小鼠γ-干扰素真核表达质粒的构建和鉴定

目的克隆小鼠γ-干扰素(γ-IFN)基因,构建并鉴定小鼠γ-干扰素真核表达质粒.方法从BALB/c小鼠脾脏提取总RNA,用RT-PCR方法扩增出小鼠γ-干扰素基因, 分别用EcoRⅠ、BamHⅠ双酶切扩增片段和pcDNA3.1(-),定向克隆到真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1(-),构建成真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1(-)γ-IFN.转化产物通过PCR扩增筛选,双酶切鉴定;阳性克隆进行序列分析.结果 RT-PCR产物电泳可见一约500bp大小目的片段.PCR和双酶切电泳结果均证实已插入约500bp的γ-IFN基因片段;阳性克隆测序结果表明克隆的小鼠γ-干扰素基因完全正确.结论成功构建了小鼠γ-干扰素真核表达质粒,为进一步气道内实施哮喘小鼠基因治疗打下了坚实基础.     

FSHR部分基因的真核表达质粒构建和生物信息学分析

目的克隆FSHR基因部分片段（145～330bp）（FSHRn）,构建真核表达重组质粒,预测其编码蛋白作为候选避孕疫苗的可行性。方法提取小鼠睾丸组织的总RNA,利用RT—PCR技术反转录成cDNA,按照GenBank中小鼠FSHR N-端序列设计引物,扩增基因片段并插入pcDNA3．1／myc-His（-）B载体,重组质粒经PCR、双酶切和测序鉴定后用Vector NTI9．0软件作生物信息学分析。结果扩增片段长度为186bp,测序结果与已知序列吻合,重组真核表达质粒经PCR和双酶切鉴定获得正确重组子,生物信息学分析其编码蛋白抗原性肽段主要集中在15～20aa、22～27aa、32～36aa、42～48aa、58～67aa,与人的基因同源性为90％。结论成功克隆了FSHRn基因片段并构建了pcDNA3．1／FHSRn真核表达重组质粒;FSHRn具有良好的抗原性．FSHRn蛋白可作为良好的动物候选疫苗,为此段蛋白的深入研究和人类男性避孕疫苗的研制打下基础。     

β-淀粉样蛋白真核表达质粒的构建及鉴定

目的构建β-淀粉样蛋白真核表达质粒,为进一步开展老年性痴呆DNA疫苗的保护性研究打下基础。方法提取Tg2576转基因鼠基因组DNA,PCR扩增β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ1-42)基因,用限制性内切酶KpnⅠ/XhoⅠ分别对扩增产物和真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1酶切,将目的基因定向克隆到pcDNA3.1载体上;对重组质粒进行双酶切初步鉴定后进行序列测定。结果特异扩增出Aβ1-42片段,大小为126bp,片段成功插入pcDNA3.1载体中。经双酶切及序列测定结果表明Aβ1-42目的基因正确重组入pcDNA3.1载体中。结论成功构建Aβ1-42真核表达质粒。     

人TRAM基因真核表达载体的构建

目的 构建TRAM基因真核表达载体,为研究TRAM的功能提供研究工具。方法 首先采用PCR方法扩增人TRAM蛋白相应的编码序列,将扩增的特定片段克隆至pCMV-N-Flag真核表达载体。然后,对重组载体进行DNA测序,确认序列正确后将重组载体转染至HEK-293T细胞,并用Western blot方法检测TRAM蛋白的表达以评价载体是否构建成功。结果 菌落PCR电泳可检测到800 bp附近出现目的条带,质粒DNA测序显示载体插入705 bp的核苷酸序列,其序列与TRAM完全一致。Western blot检测到HEK-293T细胞高表达带Flag标签的TRAM蛋白。结论 基于PCR扩增、双酶切、酶连接扩增片段和载体成功构建带Flag标签的TRAM真核表达载体。构建的质粒可为进一步研究干扰素的调控和抗病毒免疫治疗提供一种研究工具。     

人IL-6受体胞外区真核表达载体的构建及体外表达

目的 构建人IL-6受体(IL-6R)胞外区真核表达载体,检测其在体外培养细胞中的表达.方法 利用PCR扩增IL-6R胞外区,克隆到pcDNA3.1(+)中,用双酶切、测序鉴定.重组质粒通过脂质体转染HL-60细胞,用G418进行筛选,利用Western印迹检测IL-6R蛋白表达.结果 PCR扩增出1 218 bp的目的 片段,双酶切和测序结果显示重组质粒正确.Western印迹结果显示转染细胞能够表达目的 蛋白.结论 成功构建了人IL-6R胞外区真核表达载体,并且能够在真核细胞中表达.     

问号状赖型钩端螺旋体LAg42膜蛋白基因的克隆及真核表达研究

目的:构建赖型钩端螺旋体lag42基因真核表达载体并转染哺乳动物细胞,为进一步研究奠定基础。方法:分别以问号状赖型钩体017株,56601株及双曲钩体PatocI株基因组为模板PCR扩增目的基因。构建lag42基因与质粒pcDNA3.1A 的重组真核表达质粒,克隆筛选并测序;通过脂质体介导将重组质粒转染入COS7细胞,用RT-PCR检测转染结果。结果:不同毒力赖型钩体均能扩增出约1100 bp的片段,而PatocI株则未能扩增出目的片段;PCR、双酶切及测序证实pcDNA3.1A -lag42构建成功;经RT-PCR检测证实重组质粒转染成功。结论:赖型钩体具有编码LAg42膜蛋白的基因,构建完成真核表达载体pcD-NA3.1A -lag42,并成功转染COS7细胞。     

人防御素-5基因的克隆和真核表达载体的构建

目的对人防御素5(HD-5)基因进行克隆,构建真核表达载体HD5-pPICZαA。方法从人cDNA文库中PCR扩增HD-5基因片段,用EcoRⅠ和XbaⅠ分别双酶切HD-5基因扩增产物和毕赤酵母表达载体pPICZαA,用T4DNA连接酶连接目的基因片段和pPICZαA,然后转化到E.coli Top10中,Zeocin筛选转化子并进行PCR、酶切和序列鉴定。结果提取阳性克隆的重组质粒,EcoR Ⅰ和Xba Ⅰ双酶切后跑电泳获得预期条带;同时重组质粒经序列测定,证实HD-5基因正确插入pPICZαA中,插入位置、方向均正确。结论成功构建人防御素5基因的真核表达载体HD5-pPICZαA,为HD-5蛋白的真核真核表达奠定基础。     

重组人ht基因表达载体的构建及其意义

目的通过基因工程技术构建人α1，2岩藻糖苷转移酶（ht）基因表达载体，以期HT在猪细胞表达，削减异种抗原α-Gal的合成。方法HindⅢ／XbaⅠ双酶切pcDNA3和pRc／CMV—htcDNA2种质粒，回收所需酶切片段，进而连接、转化感受态细菌，纯化pcDNA3-htcDNA重组质粒，对其进行多酶切、PCR和测序鉴定。结果多酶切反应产物电泳可见内切酶Pvu Ⅰ酶切产生6．5kb片段，Bgl Ⅱ酶切产生4．6kb和1．9kb片段，Apa Ⅰ酶切产生5．6kb和0．9kb片段，Hindm／xba Ⅰ酶切产生5．4kb和1．1kb片段，结果与设计相符。PCR反应扩增出1098bp的htcDNA核心片段。序列测定结果与Genbank中htcDNA序列比对，表明在pcDNA3质粒多克隆位点成功定向连接了htcDNA全长序列。结论成功构建了pcDNA3-htcDNA重组质粒。     

小鼠pdx-1基因真核表达载体的构建及其在胚胎干细胞中的表达

目的： 克隆小鼠pdx-1基因，构建其真核表达载体，并在小鼠胚胎干细胞中表达，为糖尿病的细胞移植治疗奠定基础。方法： PCR扩增小鼠胰腺pdx-1基因 cDNA，酶切后和携带绿色荧光蛋白报告基因的真核表达载体pEGFP-N1重组，将pdx-1基因 cDNA片段连接到pEGFP-N1载体的多克隆位点，形成重组载体pEGFP/pdx-1，转化大肠杆菌DH5α菌株，构建成pdx-1基因真核表达载体质粒。扩增DH5α后抽提质粒DNA，Hind Ⅲ 和BamHⅠ酶切，电泳，DNA测序鉴定。鉴定正确的质粒DNA用脂质体包裹后转染小鼠胚胎干细胞MESPU13。结果： 从小鼠胰腺cDNA扩增出876 bp的DNA片段并成功重组到pEGFP-N1载体中。经酶切和DNA测序验证，插入载体的DNA片段为pdx-1基因，插入方向正确。重组质粒经脂质体转染胚胎干细胞MESPU13，24 h 后观察到绿色荧光蛋白报告基因和目的基因的pdx-1表达。结论： 小鼠pdx-1基因的克隆和真核表达载体构建获得成功，为进一步研究其功能奠定了基础。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.