglycemia and other related complications. The present article reviewed the clinical data available regarding the possibility of screening or diagnosing altered glucose homeostasis, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, with the MMTT.     

饮食控制对中老年糖耐量减低者红细胞[Ca2+]i水平的影响

目的 探讨饮食控制对中老年糖耐量减低者红细胞内游离钙浓度([Ca²⁺]i)的影响.方法 对42例中老年糖耐量减低者进行为期10个月的饮食干预.并在干预前后测定空腹血糖(FSG)、2小时餐后血糖(2HSG)、红细胞[Ca²⁺]i、血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、糖化低密度脂蛋白(G-LDL)和体质指数(BMI).结果 与糖耐量正常者比较,IGT患者红细胞[Ca²⁺]i显著升高(P<0.01).饮食干预后,红细胞[Ca²⁺]i显著下降(P<0.01).FSG、2HSG、TG、TC、G-LDL及BMI在干预后均显著下降.结论 饮食控制对IGT患者红细胞[Ca²⁺]i异常升高有明显的抑制作用.推测这一变化与血糖降低有关.     

妊娠期糖尿病孕产妇葡萄糖耐量试验不同时点血糖异常对妊娠结局的影响

目的：研究妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕产妇口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)不同时点血糖指标异常对妊娠结局的影响。方法：选择2018年10月—2020年11月在南通市妇幼保健院定期进行产前检查并分娩的373例GDM孕产妇作为研究对象。孕产妇在孕24～28周时,行口服75 g葡萄糖耐量试验,其中仅1项血糖升高为Ⅰ组(空腹血糖升高为Ⅰ-A组,1 h血糖升高为Ⅰ-B组,2 h血糖升高为Ⅰ-C组);2项血糖升高为Ⅱ组(空腹及1 h血糖升高为Ⅱ-A组,空腹及2 h血糖升高为Ⅱ-B组,1 h及2 h血糖升高为Ⅱ-C组);3项血糖升高为Ⅲ组。分析GDM孕产妇妊娠结局。结果：(1)Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组孕产妇的孕次多于Ⅰ组(t值分别为8.601和7.491,P值均<0.05),Ⅲ组不良孕产史的发生率高于Ⅰ组(χ²=9.608,P<0.05);(2)Ⅲ组孕产妇妊娠期高血压和羊水异常发病率均高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(Ⅰ组χ²值分别为11.483、6.757,Ⅱ组χ²值分别为5.106、7.163,P值均<0.05);(3)Ⅰ-A组孕产妇妊娠期高血压发生...     

孕期/哺乳期砷暴露对子鼠心、肝、脾、肾发育的影响

[目的]探讨孕期/哺乳期砷暴露对子鼠心、肝、脾、肾发育影响。[方法]昆明种孕小鼠48只,随机分成4组,每组12只。全孕期和哺乳期以自由饮水方式连续染毒。按饮水砷浓度分别设空白对照组,1、4、16 mg/L染砷组。子鼠生后追踪体重和身长发育情况。哺乳喂养,3周断乳。测量断乳子鼠心、肝、脾、肾脏器系数,观察子鼠心、肝、脾和肾组织形态。[结果]体格发育:出生第3、10、15和21天,各组子鼠平均体重和身长均随母鼠饮水砷浓度升高而降低(P<0.05)。脏器系数:生后3周,各组子鼠心、肝、脾、肾脏器系数均随母鼠饮水砷浓度升高而升高(P<0.05)。病理形态:染砷组断乳子鼠心肌纤维厚薄不均,排列紊乱,心肌细胞核密集;肝细胞以及肾皮质区近曲小管内皮细胞出现水变性,高剂量染砷组子鼠肾远曲小管出现蛋白管型;脾脏出现特征性结构边界不清,白髓面积逐渐变小,红髓面积逐渐增大等表现;上述病理损伤随染砷浓度增加而逐渐加重。[结论]孕期/哺乳期砷暴露导致断乳期子鼠多器官组织形态异常,此可能是砷致生后远期慢性疾病发生的解剖学基础和发育源性病因。     

糖调节受损人群营养干预效果研究

目的探讨社区糖调节受损（IGR）人群的营养干预方法和干预效果。方法选择某社区IGR人群作为干预组（57例）,另一社区IGR人群作为对照组（58例）。对干预组进行6个月的营养干预,并对干预效果进行评估。结果干预组经过营养干预后,空腹血糖、糖耐量、BMI、WHR、胆固醇、甘油三脂及血压的降低程度均高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论通过营养干预能够有效地改善IGR人群的糖代谢水平及其危险因素。     

克拉玛依人群糖耐量低减和2型糖尿病发病的危险因素

目的探讨与克拉玛依人群糖耐量低减 (IGT)和 2型糖尿病发病有关的危险因素。方法对克拉玛依市参加过1994～ 1995年全国糖尿病普查的 2 0 8例曾进行饮食问卷者进行饮食和临床分析 (其中正常糖耐量 87例 ,IGT5 4例 ,新诊断糖尿病 6 7例。)结果 IGT组和新诊断糖尿病组饮食总热量 ,蛋白质 ,脂肪 ,饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸摄入 ;以及体质指数 (BMI)、血空腹胰岛素和甘油三酯水平均明显高于正常组 (P分别 <0 .0 5和 <0 .0 1)。 L ogistic逐步回归分析显示 BMI和脂肪摄入与 IGT、糖尿病发病显著正相关 (P<0 .0 1)。结论肥胖、高脂肪饮食是克拉玛依人群IGT和 2型糖尿病发病的危险因素。合理的膳食和运动、很好的控制体重对预防 IGT和 2型糖尿病发病十分重要     

The Relation of Maternal Blood Arsenic to Anemia During Pregnancy

To clarify the relationship of prenatal arsenic exposure to hemoglobin concentrations and anemia during pregnancy, a longitudinal study was conducted of 364 participants during early pregnancy from October 2006 to March 2011 in Tehran, Iran. Maternal whole blood (taken between 8–12 and 20–24 weeks of gestation, and at delivery) and umbilical cord blood samples were collected for arsenic measurement. The mean concentration of maternal blood arsenic in the first trimester of pregnancy was significantly lower in anemic women compared with non-anemic participants (mean ± SD: 12.4 ± 3.4 versus 14.8 ± 4.0 μg/L, respectively, p < 0.001). Maternal whole blood arsenic levels in the first and third trimesters were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with hemoglobin concentrations measured throughout gestation (r = 0.312, 0.424, and 0.183). Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that increased maternal blood arsenic levels in the first trimester were significantly negatively associated to anemia during pregnancy (OR = 0.85, CI: 0.77–0.94, p < 0.01). The present study showed that prenatal blood arsenic exposure was not a risk factor for the occurrence of anemia.     

Short-Chain Fatty Acids,Maternal Microbiota and Metabolism in Pregnancy

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as products of intestinal bacterial metabolism, are particularly relevant in the diagnosis of intestinal dysbiosis. The most common studies of microbiome metabolites include butyric acid, propionic acid and acetic acid, which occur in varying proportions depending on diet, age, coexisting disease and other factors. During pregnancy, metabolic changes related to the protection of energy homeostasis are of fundamental importance for the developing fetus, its future metabolic fate and the mother’s health. SCFAs act as signaling molecules that regulate the body’s energy balance through G-protein receptors. GPR41 receptors affect metabolism through the microflora, while GPR43 receptors are recognized as a molecular link between diet, microflora, gastrointestinal tract, immunity and the inflammatory response. The possible mechanism by which the gut microflora may contribute to fat storage, as well as the occurrence of gestational insulin resistance, is blocking the expression of the fasting-induced adipose factor. SCFAs, in particular propionic acid via GPR, determine the development and metabolic programming of the fetus in pregnant women. The mechanisms regulating lipid metabolism during pregnancy are similar to those found in obese people and those with impaired microbiome and its metabolites. The implications of SCFAs and metabolic disorders during pregnancy are therefore critical to maternal health and neonatal development. In this review paper, we summarize the current knowledge about SCFAs, their potential impact and possible mechanisms of action in relation to maternal metabolism during pregnancy. Therefore, they constitute a contemporary challenge to practical nutritional therapy. Material and methods: The PubMed database were searched for “pregnancy”, “lipids”, “SCFA” in conjunction with “diabetes”, “hypertension”, and “microbiota”, and searches were limited to work published for a period not exceeding 20 years in the past. Out of 2927 publication items, 2778 papers were excluded from the analysis, due to being unrelated to the main topic, conference summaries and/or articles written in a language other than English, while the remaining 126 publications were included in the analysis.     

糖耐量减低与老年人认知功能缺陷的关系研究

目的探讨老年人群中糖耐量减低与认知功能缺陷的关系。方法采用1∶1配对病例对照研究,以简易智能状态量表检测纳入人群的认知功能,运用Logistic回归分析调查糖耐量减低与老年人认知功能缺陷的关系。结果 80对患者中,认知功能缺陷组脑卒中(P=0.043)及高血压(P=0.001)的发生率明显偏高,差异有统计学意义;Logistic回归分析显示糖耐量减低(P=0.042)、中风(P=0.006)及高血压(P=0.000)等与认知功能缺陷相关,可能是其独立的危险因素。结论糖耐量减低可能是老年人认知功能缺陷的危险因素,对糖耐量减低的预防和早期诊断,有可能改善老年人认知功能缺陷。     

孕哺期大鼠全氟辛烷磺酸暴露对子代糖代谢的影响

[目的]探讨孕哺期全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)暴露对子代大鼠糖代谢的影响. [方法]将Wistar孕鼠自孕0天(GD0)随机分为对照组(0mg/kg)、低剂量组(0.6 mg/kg)和高剂量组(2mg/kg),每组10只;PFOS灌胃染毒至仔鼠出生后21天(PND21)断乳为止.采用高效液相/质谱法检测PND0、PND21时仔鼠血清PFOS含量;观察仔鼠体重变化趋势;比较9周龄和15周龄仔鼠空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素水平;检测仔鼠瘦素和抵抗素基因表达水平变化. [结果] PND21时低剂量组和高剂量组仔鼠血清中PFOS浓度分别为(16.00±1.27)mg/L和(80.54±6.55) mg/L(P＜0.05).低剂量组雌性仔鼠出生后8、9周龄和高剂量7～9周龄,低剂量组雄性仔鼠出生8～12周龄、高剂量7、8、10周龄的体重均明显低于对照组(均P＜ 0.05).高剂量组9周龄和低剂量组15周龄雌性仔鼠的胰岛素水平分别为(10.85±1.37)mU/L和(13.62±1.87) mU/L,均高于对照组(P＜0.05);高剂量组9周龄雄性仔鼠的空腹血糖和胰岛素水平分别为(5.43±0.77) mmol/L和(13.23±1.81)mU/L,15周龄雄性仔鼠低剂量组分别为(4.99±0.54) mmol/L和(13.57±1.22)mU/L,15周龄高剂量组分别为(5.71±0.56) mmol/L和(13.44±2.97)mU/L,均高于对照组(P＜0.05).高剂量组15周龄雄性仔鼠的抵抗素基因表达上调1.25±0.03(P＜ 0.05),瘦素基因表达下调0.67±0.08(P＜0.05). [结论]PFOS孕哺期暴露可能引起子代大鼠糖代谢异常,增加糖尿病患病风险.     

流动人口中妊娠期交界性糖耐量异常对胎儿体重及妊娠结局的影响

目的分析交界性糖耐量异常对妊娠结局和新生儿体重的影响。方法以前瞻性队列研究的方法,将2008年7月至2009年10月符合纳入标准的孕妇分为BGGI病例组（n=371）和正常对照组（n=368）,随访并=记录其妊娠结局和新生儿体重情况。结果两组对象间年龄、月收入、分娩孕周和体重增加值等指标差异均无统计学意义（p〉0．05）,病例组新生儿出生体重、巨大儿以及大于孕龄儿发生率,与对照组差异均具有显著统计学意义（P〈O．01）。结论交界性糖耐量异常可使胎儿体重过大发生率增加,但其对于其他不良妊娠结局的影响尚无法明确。对交界性糖耐量孕妇可能有必要进行孕期干预。     

The Impact of Gestational Weight Gain and Diet on Abnormal Glucose Tolerance During Pregnancy in Hispanic Women

Objective To examine the association of gestational weight gain and dietary factors with abnormal glucose tolerance (AGT). Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study among 813 Hispanic prenatal care patients in Massachusetts. Gestational weight gain and oral glucose tolerance test results were abstracted from medical records. Dietary intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Target weight gain was based on BMI-specific weekly weight gain rates established by the Institute of Medicine (IOM). Results We observed a statistically significant interaction between prepregnancy BMI and weight gain in relation to AGT (P < 0.01). Class II/III (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m²) obese women who had a high rate of weight gain (>0.30 kg/week) or who exceeded target weight were 3–4 times as likely to develop AGT compared to women who gained within IOM ranges (OR = 4.2, 95% CI 1.1–16.0, OR = 3.2 95% CI 1.0–10.5, respectively). Increasing levels of saturated fat and fiber and decreasing levels of energy-dense snack foods and polyunsaturated fat:saturated fat ratio were significantly associated with increased risk of AGT, independent of gestational weight gain. Conclusions Weight gain among class II/III obese women and certain dietary components may represent modifiable risk factors for AGT. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Diet during early pregnancy and development of gestational diabetes

Diet composition may be a modifiable predictor of risk for abnormal glucose tolerance during pregnancy. Prior studies suggest that diets high in total fat, saturated fat, red and processed meats, and with high glycaemic load increase the risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), while polyunsaturated fats, carbohydrates and fibre are protective. The aim of this study was to investigate associations of these and other nutrients and foods, including n-3 fatty acids, trans fats, whole grains and dietary patterns, with risk of GDM. We studied 1733 women with singleton pregnancies enrolled in Project Viva, a prospective pregnancy and birth cohort study in eastern MA. Using multinomial logistic regression, we examined associations of first trimester diet, assessed by validated food frequency questionnaire, with results of glucose tolerance testing at 26-28 weeks of gestation. A total of 91 women developed GDM and 206 women had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) was a strong predictor for GDM risk (OR 3.44 [95% CI 1.88, 6.31] for pre-pregnancy BMI > or =30 vs. <25 kg/m(2)). After adjustment for confounders, the OR [95% CI] for risk of GDM for total dietary fat was 1.00 [0.96, 1.05], for saturated fat 0.98 [0.88, 1.08], for polyunsaturated fat 1.09 [0.94, 1.26], for trans fat 0.87 [0.51, 1.49], and for carbohydrates 1.00 [0.96, 1.03] per each 1% of total energy. The adjusted OR [95% CI] for risk of GDM for a one standard deviation increase in energy-adjusted glycaemic load (32 units, about two soft drinks) was 0.96 [0.76, 1.22] and for each daily serving of whole grains was 0.90 [0.73, 1.13]. Dietary patterns and intake of red and processed meats were not predictive of glucose tolerance outcome. Estimates for IGT were similar to those for GDM. Intake of n-3 fatty acids was associated with increased GDM risk (OR 1.11 [95% CI 1.02, 1.22] per each 300 mg/day), but not with IGT risk. Except for this finding, perhaps due to chance, these data do not show that nutrient or food intake in early pregnancy is linked to risk of GDM. Nutritional status entering pregnancy, as reflected by pre-pregnancy BMI, is probably more important than pregnancy diet in development of GDM.