内膜斑块剥脱术治疗颈动脉狭窄的临床分析

目的 探讨颈动脉狭窄的手术治疗方法及疗效。方法 2006年2月至2015年7月采用颈动脉内膜斑块剥脱术（CEA）治疗颈动脉狭窄18例,所有病人均经颅脑多普勒超声检查或MRA筛选,头颈部CTA或DSA确诊,均在全麻下进行CEA。结果 术后临床症状改善17例,1例术后6 d死于大面积脑梗死。术后17例随访1~24个月,2例手术部位再狭窄（其中1例因反复短暂性脑缺血发作行支架治疗好转）;3例仍有短暂性脑缺血发作,保守治疗后好转;其余12例无明显并发症,恢复良好。结论 CEA是治疗颈动脉狭窄安全、有效的方法,对防治缺血性脑卒中有重要意义。     

颈动脉内膜斑块剥脱术后缺血型脑卒中的防治

目的 探讨颈动脉内膜斑块剥脱术后缺血性脑卒中的防治方法。方法 回顾性分析2016年5月至2019年11月颈动脉内膜斑块剥脱术治疗的70例颈动脉狭窄的临床资料。术前行颈动脉彩色多普勒超声、头颈部血管CTA或DSA检查,术中严格落实各项卒中预防措施,包括平稳控制血压,轻柔精细操作,顺序解剖、阻断、开放各血管,仔细清理斑块、内膜远端固定、严密缝合,返流压、体感诱发电位联合监测等。结果 2例（2.86%）术后出现脑缺血事件。无心肌梗死、手术死亡病例。术后随访3~30个月,所有病人血管通畅、无狭窄,恢复良好。结论 轻柔精准操作、平稳控制血压、多项目监测等对防治颈动脉内膜斑块剥脱术后缺血性脑卒中有重要意义。     

Symptomatic carotid stenosis and stroke risk in patients with transient ischemic attack according to the tissue-based definition

Background and Purpose: Symptomatic carotid stenosis (sCS), a common cause of transient ischemic attack (TIA), is correlated with higher stroke risk. We investigated the frequency and associated factors of sCS in patients with TIA and the association between sCS and stroke risk following TIA. Methods: Over a three-year period (2011–2013), 861 consecutive patients with TIA, who were admitted to the Department of Neurology at the University of Lübeck, Germany, were included in a monocenter study and prospectively evaluated. Diagnosis of TIA was in accordance with the tissue-based definition (transient neurological symptoms without evidence of infarction by brain imaging). Results: Of 827 patients (mean age, 70 ± 13.2 years; 49.7% women), 64 patients (7.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.9%–9.7%) exhibited sCS and 3 patients (0.3%) showed an occlusion of the corresponding internal carotid artery. Logistic regression revealed that sCS was associated with male sex (odds ratio [OR], 2.7; 95% CI, 1.2–3.6; p = 0.012), amaurosis fugax (OR, 8.1; 95% CI, 3.4–19–4; p < 0.001), unilateral weakness (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.9–6.1; p < 0.001), symptom duration less than 1 h (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1–3.4; p = 0.019) and previous stroke (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.5–4.7; p = 0.001). During hospitalization (mean, 6.6 days), five patients (0.6%; 95% CI, 0.1%–1.2%) suffered from stroke. The stroke risk was higher in patients with sCS than in those without sCS (6.3% vs. 0.1%; p < 0.001), whereas the recurrent TIA risk (2.6%) did not differ between the groups (4.7% vs. 2.5%; p = 0.29). Conclusion: SCS appears to be associated with a higher risk of stroke in patients with TIA defined according to the tissue-based definition.     

颈内动脉内膜剥脱术治疗症状性颈内动脉狭窄临床研究

目的探讨颈内动脉内膜剥脱术在症状性颈内动脉狭窄治疗中的临床应用价值。方法对2012年6月~2014年6月间在我院行颈内动脉内膜剥脱术的症状性颈内动脉狭窄病人的23例临床资料进行回顾性研究并随访。结果术后出现暂时性声音嘶哑1例,术侧多发小梗塞灶1例,颈部血肿保守治疗后恢复2例,未见肢体瘫痪、神志不清等严重并发症;术后CTA、DSA检查示颈动脉通畅;随访6月~2年未见血管再狭窄、严重脑缺血表现。结论颈内动脉内膜剥脱术治疗症状性颈内动脉狭窄是一种简单、安全、有效的治疗方法。     

Experiences with carotid endarterectomy at Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute

Background:

Atherosclerotic carotid artery disease poses a grave threat to cerebral circulation, leading to a stroke with its devastating sequelae, if left untreated. Carotid endarterectomy has a proven track record with compelling evidence in stroke prevention.

Objectives:

a) To confirm that carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is safe and effective in preventing stroke at both short and long term. b) to demonstrate long term patency of internal carotid artery when arteriotomy repair is performed using autologous saphenous vein patch.

Materials and Methods:

During ten years, from September 1997 to February 2008, thirty nine patients who underwent consecutive carotid endarterectomy at our institute, form the basis of this report. Their age ranged from thirty to seventy eight years, with a mean age of 56. There were four women in this cohort. Thirty seven patients were symptomatic with >70% stenosis and two were asymptomatic with >80% stenosis, incidentally detected. Imaging included Duplex scan and MRA for carotid territory and brain, and non-invasive cardiac assessment. Co-morbidities included smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and coronary artery disease. Carotid Endarterectomy was performed under general anaesthesia, using carotid shunt and vein patch arteriotomy repair.

Results:

All the patients made satisfactory recovery, without major adverse cerebral events in this series. Morbidities included Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) in two, needing only medications in one, and carotid stenting in the other. Minor morbidities included neck hematoma in two and transient hypoglossal paresis in three patients. Yearly follow-up included duplex scan assessment for all the patients. Two patients died of contralateral stroke, two of myocardial events and two were lost to follow up. Thirty three patients are well and free of the disease during the follow up of three to 120 months.

Conclusion:

Carotid endarterectomy provided near total freedom from adverse cerebral events and its catastrophic sequelae, leading to excellent outcome, both short as well as long term.     

颈动脉内膜剥脱术中不同麻醉技术的联合应用

目的 探讨颈动脉内膜斑块剥脱术（CEA）中不同麻醉技术的效果和安全性。方法 选择312例需行CEA患者,依据麻醉方法分为4组:Ⅰ组,46例,常规全麻;Ⅱ组,53例,在Ⅰ组基础上,气管插管前用2%利多卡因5 ml行喉及气管内表麻2 min后插管;Ⅲ组,101例,在Ⅱ组基础上,在手术开始前用0.25%罗哌卡因行患侧颈丛神经阻滞;Ⅳ组,112例,在Ⅲ组基础上,术中暴露颈动脉后用1%利多卡因1 ml行颈动脉窦浸润麻醉。分析4组进入手术室（T0）、诱导气管插管成功后1 min（T1）、颈动脉阻断即刻（T2）、颈动脉松开即刻（T3）、术毕拔管（T4）和术毕1 h（T5）心率（HR）和平均动脉压（MAP）变化以及术中不良事件、术后并发症、麻醉药物用量差异。结果 与Ⅱ~Ⅳ组相比,Ⅰ组T1和T4时刻HR和MAP明显升高（P<0.05）,术中血压增高、心动过速发生率明显增高（P<0.05）。Ⅰ、Ⅱ组异丙酚和瑞芬太尼用量、病人清醒视觉模拟疼痛量表评分明显高于Ⅲ、Ⅳ型（P<0.05）。Ⅳ组术中心动过缓和低血压发生率明显低于其余3组（P<0.05）。结论 CEA患者采用全麻联合气管内表面麻醉、颈丛神经阻滞或颈动脉窦阻滞可以稳定该类病人术中的血流动力学,减少全麻药的用量,提供良好的术后镇痛效果。     

颈动脉内膜斑块剥脱术治疗颈内动脉重度狭窄

目的 探讨颈动脉内膜斑块剥脱术在颈内动脉重度狭窄治疗中的临床应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2016年5月至2018年11月在我院神经外科实施颈动脉内膜斑块剥脱术治疗的40例颈内动脉重度狭窄的临床资料。所有病人经颈动脉超声多普勒、头颈部CTA或DSA诊断为颈内动脉重度狭窄。结果 所有病人均顺利完成手术,术后无脑梗死、死亡。1例术后出现短暂性脑缺血发作,4 h内恢复;1例有鼻咽癌放疗史,术后吻合口渗血,经二次手术后完全恢复。术后随访1~20个月,所有病人血管通畅、狭窄解除,无脑血管事件发生。结论 颈动脉内膜斑块剥脱术是治疗颈内动脉重度狭窄简单、安全、有效的方法,对防治缺血性脑卒中有重要意义。     

颈动脉内膜切除术疗效观察

目的探讨颈动脉内膜切除术的适应证及效果。方法18例颈动脉狭窄患者行DSA颈动脉造影证实，其中右侧者9例，左侧者7例；双侧者2例。20侧颈动脉狭窄均程度为：狭窄程度70％～99％者12侧；30％～69％者8侧，其中狭窄程度为40％者1侧。结果18例施行20侧颈动脉内膜切除术中，疗效好者16例，中等者1例，差者1例，其中2例双侧颈动脉内膜切除术患者术后疗效均好。术后经3个月至2．5年的随访，手术后全部患者无脑卒中发生，并且脑缺血表现明显改善。结论颈动脉内膜切除术是治疗颈动脉狭窄的有效方法。     

Doppler microembolic signals predict ischemic recurrences in symptomatic carotid stenosis

OBJECTIVE: To assess if Doppler microembolic signals (MES) associated with > or = 60% symptomatic extracranial carotid stenosis may predict ischemic recurrences before endarterectomy or angioplasty. METHODS: All patients with > or = 60% carotid stenosis with symptoms in the preceding 2 months were prospectively considered. MES were identified using current criteria. All patients were followed-up until endarterectomy or angioplasty. RESULTS: We studied 50 patients, at a median of 7 days from their last symptom. Twenty patients showed MES (40.0%); median embolus rate was 4/h. During a median follow-up of 19 days 7 patients had recurrences (transient monocular blindness = 2; TIAs=4; stroke=1); 6 of them had shown MES. The association between recurrences and MES was significant (P=0.012). CONCLUSIONS: MES may identify patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis who are likely to suffer an ischemic recurrence before endarterectomy. This information may affect medical treatment and referral to the vascular surgeon.     

症状性颈动脉狭窄患者CEA术后的预后改善及影响因素

目的 评估症状性颈动脉狭窄（SCS）患者颈动脉内膜剥脱术（CEA）后长、短期预后情况及影响因素。方法 分析首都医科大学三博脑科医院2014年1月—2019年12月经影像学检查确诊的79例SCS患者的临床资料,包括患者的既往病史、临床表现、实验室指标、影像学表现、治疗,以及术前、术后的改良Rankin量表（mRS）分级。分析术后3和24个月的预后改善情况。多因素Logistic回归分析影响因素,建立临床预测模型并对其进行准确性及预测效能评价。结果 SCS患者CEA术前、术后3个月、术后24个月的mRS分级分别为（1.78±1.10）、（1.32±1.37）和（0.89±1.25）。与术前相比,术后3和24个月均明显改善（P＜0.01）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,CEA术后3个月,心肌梗死（OR=0.06,95%CI=0.01-0.32）和高脂血症（OR=0.13,95%CI=0.03-0.47）是影响因素。CEA术后24个月,心肌梗死（OR=0.09,95%CI=0.00-0.66）、高脂血症（OR=0.05,95%CI=0.00-0.29）和中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值（NLR）（OR=0.11,95%CI=0.02-0.50）是影响因素。通过构建的列线图来进行预测有较高的准确性及预测效能。结论 SCS患者CEA术后长、短期神经功能均较术前均有显著改善。心肌梗死、高脂血症是影响CEA术后短期预后的危险因素,心肌梗死、高脂血症、NLR是影响CEA术后长期预后的危险因素。NLR可预测SCS患者CEA术后的长期预后,术前低NLR（＜2.62）的患者预后更好。     

An audit of carotid endarterectomy for internal carotid artery disease at Dunedin Hospital

Carotid endarterectomy, mostly for symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis, has been successfully performed in both the vascular and neurological surgery units at Dunedin Hospital. This study was performed to compare our results with those of the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial and the European Carotid Surgery Trial. The 30-day perioperative morbidity and mortality rate was 4.3% (1.2% < 95% Cl > 7.4%) which compares favourably with an estimated upper limit of 5.5% based on recent trial reports. The present study highlights the difficulty in modelling local clinical practice on results of major trials when standards of patient evaluation and surgical skill may differ from those of the large studies. To justify generalization of indications for intervention based on the multicentre trials, there must be continual monitoring of local surgical results, and standardized use of diagnostic investigations.     

血管成形术治疗症状性重度颈动脉狭窄的临床研究

目的 探讨颈动脉内膜剥脱术(carotid endarterectomy,CEA)和颈动脉支架成形术(carotid artery stenting,CAS)治疗症状性重度颈动脉狭窄的近期和中期临床效果.方法 回顾性地分析了2016年1月至2018年12月在我院接受CEA或CAS治疗的203例症状性重度颈动脉狭窄患者的...     

颈动脉内膜切除术后对侧颈内动脉的变化情况

目的观察颈动脉内膜切除术(CEA)后对侧颈内动脉变化情况。方法回顾性分析127例因一侧颈内动脉高度狭窄而实施CEA病人的临床资料,每隔1年行1次双侧颈动脉超声检查,定期检查双侧颈动脉狭窄情况。结果随访1~110个月,平均32.8个月,从实施CEA到对侧颈内动脉出现显著狭窄时间为50.7个月;出现对侧颈内动脉进行性狭窄达70%以上12例。这12例虽合并高血压、高脂血症或冠脉疾病,但与非进行性狭窄病人经统计学分析无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论 CEA术后对侧颈内动脉出现进行性狭窄的显著危险因子尚未发现,定期检查及密切观察预后非常重要。     

Effects of uncomplicated carotid endarterectomy on cognitive function and brain perfusion in patients with unilateral asymptomatic severe stenosis of the internal carotid artery by comparison with unoperated patients

Objective: The purpose of the present exploratory study was to evaluate the effects of uncomplicated carotid endarterectomy (CEA) on cognitive function and brain perfusion in patients with unilateral asymptomatic severe stenosis of the internal carotid artery (ICA) by comparison with unoperated patients.

Methods: Patients with age ≤75 years and unilateral asymptomatic severe stenosis (≥70%) of the cervical ICA underwent CEA with antiplatelet therapy (surgically treated group: 116 patients) or antiplatelet therapy alone or neither (medically treated group: 45 patients). For the surgically treated group, neuropsychological testing and brain perfusion measurement using single-photon emission computed tomography were performed within one month before surgery and one month after surgery. For the medically treated group, the same testing and measurement were performed twice at an interval of 1 to 2 months.

Results: None of the operated patients developed new major ischemic events after surgery or intraoperative cerebral hyperperfusion. None of the patients in the medically treated group experienced neurological deficits including transient ischemic attacks during the study period. The incidence of patients with interval cognitive improvement was significantly greater in the surgically treated group (11 patients: 9%) than in the medically treated group (0%) (p = 0.0352). The incidence of patients with interval brain perfusion improvement in the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere was significantly greater in the surgically treated group (24 patients: 21%) than in the medically treated group (0%) (p = 0.0003).

Conclusions: Uncomplicated CEA may improve cognitive function and brain perfusion in patients with unilateral asymptomatic severe stenosis of the ICA when compared with unoperated patients.     

标准式颈动脉内膜切除术中应用涤纶补片的临床分析

目的 探讨标准式颈动脉内膜切除术(sCEA)中应用Hema涤纶(Dacron)补片对内膜切除后颈动脉成形的影响.方法 山东省聊城市脑科医院神经外科自2006年1月至2009年10月应用单侧sCEA+补片成形术治疗25例颈内动脉硬化性狭窄(直径＜5 mm)患者,单纯sCEA治疗22例,回顾性分析患者的临床资料并比较疗效.结果 围手术期患者无死亡及脑卒中.sCEA治疗组术后发生一过性脑缺血1例,经治疗后缓解.随访2年,sCEA+补片成形术治疗组患者无颈动脉再狭窄,sCEA治疗组出现2例患者颈内动脉再次狭窄.结论 sCEA中对颈内动脉直径＜5mm的患者应用涤纶补片是成功防止CEA术后颈动脉再狭窄的有效方法.     

颈动脉内膜剥脱术治疗中重度颈动脉狭窄的临床研究

目的以颈动脉支架置入术(CAS)为对照,分析颈动脉内膜剥脱术(CEA)在治疗中重度颈动脉狭窄的临床价值。方法将100例颈动脉狭窄患者按手术方法不同分为观察组(CEA)和对照组(CAS),记录2组围术期手术相关并发症;记录手术用时、住院时间、治疗费用;随访12个月,记录2组包括死亡在内的不良反应发生率及改良Rankin评分情况。结果观察组与对照组在围术期手术相关并发症、住院时间、术后6个月不良反应发生率及改良Rankin评分比较均无明显差异(P均0.05)。但观察组治疗经费低于对照组(P0.05)。结论颈动脉支架置入术治疗中重度颈动脉狭窄效果良好,术后近期和远期疗效及治疗安全性与颈动脉内膜剥脱术相当,但颈动脉内膜剥离术费用成本较低,并发症少。     

CEA治疗伴对侧颈内动脉闭塞的颈动脉重度狭窄的疗效

目的评价颈动脉内膜剥脱术治疗一侧颈内动脉重度狭窄伴对侧颈内动脉闭塞的疗效。方法回顾性分析11例患者的临床资料,包括围手术期并发症及近远期疗效;并比较术前及术后3个月颈部及大脑中动脉血管血流峰值。结果即刻成功率为100%,术后患者脑缺血症状均得到改善,围手术期无病例死亡或缺血性脑卒中等严重并发症发生,仅有1例出现皮下血肿、1例出现短暂声音嘶哑,经积极治疗后均好转。随访率100%,随访时间6~61(32.5±17.2)个月。患者均无术侧颈动脉再狭窄,其中1例再发对侧缺血性脑卒中。术后患者颈动脉血流峰值及大脑中动脉收缩期血流峰值与术前比较差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论对于一侧颈内动脉重度狭窄伴对侧颈动脉闭塞的高危患者,颈动脉内膜剥脱术具有满意的围手术期结果和较好的远期脑卒中预防疗效。     

Diagnosis of and treatment for symptomatic carotid stenosis: an updated review

Carotid stenoses of ≥50% account for about 15–20% of strokes. Their degree may be moderate (50–69%) or severe (70–99%). Current diagnostic methods include ultrasound, MR‐ or CT‐angiography. Stenosis severity, irregular plaque surface, and presence of microembolic signals detected by transcranial Doppler predict the early recurrence risk, which may be as high as 20%. Initial therapy comprises antiplatelets and statins. Benefit of revascularization is greater in men, in older patients, and in severe stenosis; patients with moderate stenoses may also profit particularly if the plaque has an irregular aspect. An intervention should be performed within <2 weeks. In large randomized studies comparing endarterectomy and stenting, endovascular therapy was associated with a higher risk of periprocedural stroke, yet in some studies, with a lower risk of myocardial infarction and of cranial neuropathy. These trials support endarterectomy as the first choice treatment. Risk factors for each of the two therapies have been indentified: coronary artery disease, neck radiation, contralateral laryngeal nerve palsy for endarterectomy, and, elderly patients (>70 years), arch vessel tortuosity and plaques with low echogenicity on ultrasound for carotid stenting. Lastly, in direct comparisons, a contralateral occlusion increases the risk of periprocedural complications in both types of treatment.