气相色谱法测定空气中硝基氯苯2,4—二硝基氯苯,2,6—二硝基氯苯

硝基氯苯，2，4-二硝基氯苯，2，6-二硝基氯苯在空气中以蒸气状态存在，可经呼吸道和皮肤进入人体，对皮肤有强烈的刺激，并有高度的致敏性，主要应用在染料、制药以及炸药等行业[1]。以往监测空气中硝基氯苯采取盐酸菜乙二胺比色法。我们采用气相色谱法。简便，抗干扰，灵敏度高，重复性好。1测定方法：1.1原理：用三氯甲烷的吸收管采集空气中硝基氯苯，2，4－二硝基氯苯，2．6-二硝基氯苯经0．2％H3PO4＋5％FFAP涂于经磷酸洗过的ChromosorbW－AWDMCS（60—80目）内径3mm，长2m的不锈钢色谱柱上，柱温220℃，检测室温250℃，载气氮气…     

洗涤剂残留会损害你的健康

洗涤剂的残留物可以通过皮肤、呼吸道和消化道进入体内。其中，残留物中的表面活性剂可损伤局部皮肤或对皮肤有渗透作用，引起：1．原发性刺激；2．变应性反应；3．皮疹（可蔓延至全身）；4．继发性细菌或霉菌感染。洗涤剂吸收到体内可致全身中毒。     

β防御素-2和γ干扰素在尖锐湿疣皮损中表达的研究

目的：研究和探讨β防御素-2（HBD-2）和1干扰素（IFN-γ）在尖锐湿疣发病和预后中的作用。方法：用免疫组化法检测HBD-2和IFN-γ在25例尖锐湿疣（CA）（初发患者）皮损、20例寻常性银屑病皮损以及25例健康人皮肤石蜡切片中的表达。SPSS16．0统计软件进行数据分析，组间行Wilcoxon秩和检验，并进行相关性分析。结果：HBD-2、IFN-γ在尖锐湿疣皮损的表达主要见于基底层，HBD-2、IFN-γ水平明显低于银屑病阳性对照组（Z=-7．174，-7．230；P〈0．01），HBD-2的水平较正常皮肤为高表达（Z=-5．147，P〈0．01），IFN-γ的水平较正常皮肤为低表达（Z=-6．311，P〈0．05），且HBD和IFN无相关性（r=0．123，P=0．467〉0．01）。结论：推测HBD-2、IFN-γ可能通过不同的途径共同参与了尖锐湿疣的免疫反应过程并发挥了一定的作用。     

二甲基甲酰胺的毒性及防治研究进展

N，N二甲基甲酰胺（N，N—dimethylformamide，DMF）是一种重要的化工原料，也是一种性能优良溶解能力极强的“万能有机溶剂”，在合成纤维、人造革、有机合成、无机化工、农药、医药工业等行业的应用十分广泛。DMF分子量73．09，密度0．945kg／L，沸点153℃，溶点-61℃，蒸汽压0．49kPa（25℃），在常温下为无色透明液体，具有令人不舒服的鱼腥味。DMF属于低毒液体以蒸汽形式扩散，主要通过呼吸道吸人，也易经皮肤吸收，作用于消化系统、生殖系统、     

菏泽市38万新生儿先天性甲状腺功能低下症与苯丙酮尿症筛查分析

【目的】探讨菏泽市新生儿疾病筛查先天性甲状腺功能低下症（congenital hypothyroidism，CH）与苯丙酮尿症（phenylketonuria，PKU）的发病情况。【方法】应用荧光分析法和时间分辨荧光分析法分别测定干血片苯丙氨酸（phe）浓度和TSH浓度。【结果】1998年11月～2005年12月，菏泽市共筛查了381141人，CH发病率为1／2611，PKU发病率为1／9529，CH发病率明显高于国内发病率，男女患儿性别比为1：2．11，差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）。PKU发病率稍高于国内发病率，男女患儿差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。【结论】新生儿疾病筛查可早期发现，早期治疗CH与PKU患儿，避免智力低下，提高人口素质。     

217526例新生儿疾病筛查结果分析

目的：对某辖区217526例新生儿进行先天性甲状腺功能低下（CH）、苯丙酮尿症（PKU）筛查，以降低残疾儿的发生。方法：检测促甲状腺激素（TSH）筛查CH；检测苯丙氨酸（phe）PKU。结果：筛查的覆盖率由2003年1．78％上升到2007年的35．35％，CH发病率为1／1413，PKU发病率为1／6042，CH、PKU治疗率分别100％、83.3％。结论：该省CH和PKU发生率高于全国、PKU治疗率未达100％，应该引起高度重视，并进一步改进。     

长期外用红霉素致药物性肝损害1例

1临床资料 患儿，女，16月因“厌食，皮肤萎黄5天”收入院。精神差，无恶心呕吐，厌油腻。有因左耳垂处皮疹自行外用红霉素软膏2J1病史。入院查体：136．8℃P102次／分，R30次／分，一般情况可，精神差，皮肤萎黄无黄染。皮疹已痊愈5天。双肺呼吸音粗，心音有力，腹软，肝脾不大。余（-）。肝功示：ALT 534．239U／L，AST 433．326U／L，GGT 75．917U／L，TP 7．34G／L，HBSAG（-）。诊断为：药物性肝损害。入院后给保肝药甘力欣，特殊解毒剂谷光甘肽等治疗17天，痊愈出院。     

双氰胺及其测定

双氰胺是一种重要的化工产品中间体，别名二氰二胺，二聚氨基腈。分子式（NH2CN）2，分子量84．08，通常是针状、菱状、鳞状或粉末状的白色结晶体，微苦，比重1．40，熔点205℃，溶于水、乙醇，在水中溶解度为4．13g／100ml（25℃），不溶于醚、三氯甲烷、四氯化碳及二硫化碳。双氰胺主要由石灰氮水解生成氰氨氢钙，通过二氧化碳脱钙生成氰胺，在一定条件下聚合而成。双氰胺主要用于生产密胺，胍及胍盐，医药、染料中间体，环氧树脂硬化剂，涂料以及阳离子表面活性剂等。双氰胺对眼和皮肤有刺激作用，可通过呼吸道和食道进入人体，     

某院医院感染现患率调查分析

对某院2005年7月28日0：00-24：00所有住院患者进行医院感染现患率调查。共调查383例患者，发生医院感染24例，医院感染现患率为6．27％；医院感染部位依次为下呼吸道（33．33％）、泌尿道（25．00％）、皮肤软组织（20．83％）等；检出病原菌14株，以革兰阴性菌为主，其中大肠埃希菌4株，沙雷菌属、肠杆菌属各3株，克雷伯菌属、铜绿假单胞菌、变形杆菌属、腐生葡萄球菌各1株；抗菌药物使用率为55．61％。     

光毒性试验方法研究

目的：探讨采用单纯紫外线A（UVA）为照射光源的光毒性试验的影响因素及试验条件。方法：观察了照射强度随照射时间的变化及照射时间对照射野内温度的影响。选择健康成年白化豚鼠，以10J／cm^2剂量UVA照射50min观察阳性对照8－甲氧基补骨旨（8－MOP）的皮肤光毒性。结果：照射开始后100min内光强度稳定在3．3－3．4mW/cm^2,室温18℃时照射100min后照射野内温度上升1．5℃，8－MOP具有明显皮肤光毒性。结论：该方法可准确测定化学物质的光毒性，具有良好的科学性和可行性。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.