高密度脂蛋白对血管内皮依赖性舒张功能的影响

目的　探讨血清高密度脂蛋白 胆固醇 (HDL C)水平与肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能之间的关系。方法　测定 71例血清总胆固醇水平相对正常的冠心病患者和 34例对照者的血脂水平以及在反应性充血时和含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉的内径变化。结果　冠心病组血流介导的肱动脉舒张和硝酸甘油所致的肱动脉舒张均低于对照组 [分别为 (2 6 1± 2 91) %比 (8 0 1± 4 72 ) %和 (17 2 2± 6 76 ) %比 (2 3 13± 8 6 1) % ,P均 <0 0 0 1]。多因素线性逐步回归分析显示 :血流介导的肱动脉舒张与血清HDL C水平呈正相关 (r=0 32 4,P =0 0 0 2 ) ,与血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白水平无关 ;硝酸甘油所致的肱动脉舒张也与上述血脂水平无关。根据血流介导的肱动脉舒张程度将两组受试者合并再分为A、B两组 ,A组肱动脉舒张≤ 4% ,B组肱动脉舒张 >4%。结果显示 ,A组HDL C水平明显低于B组 [(1 15± 0 2 6 )mmol/L对 (1 38± 0 5 0 )mmol/L ,P <0 0 1) ]。结论　冠心病患者内皮依赖性及非内皮依赖性的血管舒张功能均受损。HDL C对血管内皮依赖性舒张功能有保护作用 ,该作用可能与其抗动脉粥样硬化作用有关     

高血压病患者血管内皮依赖性舒张功能与血清一氧化氮和超氧化物歧化酶的关系

为探讨高血压病患者血管内皮依赖性舒张功能和血清一氧化氮和超氧化物歧化酶的变化及其相互关系 ,采用高分辨率超声技术 ,对 2 8例高血压病患者和 2 8例正常对照者的血管内皮依赖性和非依赖性舒张功能进行检测 ,同时测定血清一氧化氮和超氧化物歧化酶水平。结果发现高血压病患者反应性充血肱动脉内径舒张率显著低于对照组 (6 .33%± 2 .5 9%比 13.14 %± 4 .2 4 % ,P <0 .0 0 1) ,而含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径舒张率在两组间无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。与正常对照组相比 ,高血压病组血清一氧化氮和超氧化物歧化酶水平明显下降 (5 3.5 5± 2 3.5μmol/L比 83.2 6± 2 3.2 5 μmol/L ,86 .5 7± 2 6 .6 6kNU/L比 117.1± 33.6 4kNU/L ,P <0 .0 0 1)。单因素相关分析显示血管内皮依赖性舒张功能与年龄、收缩压、舒张压呈负相关 ,相关系数r分别为$C 0 .36 6 (P <0 .0 1)、$C0 .6 5 (P <0 .0 0 1)、$C 0 .6 72 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,与血清NO和SOD呈正相关 ,相关系数r分别为 0 .838(P <0 .0 0 1)、0 .6 83(P <0 .0 0 1) ,而多元逐步回归分析仅显示血管内皮依赖性舒张功能与舒张压呈负相关 ,与血清一氧化氮和超氧化物歧化酶呈正相关。提示高血压病患者存在血管内皮依赖性舒张功能障碍 ,并与血管内皮合成释放一氧化氮     

高血压病患者血管内皮依赖性舒张功能的无创评价

目的:应用超声技术评价高血压病患者的血管内皮依赖性舒张功能.方法:用B型超声对26例高血压病患者和12例健康对照者在反应性充血和舌下含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径的变化情况进行了检测.结果:高血压病患者前臂加压后肱动脉内径增加的比例明显小于对照组(12.53%±4.26% vs 17.76±6.02%,P<0.01),而在舌下含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径的变化两组间无显著性差异(19.41%±6.73% vs 21.24%±6.96%,P>0.05).结论:高血压病患者虽然还没有明显的动脉粥样硬化的证据,但已经存在显著的血管内皮依赖性舒张功能障碍.     

自发性高血压大鼠恐惧情绪与内皮舒张功能障碍的相关性

目的探讨恐志因素与自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)血管内皮舒张功能之间的关系。方法选取20只SHR按简单随机抽样方法分为SHR对照组和SHR恐志组,每组各10只;另设WKY大鼠10只为正常对照组。参照Takashi方法,通过测定3组大鼠血浆一氧化氮(NO)、内皮素(ET)、血清可溶性细胞间黏附分子1(sICAM-1)、血管内皮细胞黏附分子1(VCAM-1)水平及观察胸主动脉壁内皮细胞的形态学变化,探讨恐志对SHR血管内皮舒张功能的影响。结果 SHR恐志组大鼠的冻结时间较SHR对照组明显延长[(10.93±1.38)s比(3.95±0.58)s,P<0.01];与SHR对照组比较,WKY组大鼠的ET、VCAM-1和sICAM-1水平较低[(54.700±4.607)ng/L比(66.213±5.420)ng/L;(780.190±96.015)ng/L比(942.742±123.127)ng/L;(0.340±0.138)μg/L比(0.794±0.243)μg/L],NO水平较高[(44.200±1.733)μmol/L比(35.450±1.435)μmol/L],均为P<0.01;与SHR对照组比较,SHR恐志组ET[(71.348±4.764)ng/L]和NO[(37.020±1.280)μmol/L]水平升高(均为P<0.05),VCAM-1[(1040.746±140.803)ng/L]和sICAM-1[(0.847±0.192)μg/L]水平略高(均为P>0.05);与WKY组比较,SHR恐志组ET、VCAM-1和sICAM-1水平升高,NO水平降低(均为P<0.01)。扫描电镜显示,3组大鼠胸主动脉内皮细胞的形态均不相同:WKY组为正常大鼠胸主动脉壁内皮细胞形态;SHR对照组轻者内皮细胞基本上仍呈梭形,细胞膜呈条状撕脱,重者细胞皱缩变小,细胞膜损伤明显,并可见内皮下层的裸露区,无沉积物;SHR恐志组大鼠内皮细胞排列极度紊乱,细胞损伤严重,脱落较彻底,内皮层表面沉积物较多,被粗细不等、交错成网的纤维状物质包裹。结论恐志可以影响SHR的血管内皮舒张功能。     

血管回声跟踪技术对高脂血症患者动脉弹性与血管内皮舒张功能关系的研究

目的:探讨高脂血症患者动脉弹性与血管内皮舒张功能的关系。方法:应用E-Tracking技术测量35例高脂血症患者与30例正常健康组颈动脉硬化参数,包括压力应变弹性系数(Ep)、硬化度(β)和顺应性(AC),同时采用高分辨率血管超声法检测受试者肱动脉血流介导的内皮依赖性血管舒张功能(FMD);并进行相关分析。结果:高脂血症组血流介导的肱动脉舒张功能明显低于正常组(10.15±3.98)与(16.35±2.42),P<0.05;高脂血症组Ep、β与正常对照组相比明显增高(136.27±21.11)与(112.67±29.43),P<0.01,(10.20±1.25)与(9.09±1.98),P<0.01。但高脂血症组的AC明显低于正常对照组(0.58±0.14)与(0.75±0.18),P<0.05。FMD和Ep、β负相关(r=-0.562,P<0.01;r=-0.415,P<0.01),与AC呈正相关(r=0.527P<0.01)。结论:高脂血症患者肱动脉内皮依赖性血管舒张功能受损和动脉弹性降低,且2者之间有相关性,提示E-tracking技术和FMD一样能够判断动脉功能异常,具有简便、快速、无创性及测量结果精确的优点。     

高甘油三酯血症对血管内皮功能的影响

目的观察高甘油三酯血症对血管内皮功能的影响.方法对30例高甘油三酯血症患者和30例正常人,采用高分辨超声技术检测血流介导的和硝酸甘油介导的肱动脉舒张功能,并测定血浆内皮素和血脂.结果 1.高甘油三酯血症组血流介导的肱动脉舒张较正常组明显减弱[分别为(2.7±2.0)%和(15.0±8.0)%,P<0.001],而两组对硝酸甘油的血管舒张反应无显著性差异[分别为(15.0±5.0)%和(16.8±9.0)%,P>0.05].2.高甘油三酯血症组血浆内皮素水平显著高于正常组[分别为(106.22±19.16)μg/L和(72.37±14.06)μg/L,P<0.001].结论高甘油三酯血症患者内皮依赖性血管舒张功能明显受损.血管内皮功能失调可能是高甘油三酯血症致动脉粥样硬化的一个重要机制.     

糖尿病不同时期血管内皮依赖性舒张功能变化

目的探讨糖尿病不同时期血管内皮依赖性舒张功能变化.方法 采用高分辨率血管外彩超,检测33例对照组和96例糖代谢异常者肱动脉内皮依赖性血流介导的血管舒张功能(EDF).其中糖代谢异常者包括糖耐量减低组30例、2型糖尿病无血管病变组30例和伴血管病变组36例.结果 与对照组(13.08%±4.90%)比较,糖耐量减低组已存在EDF降低(10.46%±4.54%), 糖尿病患者EDF则进一步降低(6.25%±2.95%),糖尿病血管病变组患者EDF最低[5.17%±2.11%;与无血管病变组(7.59%±3.29%)比较t=3.536, P<0.01].结论 在早期糖代谢紊乱即糖耐量减低和无血管病变临床证据的糖尿病患者,利用内皮依赖性血流介导的血管舒张功能检测,可早期发现血管内皮功能受损,这种受损随糖代谢紊乱加重而进一步恶化.     

老年人血管内皮依赖性舒张功能的变化

目的　观察老年人肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能的变化。方法　采用无创性超声法检测 1 4 5例受试者血流介导性肱动脉舒张 (FMD ,内皮依赖性舒张功能 )和硝酸甘油介导性肱动脉舒张 (NMD ,非内皮依赖性舒张功能 )。结果　年龄 >60岁受试者FMD较≤ 60岁者明显降低 (5 65 %± 6 1 2 % ,3 33 %± 3 72 % ,P =0 0 0 7) ;冠心病者较非冠心病者FMD(2 98%± 3 65 % ,8 37%± 6 41 % ,P <0 0 0 1和NMD(1 6 61 %± 7 2 5% ,2 2 78%±8 82 % ,P <0 0 1 )均明显降低 ,>60岁冠心病患者FMD较≤ 60岁冠心病患者降低 (1 90 %± 2 1 9% ,4 1 7%± 4 49% ,P <0 0 1 ) ;多因素逐步回归分析显示FMD与年龄 (t=- 3 92 6,P <0 0 0 1 )呈负相关 ;在单纯冠心病者仍显示FMD与年龄成负相关 (t=- 3 2 4 9,P =0 0 0 2 )。结论　老年人内皮依赖性血管舒张功能受损 ,年龄可直接损害内皮依赖性血管舒张功能 ,即使在冠心病存在时亦然 ,加重冠心病患者受损的内皮依赖性血管舒张功能。     

青年长期吸烟者血管内皮依赖性舒张功能的改变

目的:探讨青年长期吸烟血管内皮依赖性舒张功能的改变。方法:测定20例长期吸烟青年及15例正常对照者血流介导的和硝酸甘油介导的肱动脉内径改变。结果:两组肱动脉内径基础值(3.75±0 61mm:3.81±0.55mm)及硝酸甘油介导的肱动脉舒张[(22.13±7.65)％:(23.45±8.21)％]无显著差异(P>0.05),而血流介导的血管扩张存在显著差异.为[(3.61±2.90)％:(8.32±4.75)％]、P<0.01。单因素相关分析表明,肱动脉内皮依赖件舒张与吸烟量呈显著负相关(r=0.523.P<0.001).结论:青年长期吸烟者血管内皮依赖性舒张功能明显受损,受损程度与吸烟量有关。     

早期类风湿关节炎患者外周血管病变和内皮功能的超声研究

目的应用高分辨率超声对早期类风湿关节炎(RA)患者外周动脉形态学、血流动力学及血管内皮功能的改变进行观察。方法检测30例早期RA患者与30例健康对照者肱动脉、足背动脉的变化,并进行统计学分析。结果 (1)RA组肱动脉、足背动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)均处于正常范围,但与对照组相比,RA组足背动脉IMT[(0.40±0.06)mm]明显增厚(P<0.01);肱动脉、足背动脉的舒张早期反向血流峰值流速(PRV)[肱动脉(15.52±2.37)cm/s;足背动脉(16.15±3.24)cm/s]、舒张末期血流速度(EDV)[肱动脉(10.87±2.16)cm/s;足背动脉(11.46±3.17)cm/s]和搏动指数(PI)(肱动脉5.95±1.89;足背动脉7.08±2.27)较对照组均明显减低(均为P<0.05)。(2)RA组肱动脉扩张系数(DC)(13.59±4.25)、血流介导的内径扩张百分比值(FMD)(14.52%±4.91%)较对照组减低,僵硬度(SD)(164.37±58.79)较对照组增高(均为P<0.05),而足背动脉的DC(12.17±3.64)和FMD(12.45%±3.24%)较对照组明显减低,SD(189.28±57.83)较对照组显著增高(均为P<0.01)。(3)Bland-Altman分析法显示重复测量肱动脉、足背动脉内皮功能参数差值与均值呈一致性的变化趋势。结论早期RA患者肢体动脉内皮功能受损,顺应性减低,僵硬度增加,高分辨率超声检查对于诊断RA患者早期动脉粥样硬化具有重要价值。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.