早产儿照护者家庭护理知识及技能掌握情况的调查

目的了解早产儿照护者对早产儿相关家庭护理知识及技能的掌握情况,为完善早产儿出院后的家庭延伸护理提供依据。方法便利选取2012年6-12月入住北京协和医院新生儿监护病房的50位早产儿照护者进行问卷调查,调查内容包括照护者基本资料、早产儿相关护理知识及技能、获得现有知识及技能的途径,以及希望出院后进一步获得相关知识及技能的途径。结果在早产儿护理知识及技能方面,得分最高的是早产儿的日常护理[(2.97±0.31)分],得分最低的是常见异常情况的识别与处理[(1.98±0.22)分];早产儿照护者的现有知识及技能主要来源于媒体(80.0%)和孕妇学校(62.0%);照护者希望出院后进一步获得相关知识及技能的主要途径依次为医院设立咨询电话(100%)、医院提供教育光盘或手册(78.0%)及医院提供专人访视(66.0%)。结论照护者对早产儿的家庭护理知识及技能掌握水平较低。医院应扩大护理服务范围,为照护者提供家庭护理健康教育,以保障早产儿的延伸护理质量、降低早产儿的再就诊率、提高早产儿的生活质量。     

微信健康教育对早产儿出院家庭准备度的影响

目的探讨微信健康教育在提高早产儿出院家庭准备度中的应用效果。方法将180名早产儿主要照顾者作为研究对象,按早产儿入院时间分为对照组和观察组,2015年7—12月入住新生儿科的早产儿主要照顾者90名为对照组,2016年1—6月入住新生儿科的早产儿主要照顾者90名为观察组。对照组接受常规的早产儿照护健康教育,观察组在对照组的基础上接受微信健康教育。比较2组干预前和出院当天的一般自我效能量表得分、早产儿出院家庭准备度得分及护理满意度。结果干预前2组早产儿主要照顾者一般自我效能量表得分、早产儿出院家庭准备度各维度得分及总分比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);出院当天观察组的一般自我效能量表得分、早产儿出院家庭准备度各维度得分及总分均高于对照组(P0.05);出院当天观察组的护理满意度得分及满意率均高于对照组(P0.05)。结论微信健康教育可以提高早产儿主要照顾者的自我效能和对早产儿照护知识的掌握程度,提高早产儿出院家庭准备度,并提高护理满意度。     

早产儿出院后对家庭护理需求的调查研究

目的 调查早产儿家庭照护者对出院后的需求现状,探讨其影响因素.方法 选取我院211例早产儿为研究对象.采用自行设计调查问卷进行家庭护理需求调查分析.结果 照护者对出院后家庭护理有较高需求,随访方式希望采用电话随访,占比62.5％.生活中对喂养知识需求较高,占比67.3％.出院后照护者希望能对其心理进行照护,特别是照护压力方面.结论 早产儿照护者对家庭照护需求迫切,需求内容包括:喂养知识、小儿抚触、疾病护理,对知识和后续长期的护理需求,亟待建立健全完善早产儿家长中心式照护体系,完善院前、院后的护理.     

早产儿照护者实施基于赋能授权理论干预的效果探析

目的探讨对早产儿照护者实施基于赋能授权理论干预的效果。方法选择2017年6月至2019年6月在江阴市人民医院住院的早产儿照护者108名，按照随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组，各54名。对照组照护者出院后行常规健康教育，观察组照护者行基于赋能授权理论干预。对比两组照护者出院前后连续护理认知水平、负性情绪变化及护理满意度。结果出院前3 d，两组照护者连续护理认知水平、焦虑、抑郁评分差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。出院3个月后观察组照护者连续护理认知水平总分及各条目得分（疾病防护相关知识与技能、日常照护相关知识与技能、社会服务相关知识、康复相关知识与技能）均高于对照组（P＜0.05）；焦虑、抑郁评分均低于对照组（P＜0.05）；观察组照护者对护理工作满意度高于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论对早产儿照护者实施基于赋能授权理论干预可显著提升照护者护理认知水平，减轻其负性情绪，提高其对护理工作的满意度，值得推广。     

支气管哮喘患者及其家庭照顾者疾病照护需求的质性研究

目的 了解哮喘患者及其家庭照顾者疾病照护需求。方法 采用质性研究中的现象学研究法,以半结构式访谈法收集资料,并采用Miles&Huberman 的内容分析法分析资料。结果 哮喘患者疾病照护需求呈现5个主题：需要专业的疾病知识指导;需要生活指导;期待更方便的健康教育途径;需要心理指导;希望得到持续的照护支持。家庭照顾者疾病照护需求析出1个主题：需要专业的疾病知识指导。结论 哮喘患者出院后疾病照护状况值得关注,医护人员应重视住院期间患者及其家庭照顾者的健康教育,给予针对性的健康教育,提供延续护理为患者提供知识、技能、心理的支持,以促进哮喘控制。     

哮喘患者及其家庭照顾者疾病照护需求的质性研究

目的了解哮喘患者及其家庭照顾者的疾病照护需求。方法采用目的抽样法,选取2018年1—6月中日友好医院呼吸科病房住院的成人哮喘患者19例及其家庭照顾者10名为研究对象。采用质性研究中的现象学研究法,以半结构式访谈法收集资料,并采用MilesHuberman内容分析法进行资料分析。结果哮喘患者疾病照护需求呈现5个主题:需要专业的疾病知识指导,需要心理指导,需要生活指导,期待更便捷的健康教育途径,希望得到持续的照护支持。家庭照顾者疾病照护需求析出1个主题:需要专业的疾病知识指导。结论哮喘患者出院后疾病照护状况值得关注,医护人员应重视家庭照顾者在哮喘患者疾病控制方面的重要作用,住院期间为患者及其家庭照顾者提供个性化的健康教育,出院后为患者提供延续性护理服务。     

小群体式健康教育对提高早产儿照护者照护知识的影响

目的:建立以小群体为基础的早产儿照护者健康教育课程,探讨其对早产儿照护知识和课程满意度的影响。方法:本研究纳入50名早产儿照护者采用方便取样法分成4个小群体组,每组10~15名,建立合理喂养、呼吸管理、预防感染、发育照顾护理4项内容的健康教育方案。用自行设计的"早产儿照护知识"试卷和"课程满意度"问卷收集受教育早产儿照护者知识得分及对课程的满意程度。结果:早产儿照护者知识得分从教育前的(43.92±14.82)分提高到教育后的(61.72±13.89)分,教育前后差异有统计学意义(P0.01);对组织形式和课程设置的总体满意度均为100%,满意度最高的前两项内容是发育照顾护理和预防感染。结论:以小群体为基础的早产儿照护者健康教育课程具有提高早产儿照护知识水平的近期效果,其教学组织形式和内容设置得到早产儿照护者的一致好评。     

脑卒中家庭照护者出院准备度现状调查及影响因素分析

[目的]了解脑卒中家庭照护者出院准备度现状及影响因素,为临床护理措施的制定提供相应的理论依据。[方法]采用自行设计的"家庭照护者基本情况调查表"以及中文版《家庭照护者出院准备度量表》对便利抽样的166名脑卒中家庭照护者进行问卷调查。[结果]8个条目中得分最高是照护活动准备情况,得分为(2.70±0.80)分,得分最低是面对照护压力准备情况,为(1.36±0.76)分,家庭照护者出院准备度量表总分为(16.35±7.38)分;不同年龄、文化程度、角色、酬金等相关因素的照护者对出院准备水平有影响,与年龄呈负相关,与文化水平、酬金呈正相关,雇佣角色比亲人角色出院准备水平高(P0.01)。[结论]脑卒中家庭照护者的出院准备度中照护压力准备处于最低水平状态,需采取护理干预措施扩大照护者的知识来源,对不同类型的照护者,进行针对性的健康教育以提高照护者的照护技能,并逐步完善相关体系,减轻照护者压力负担,确保病人生命质量。     

微信支持在脑卒中家庭照护者健康教育中的应用

目的探讨微信支持在脑卒中家庭照护者健康教育中的应用。方法选择2014年1月—2015年6月上海市金山区亭林医院神经内科收治的脑卒中患者的主要家庭照护者80例,随机分为观察组和对照组各40例,两组照护者在住院期间接受相同的健康教育,出院后对照组采用常规方法进行健康教育,观察组由专科护士利用微信向照护者发送康复锻炼技能视频、康复知识、食谱和药物饮食指导等,比较两组患者出院后3个月照护者对脑卒中疾病知识的掌握情况,包括发病风险、患者服药的正确性、饮食合理性和功能锻炼正确性;同时,了解观察组对通过微信进行健康教育的接受程度。结果3个月后观察组照护疾病知识的掌握情况与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。观察组对通过微信方式进行健康教育90.0%完全接受,7.5%大部分接受,2.5%部分接受。结论利用微信功能发送脑卒中疾病的康复知识,能有效提高脑卒中家庭照护者的照护能力,使健康教育真正落实到了实处,有利于脑卒中患者的康复。     

应用早产儿出院家庭准备度自评表对早产儿照护者实施健康教育效果观察

目的 探讨早产儿出院家庭准备度自评表在早产儿照护者健康教育中应用。方法 选取2017年10月—2018年3月入我院新生儿科的116名早产儿照护者,按随机数字法分为观察组（n=56名）和对照组（n=60名）。对照组给予常规健康宣教,观察组在对照组基础上,采取基于早产儿出院家庭准备度自评表的出院准备服务进行干预,观察比较2组早产儿照护者出院家庭准备度、生长发育达标率、再入院率的情况,延续护理满意度。结果 观察组照护者出院家庭准备度评分高于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组早产儿生长发育达标率高于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组再入院率低于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组照护者对院外延续性护理服务的满意度优于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 基于早产儿家庭准备度自评表的出院准备服务可以提高早产儿出院家庭准备度,提高早产儿生长发育达标率,降低早产儿再入院率,提高早产儿照护者对院外延续性护理服务的满意度。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.