下腹壁横行腹直肌肌皮瓣及腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣乳房再造的相关肋间神经解剖学研究

目的　为开展保留感觉神经和部分腹直肌功能的下腹壁横行腹直肌肌皮瓣 (TRAM皮瓣 )及腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣 (DIEP皮瓣 )乳房再造手术方法提供解剖学依据。方法　对 9具 18侧 10 %甲醛溶液防腐固定的成年女尸腹前外侧壁进行大体及显微解剖 ,观察T8～T12 肋间神经的走行及分布 ,重点解剖腹直肌区域内肋间神经分支。在 15例DIEP皮瓣乳房再造术中 ,观察肋间神经在腹直肌内的走行分布特点及其与腹壁下血管穿支的关系。结果　肋间神经在腹直肌外侧 1/3区域内穿入腹直肌 ,其运动支在腹直肌内有交通支形成 ,相邻神经可重叠支配节段性腹直肌。感觉神经支分为内侧穿支和外侧穿支 ,与腹壁下血管穿支形成血管神经束进入皮下组织。纯感觉神经蒂长为 (2 7.6± 12 .2 )mm。结论　在应用TRAM皮瓣和DIEP皮瓣进行乳房再造时 ,可以保留感觉神经蒂进行神经吻合以恢复乳房感觉功能 ;而在切取TRAM皮瓣时 ,保留外侧 1/3腹直肌不会导致术后肌肉失神经萎缩。     

Free microvascular TRAM flaps for breast reconstruction: the first 50 patients

Skin blood flow in the free TRAM flap has been shown to be superior to that in the pedicled TRAM flap, and in 1990 the free TRAM flap was adopted as the procedure of choice for breast reconstructions. The findings in the first 50 patients whose breasts were reconstructed with free microvascular TRAM flaps are reported. Although 92% of the patients had undergone previous axillary operation and 78% had received radiotherapy, recipient vessels could be found in all axillae. Fortyeight patients had unilateral and two bilateral reconstructions. Reduction or mastopexy was performed on the opposite breast in 50% of the patients. One flap was lost. Skin edge necrosis was found in two patients. Acceptable results with good symmetry or slight asymmetry were achieved in 96%. Seven patients had abdominal laxity due to use of Gore-Tex sutures for closure. Abdominal wall complications ceased once the suture material was changed. The complication rate decreases quickly, as experience increases. Nineteen immediate postoperative or later complications occurred in the first 25 free TRAM flap patients but only 5 in the second 25 patients. The free TRAM flap results in fewer skin problems and is an easier operation for the patient than a pedicled TRAM.     

Meta-analysis of flap perfusion and donor site complications for breast reconstruction using pedicled versus free TRAM and DIEP flaps

ObjectivesThe transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap is an important option for breast reconstruction. Several studies have recently evaluated whether a greater number of complications result from the use of pedicled TRAM (pTRAM) flaps versus either free TRAM (fTRAM) flaps or deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flaps. To clarify the evidence regarding this issue, we performed an objective meta-analysis of published studies.Materials and methodsA literature search of articles published between January 1, 1990, to January 1, 2017 was performed using the PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Cochrane databases. Heterogeneity was statistically analyzed, and fixed effects and random effects models were used as appropriate.ResultsEleven articles comparing pedicled TRAM (pTRAM) flaps with either free TRAM (fTRAM) or DIEP flaps were included. The articles evaluated a total of 3968 flaps, including 1891 pTRAM flaps, 866 fTRAM flaps, and 1211 DIEP flaps. Patients with fTRAM flaps had a significantly lower risk of fat necrosis and partial flap necrosis than those with pTRAM flaps. No difference was observed in total flap necrosis and hernia or bulge between fTRAM and pTRAM flaps. No difference was noted in flap complications between DIEP and pTRAM flaps except for hernia or bulge..ConclusionAlthough pTRAM flaps are being replaced by fTRAM and DIEP flaps, which exhibit fewer complications related to flap ischemia and donor site morbidity, it was unclear from the literature which flap type was most beneficial regarding flap vascularity and donor site morbidity. Hence, surgeons should choose the appropriate option based on their preferences and on patient factors..     

下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣联合腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣乳房再造术

目的 探讨应用下腹部腹直肌肌皮瓣联合腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣行乳房再造的手术方法，并分析其适应证。方法 以健侧腹直肌为肌蒂、患侧腹壁下动、静脉穿支为吻合血管蒂形成下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣与腹壁下动脉穿支联合皮瓣，将腹壁下动、静脉与患侧胸背血管或胸廓内血管相吻合，进行乳房再造。结果 自2003年以来，于临床应用17例，所有皮瓣皆成活，随访3～12个月，再造乳房外形满意。结论 下腹部腹直肌肌皮瓣联合腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣，具有血运可靠、提供组织量丰富、塑形自由度大、供区损伤较小等优点，尤适宜需要移植体积多以及胸廓内血管受损的乳房再造患者。     

Aesthetic microsurgical reconstruction of the female lower leg

In the true sense of the term, “aesthetic reconstruction of lower leg” means that patients accept the appearance of their reconstructed lower leg(s) and are willing to go outside in short trousers or a knee-length skirt without feeling embarrassed. Because of this, soft tissue reconstruction of large areas of the female lower leg is especially challenging. In this paper, we focus on the “aesthetic reconstruction of the female lower leg” and discuss this problem and its solutions. Case 1 was a 25-year-old patient with an avulsion injury. A 13 × 25-cm muscle-sparing transverse rectus abdominis (TRAM) flap was used for the reconstruction. However, in addition, a free groin flap and parascapular flap were added to reconstruct the whole lower leg over a 2.5-year period. Case 2 was a 25-year-old patient with a soft tissue defect. A 15 × 30-cm muscle-sparing TRAM flap was used for the reconstruction. In retrospect, it was clear that the texture and color of the TRAM flap resembled those of the lower leg reasonably well. We suggest that the muscle-sparing TRAM flap or the deep inferior epigastric perforator flap should be a first choice of tissue for the reconstruction of the female lower leg, especially when aesthetics and donor-site morbidity are taken into consideration.     

游离腹壁下深动脉穿支皮瓣一期重建乳房

目的　行乳癌改良根治术同时应用游离腹壁下深动脉穿支 (deepinferiorepigastricper forator,DIEP)皮瓣行一期乳房再造 ,以降低术后并发症的发生率。方法　 2 0 0 1年 12月～ 2 0 0 3年 1月对 12例患单侧乳癌的女性患者 ,在行乳癌改良根治术的同时用游离DIEP皮瓣行一期乳房再造 ,受区血管采用胸背动、静脉或胸廓内动、静脉。结果　本组 12例DIEP皮瓣中有 1例因为下腹部多条瘢痕 ,术后整块皮瓣坏死 ,其余 11例全部存活。 11例再造乳房和对侧乳房大小基本一致 ,术后无一例发生腹壁薄弱、腹部包块、腹壁疝等。结论　DIEP皮瓣是利用自体组织一期重建乳房合理可靠的新方法 ,较TRAM皮瓣 ,术后供区的并发症明显降低 ,康复快 ,但手术较复杂、时间较长 ,对外科技术的要求较高。     

Early experience with the deep inferior epigastric perforator flap in breast reconstruction

The free transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap has earned a prominent place in the armamentarium of the clinician performing breast reconstructive surgery. There is, however, significant morbidity associated with this flap. With the advent of the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flap many of these disadvantages may be overcome. Early experience with this promising technique is presented.Presented at the Seventh Annual Meeting of the European Association of Plastic Surgeons (EURAPS), May 16-18, 1996, Innsbruck, Austria     

Survival in breast cancer patients with a delayed DIEP flap breast reconstruction after adjustment for socioeconomic status and comorbidity

PurposeOverall survival in breast cancer patients receiving a delayed deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap breast reconstruction is better than in those without delayed breast reconstruction. This study aimed at determining the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) and comorbidity on these observations.Materials and methodsThis matched cohort study included all consecutive women undergoing a delayed DIEP flap reconstruction at Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden, between 1999 and 2013. Controls had not received any delayed breast reconstruction and were relapse-free after a corresponding follow-up interval. Matching was by year of and age at mastectomy, tumour stage and lymph node status. Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) and socioeconomic data were obtained from national registers. Associations with breast cancer-specific (BCSS) and overall survival (OS) were investigated by Kaplan-Meier survival estimates and Cox proportional hazard regression analysis.ResultsWomen in the DIEP group (N = 254) more often continued education after primary school (88.6% versus 82.6%, P = 0.026), belonged to the high-income group (76.0% versus 63.1%, P < 0.001), were in a partnership (57.1% versus 55.7%, P = 0.024) and healthier (median CCI 1.00 (range 0–13) versus 2.00 (range 0–16), P = 0.021) than the control group (N = 729). After adjustment for tumour and treatment factors, SES and comorbidity, OS remained significantly better for the DIEP group than the control group (HR 2.27, 95% CI 1.44–3.55).ConclusionWomen with a delayed DIEP flap reconstruction are a subgroup of higher socioeconomic status and better health. Higher survival estimates for the DIEP group persisted after adjusting for those differences, suggesting the presence of further unmeasured covariates.     

Positive effects of the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol in DIEP flap breast reconstruction

BackgroundEnhanced recovery after surgery protocols are successfully implemented in different surgical specialties, but a specific protocol for autologous breast reconstruction is missing. The aim of this study was to determine whether an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol contributes to a reduced length of stay without an increase in postoperative complications for patients undergoing a DIEP flap breast reconstruction.Materials en methodsThe effect of the ERAS protocol was examined using a single-center patient-control study comparing two groups of patients. Patients who underwent surgery between November 2017 and November 2018 using the ERAS protocol were compared with a historical control group (pre-ERAS) who underwent surgery between November 2016 and November 2017. The primary outcome measure was hospital length of stay. Secondary outcome measures were postoperative pain and postoperative complications.Results152 patients were included (ERAS group, n = 73; control group, n = 79). Mean hospital length of stay was significantly shorter in the ERAS group than in the control group (5 vs. 6 days, p < 0.001). The average pain score was 1.73 in de the ERAS group compared to 2.17 in the control group (p = 0.032). There were no significant differences between the groups in postoperative complications. The ERAS group experienced less constipation (41 vs. 25 patients, p = 0.028).ConclusionAn enhanced recovery after surgery protocol contributes an accelerated postoperative recovery of patients undergoing a DIEP flap breast reconstruction. In this study a significant decrease was found in hospital length of stay, patient-reported pain score and adverse health issues.     

Contralateral unaffected breast augmentation using zone IV as a SIEA flap during unilateral DIEP flap breast reconstruction

BackgroundContralateral breast augmentation during unilateral breast reconstruction is a good option for women with small breasts. In patients with adequate lower abdominal tissues, the deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap is often the first choice for unilateral autologous breast reconstruction. We use Zone IV, which is usually excised owing to its insufficient blood circulation, as a superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) flap for contralateral breast augmentation.MethodsBetween October 2004 and January 2016, 32 patients underwent unilateral breast reconstruction using a DIEP flap and an attempted simultaneous contralateral breast augmentation with an SIEA flap. The unilateral DIEP flap attached to the contralateral SIEA flap was split into two separate flaps after indocyanine green angiography. In all patients, ipsilateral internal mammary vessels were used as recipient vessels for DIEP flap breast reconstruction. The SIEA flap pedicle was anastomosed to several branches of the deep inferior epigastric vessels. The SIEA flap was inset beneath the contralateral breast through the midline.ResultsOf 32 patients, 27 underwent DIEP flap breast reconstruction and simultaneous unaffected breast augmentation using 25 SIEA or 2 superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator (SCIP) flaps. All DIEP flaps survived, and total necrosis occurred in one SIEA flap. The mean weight of the final inset for DIEP flap reconstruction and SIEA or SCIP flap augmentation was 416 g and 112 g, respectively.ConclusionsUnilateral DIEP flap breast reconstruction and contralateral SIEA flap breast augmentation may be safely performed with satisfactory results.     

Intraoperative venous congestion in free transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous and deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flaps during breast reconstruction: A systematic review

BACKGROUND:

Even with patent deep inferior epigastric vein anastomoses, venous congestion can occur during free transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) or deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flap surgery and lead to flap compromise if not recognized and managed.

OBJECTIVES:

To identify the incidence of intraoperative venous congestion and describe the best available prevention and treatment methods.

METHODS:

Systematic electronic searches of the PubMed database including Medline were performed to identify studies published until 2014. The following keywords were used: “DIEP” or “free TRAM” and “venous insufficiency” or “venous congestion”. Supplemental searches were conducted to identify referenced studies. Statistical analysis using the χ² test was performed.

RESULTS:

Nine studies representing 4747 free abdominal flaps cases were included and demonstrated an overall incidence of intraoperative venous congestion of 2.8%. The incidence in DIEP flaps (3.3%) was significantly higher than that in the free TRAM flaps (1.0%). All nine articles reported using the superficial inferior epigastric vein to treat venous insufficiency.

CONCLUSION:

The risk for developing intraoperative venous congestion following free abdominal flap breast reconstruction is influenced by inadequate perforator selection and persistent dominance in the superficial venous system. The solution is establishing another venous draining route using the superficial inferior epigastric vein.     

带蒂腹直肌肌皮瓣及背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造并发症的Meta分析

目的 比较运用横行带蒂腹直肌肌皮瓣（transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap,TRAM flap）和背阔肌肌皮瓣（latissimus dorsi flap,LDF）进行I期乳房再造术的并发症（包括脂肪坏死率、肌皮瓣部分坏死率、肌皮瓣完全坏死率）,为临床决策提供依据.方法 在CNKI、SinoMed、PubMed、VIP、Cochrane等数据库和运用手工检索1992～2012年有关带蒂TRAM肌皮瓣及LDFI期乳房再造的中英文文献共1493篇.按照纳入与排除标准选择、提取资料和评价质量后,发现有47篇文献符合标准,采用RevMan 5.0软件进行M-H固定效应模型进行Meta分析.结果 有10篇文献同时包含带蒂TRAM肌皮瓣和LDF乳房再造并发症,所以用以比较两者的并发症的相关危险度（relative risk,RR）和95％置信区间（confidence interval,CI）.带蒂TRAM肌皮瓣的部分坏死率是LDF的1.7倍（RR值为1.72,95％CI为1.02～2.88）,脂肪坏死率（RR值为1.01,95％CI为0.60～1.72）和肌皮瓣完全坏死率（RR值为2.13,95％CI为0.82～5.54）,与LDF相比差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 LDF与带蒂TRAM肌皮瓣乳房再造术相比,LDF乳房再造的肌皮瓣部分坏死并发症发生率较低,肌皮瓣完全坏死率与脂肪坏死率比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.     

上、下蒂横形腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造的解剖学研究

目的探讨上蒂横形腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术后并发症产生的原因。方法对20侧成人尸体进行解剖观察。结果发现主要是由于上蒂术式切断了该肌皮瓣的主要供血动脉——腹壁下动脉,仅靠腹壁上、下动脉之间微薄的螺旋微动脉的吻合支供血,以致术后产生脂肪液化、边缘坏死等并发症。结论腹壁下动、静脉是中、下腹部横形腹直肌肌皮瓣的直接供血动脉及回流静脉,即下蒂优于上蒂。     

上、下蒂横形腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造的解剖学研究

目的探讨上蒂横形腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术后并发症产生的原因。方法对２０侧成人尸体进行解剖观察。结果发现主要是由于上蒂术式切断了该肌皮瓣的主要供血动脉——腹壁下动脉，仅靠腹壁上、下动脉之间微薄的螺旋微动脉的吻合支供血，以致术后产生脂肪液化、边缘坏死等并发症。结论腹壁下动、静脉是中、下腹部横形腹直肌肌皮瓣的直接供血动脉及回流静脉，即下蒂优于上蒂。