阿尔茨海默病的神经心理学和单光子发射计算机断层扫描研究

目的验证单光子发射计算机断层扫描（ＳＰＥＣＴ）在阿尔茨海默病（ＡＤ）诊断中的价值,并了解其与神经心理测定的相关性。方法对２２例ＡＤ和２３名年龄、性别及教育程度均相匹配的正常人进行神经心理学有关量表的评定和ＳＰＥＣＴ检查。结果ＡＤ组各神经心理学测验量表评分及ＳＰＥＣＴ放射性计数比值均低于正常对照组。两组男性间ＳＰＥＣＴ放射性计数比值在左右颞上回的差异有非常显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）,左颞下回、左右丘脑和扣带回的差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。两组女性间ＳＰＥＣＴ放射性计数比值在左右颞上、颞下回及左右顶叶的差异有非常显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）。轻度与中、重度ＡＤ之间右顶叶的差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＡＤ患者的简易智能状态检查评分与右顶叶放射性计数比值相关（ｒ＝０．５１,Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论ＳＰＥＣＴ对ＡＤ早期诊断具有重要意义,并与神经心理测定值有一定相关性。     

脑血管性痴呆与帕金森病神经心理学测验和脑单光子发射计算？…

目的 研究脑血性痴呆（ＶＤ）与帕金森病（ＰＤ）在神经心理学测验及脑单子发射计算机断层扫描（ＳＰＥＣＴ）的诊断和鉴别诊断的意义。方法 对３０例ＶＣ、３１例ＰＤ和３０名正常老年人（ＮＡ）进行神经心理学测验和ＳＰＥＣＴ检查并比较检测结果。结果 神经心理学各项总分ＶＣ组最低〖队积木测验（ＲＤ外〗,ＰＤ组次之,ＮＡ组最高;３组间差异均有非常显著性（Ｆ＝１８．６７～６３．９５,Ｐ,０．０１）。在ＳＰＥＣＴ的检     

阿尔茨海默病的神经心理学和单光子发现计算机断层扫描研究

目的 验证单光子发射计算机断层扫描（ＳＰＥＣＴ）在阿尔茨海默病（ＡＤ）诊断中的价值,并了解其与神经心理测定的相关性。方法 对２２例ＡＤ和２３名年龄、性别及教育程度均相匹配的正常人进行神经心理学有关量表的评定和ＳＰＥＣＴ检查。结果 ＡＤ组各神经心理学检验量表评分及ＳＰＥＣＴ放射性计数比值均低于正常对照组。两组男性间ＳＰＥＣＴ放射性计数比值在左右颞上回的差异有非常显著性（Ｐ〈０．０１）,左颞下回、左右     

抑郁症患者的脑单光子发射计算机断层摄影研究

为观察抑郁症患者局部脑血流（ｒＣＢＦ）情况，对１１例处于症状发作期的抑郁症患者及１３名正常对照者用９９ｍＴｃ标记的亚锡双半胱乙脂进行脑单光子发射电子计算机断层摄影（ＳＰＥＣＴ）。结果显示，观察组与对照组比较，左下额、左前颞及扣带皮质的ｒＣＢＦ显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），而右上额、右下额和两侧顶叶、枕叶的ｒＣＢＦ也有下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）。观察组尚存在上额皮质ｒＣＢＦ两侧非对称性（Ｐ＜０．０５），而对照组未见相应的非对称性。提示抑郁症发作时存在某些脑功能区ｒＣＢＦ下降以及两侧脑功能区局部的ｒＣＢＦ不对称性。     

轻度认知功能障碍患者正电子发射计算机体层摄影术和神经心理学测定的初步研究

目的　探讨轻度认知功能障碍患者脑葡萄糖代谢与神经心理学特点及其相互关系。方法　采用正电子发射体层摄影术 (PET)、简易智能状态测定 (MMSE)、韦克斯勒记忆量表测定 (WMS)和总体衰退量表 (GDS)测定 10例轻度认知功能障碍 (MCI)患者和 10名健康志愿者 (HC)。结果 (1)MCI组MMSE[(2 4.6± 2 2 )分 ]、WMS[(6 9.4± 10 .4)分 ]分值低于HC组 [分别为 (2 8.9± 1.1)分和 (93.1± 9.0 )分 ;P〈0 .0 1];(2 )MCI组左侧眶回、右侧颞叶中回和右侧壳核的局部脑葡萄糖代谢率 (rCMRglc)较HC组低 (P〈0 .0 5～ 0 .0 1) ;(3)将年龄、受教育年限、MMSE、WMS与不同脑区用18F标记的脱氧葡萄糖放射性比值进行相关分析显示 ,与年龄呈负相关 (P〈0 .0 5或P〈0 .0 1)的脑区有 :眶回、左侧额上回、左侧额下回、颞叶中回、颞叶下回、左侧顶叶、左侧中央前回、右侧中央后回、左颞叶内侧皮质、左侧海马回、左侧海马旁回、右侧前扣带回、后扣带回、左侧杏仁核等。与文化程度呈正相关 (P〈0 .0 5或P〈0 .0 1)的脑区有 :左侧颞叶下回、中央前回、左侧中央后回等 ;而右侧壳核则呈负相关。与MMSE呈正相关 (P〈0 .0 5或P〈0 .0 1)的脑区有 :额下回、左侧颞叶上回、颞叶中回、颞叶下回、左侧顶叶、左侧中央前回、中央后回、颞叶内侧皮     

血管性痴呆与正常老人的CT,SPECT检查和神经心理学研究

目的 了解血管性痴呆和正常老人在ＣＴ、ＳＰＥＣＴ检查和神经心理学检查的不同表现，比较ＣＴ和ＳＰＥＣＴ的优劣，分析ＳＰＥＣＴ与神经心理学检查的相关性。方法 选择符合ＤＳＭ－Ⅳ有关血管性痴呆诊断标准的患者和正常老人各２０例，完成ＣＴ、ＳＰＥＣＴ检查和神经心理学检查。结果 与正常老人相比，血管性痴呆患者在认知功能缺损；ＳＰＥＣＴ放射性计数比值在左颞、顶、枕叶、左丘脑和双侧基底节显著一在神经心理学检查成绩     

神经心理学测验评价痴呆的信度与效度问题

痴呆患者都存在学习、记忆、语言、思维等多种认知功能损害,同时伴有多种精神行为症状,认知和精神行为异常最终可导致患者社会活动能力减退或完全丧失.     

脑多巴胺转运体SPECT鉴别帕金森病与血管性帕金森综合征

目的:多巴胺转运体(Dopamine transporter,DAT)99mTc-TRODAT-1SPECT显像有利于客观评价中枢多巴胺神经元的数量及其功能,本研究探讨DAT显像评估鉴别帕金-森病(PD)与血管性帕金森综合征(VP)的意义。方法:对临床确诊的51例PD患者和12例VP患者进行99mTc-TRODAT-1DATSPECT断层显像。注射示踪剂2-3h后采集图像,勾画出感兴趣区(双侧纹状体和枕叶),计算机自动计算感兴趣区的放射性计数,最后测算出纹状体与枕叶部位的放射性计数比值和非对称性指数并进行比较分析。结果:PD组特异性放射性比值是症状对侧0.38±0.18.症状同侧0.46±0.22,两侧差异有显著性(P<0.05)。VP组特异性放射性比值是左侧0.58±0.16.右侧0.56±0.32,两侧无显著性差异。VP组非对称性指数是6.72±10.53,PD组19.31±16.15,特异性放射性比值和非对称性指数组间比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:多巴胺转运体99mTc-TRODAT-1SPECT显像有助于PD与VP的鉴别。     

强迫症与抑郁症的脑单光子发射计算机断层扫描对照研究

目的探讨强迫症、抑郁症局部脑血流量(rCBF)特点。方法应用单光子发射计算机断层扫描(SPECT)技术,对首发且未经治疗的39例强迫症患者、36例抑郁症患者和39名正常人于静息状态下行脑血流显像。以小脑皮质的放射性计数值为参考,对局部脑血流进行半定量分析。结果强迫症组两侧前额叶、前颞叶rCBF高于正常组(P<0.01);抑郁症组两侧前额叶、枕叶、扣带回及右前颞叶、右顶叶rCBF低于正常组(P<0.05);在两侧前额叶、前颞叶、顶叶、枕叶及右后额叶、扣带回,强迫症组rCBF高于抑郁症组(P<0.05)。结论强迫症组的前额叶及前颞叶呈高灌注改变,抑郁症组脑血流普遍低灌注,SPECT技术可望作为二者鉴别诊断的客观依据之一。     

焦虑症患者单光子发射计算机断层研究

目的探讨焦虑障碍与局部脑功能改变的关系。方法对５３例焦虑症患者（分治疗组与未治疗组）和１５名正常对照者应用单光子发射计算机断层摄影（ＳＰＥＣＴ）测定局部脑血流（ｒＣＢＦ）灌注。结果焦虑症患者ｒＣＢＦ灌注异常率为９２５％（４９／５３），与对照组比较，治疗组、未治疗组病人的双侧额叶及颞叶ｒＣＢＦ灌注均有极显著下降，治疗组的左侧基底节下降也有显著差异。结论焦虑症患者额叶、颞叶功能显著降低并且与病程和药物治疗无关。提示额、颞叶功能降低是焦虑症患者的临床神经病理生理学的基本特征     

Diagnosing Alzheimer's disease in elderly,mildly demented patients: the impact of routine single photon emission computed tomography

Based on the observation of bilateral temporoparietal hypoperfusion in Alzheimer's disease (AD), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is advocated by some as a powerful diagnostic tool in the evaluation of demented patients. We studied whether routine brain SPECT in elderly, mildly demented outpatients increases the a priori diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of a careful clinical examination.^99mTc-HMPAO SPECT imaging was performed in 110 patients for a first evaluation for dementia. A semiquantitative measure of temporoparietal (TP) perfusion was calculated as the ratio of the activity in the temporoparietal cortex to activity in the cerebellum. A diagnosis of probable AD according to the McKhann criteria was made in 68 patients (mean age of 79.3 years) based on the results of a clinical examination, ancillary investigations and a 6-month follow-up. TP perfusion was significantly lower in AD patients than in 18 age-matched, non-demented controls. However, at a specificity of 89%, sensitivity was only 43% for detecting probable AD. The clinicians judged that SPECT had contributed to the final diagnosis in only 8% of the demented patients investigated. Routine brain SPECT in elderly, mildly demented outpatients does not contribute substantially to diagnostic accuracy after a careful clinical examination using current diagnostic criteria. Clinical guidelines have to be developed for the use of SPECT in patients with (suspected) dementia.     

Relationship between clock drawing test performance and regional cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer's disease: a single photon emission computed tomography study

The clock drawing test (CDT) is a useful tool for screening cognitive impairment. Previous neuropsychological studies have revealed that CDT performance requires several cognitive functions including semantic memory, visuospatial function and executive function. However, the neural substrates involved remain to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to identify the brain regions responsible for CDT performance in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Twenty-six patients satisfying the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disease and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria for probable AD underwent the CDT and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), together with a N-isopropyl-p-[123I] iodoamphetamine (IMP) single photon emission computed tomography measurements of the resting regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). The CDT score correlated significantly with the MMSE score (r=0.582; P < 0.05). Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the MMSE score and the left posterior temporal rCBF were major predictors of CDT score. These findings suggest that the CDT score may reflect the severity of dementia, and that it has a close relationship with the left posterior temporal function. Our findings provide the first functional neuroimaging evidence for the neural substrates involved in CDT performance.     

神经心理测验对痴呆诊断的贡献与误区

目的：评价神经心理测验（NPT）对痴呆诊断的作用及局限性。方法：痴呆组270例，非痴呆组617名，进行简易精神状态检查、Fuld物体记忆测验、言语流畅性测验、数字广度测验和积木测验。结果：痴呆和非痴呆组NPT得分差异有显著意义。4个测验特异性高在72％－99％之间，敏感性在22％－90％之间，随文化水平的增高而降低。在筛查的基础上加用NPT，诊断准确性由68％提高到80％－89％。文化、年龄、性别对NPT有显著影响。结论：NPT可提高痴呆诊断的准确性。本组NPT适合于我国低文化老人的痴呆调查，对高文化轻度痴呆应采用更敏感的测验。     

Regional cerebral blood flow deficits in mild Alzheimer's disease using high resolution single photon emission computerized tomography

In spite of its wide availability, single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) scanning is uncommonly used in the assessment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias. In light of recent advances in scanning protocols and image analysis, SPECT needs to be re-examined as a tool in the diagnosis of dementia. A total of 18 subjects with early AD and 10 healthy elderly control subjects were examined with high resolution SPECT during the performance of a simple word discrimination task. SPECT images were coregistered with individual magnetic resonance imaging scans, allowing delineation of predetermined neuroanatomical Regions of Interest (ROI). There was a gradation of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) values in both groups, with the lowest values being in the hippocampus and the highest in the striatum, thalamus and cerebellum. Compared to healthy controls, AD subjects demonstrated lower relative rCBF in parietal and prefrontal cortices. Analysis of individual ROI demonstrated bilateral reduction of rCBF in prefrontal poles, posterior temporal and anterior parietal cortex, and unilateral reduction of rCBF in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, right posterior parietal cortex and the left cingulate body. There were no significant differences for hippocampal, occipital or basal ganglia rCBF. Discriminant function analysis indicated that rCBF in the prefrontal polar regions achieved the best classification of cases. SPECT has utility in the diagnostic assessment of AD if standardized and semiquantitative techniques are used.     

帕金森病痴呆患者的神经心理测试与18氟-氟代脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射断层摄影术脑显像分析

目的 研究帕金森病痴呆(PDD)患者的神经心理学特点及18氟-氟代脱氧葡萄糖(18F-FDG)PET脑代谢显像的影像学特征.方法 (1)对12例PDND患者、12例PDD患者和12名健康对照者运用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)进行检查.(2)静脉注射18F-FDG后行PET脑代谢显像,获得12例PDND患者和12例PDD患者的PET图像.结果 (1)PDD组的MoCA总成绩(分)低于PDND组,其中MoCA子项目中的视空间与执行功能(1.50±1.08与4.25 ±0.87,t=-1.891)、注意(3.67±1.37与6.00 ±0.00,t’=-2.199)、语言(1.83 ±0.94与2.67±0.49,t'=-2.745)、抽象(0.67 ±0.65与1.75±0.45,t=-4.732)、延迟回忆(0.25 ±0.45与3.00±1.28,t’=-7.021)和定向(4.25±1.71与6.00±0.00,t’=-3.545)成绩低于PDND组,差异均具有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).PDD组MoCA总成绩低于健康对照组,差异具有统计学意义(15.10 ±3.82与28.10±1.16,t'=-11.280,P＜0.05).(2)18 F-FDG PET脑代谢显像:PDND组的大脑半球脑代谢不对称性轻度减低,PDD组的大脑半球脑代谢不对称性重度减低.结论 PDD表现为多认知域受损,以视空间与执行功能、注意、语言、抽象、延迟回忆和定向障碍较为严重.18F-FDG PET脑代谢显像检测对PDD的诊断可能有一定的帮助.     

Hot water epilepsy: Phenotype and single photon emission computed tomography observations

We studied the anatomical correlates of reflex hot water epilepsy (HWE) using multimodality investigations viz. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electroencephalography (EEG), and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Five men (mean age: 27.0 ΁ 5.8 years) with HWE were subjected to MRI of brain, video-EEG studies, and SPECT scan. These were correlated with phenotypic presentations. Seizures could be precipitated in three patients with pouring of hot water over the head and semiology of seizures was suggestive of temporal lobe epilepsy. Ictal SPECT showed hyperperfusion in: left medial temporal — one, left lateral temporal — one, and right parietal — one. Interictal SPECT was normal in all five patients and did not help in localization. MRI and interictal EEG was normal in all the patients. The clinical and SPECT studies suggested temporal lobe as the seizure onset zone in some of the patients with HWE.     

Quantification analysis of 123I-IPT single photon emission computed tomography uptake in the striatum of parkinsonism with the standard magnetic resonance template

This study evaluated the striatal specific binding ratio (SBR), the anterior to posterior ratio of the striatum (APR) and its reproducibility by employing a template-based registration (TBR) method using the coregistered to the standard T1 magnetic resonance (MR) template (SMRT) as a replacement for the MR image of each patient. The 123I-IPT single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images of 30 patients with Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) and 11 normal controls were analyzed. The region of interest (ROI) was positioned manually in the same slice showing the highest striatal activity using the manual ROI method, while the ROI were positioned automatically in the mid striatal slice of the SPECT image coregistered to the SMRT. The SBR obtained using the TBR method showed a strong correlation with those using the manual method in all groups: normal controls (r = 0.851, P = 0.001), early IPD (r = 0.841, P < 0.001), and severe IPD (r = 0.702, P = 0.007). The APR obtained by the TBR correlated with those using the manual method in only the early IPD (r = 0.72, P = 0.001), while those obtained using the manual method showed no correlation in the three groups (P > 0.05). The reproducibility (rmsCV) of the TBR method was 7.2% (normal controls, 5.2%; mild IPD, 4.2%; severe IPD, 10.8%), while the reproducibility of the manual method was 31% (normal controls, 19.7%; mild IPD, 21.7%; severe IPD, 46.2%). This shows that the use of 123I-IPT SPECT for assessing IPD is affected by the method used to position the striatal ROI. This study showed that the TBR method using the SMRT is useful in diagnosing the IPD and assessing the disease severity with a high reproducibility, indicating a possibility of using the TBR method as a good replacement for the manual method.     

Residual striatal dopaminergic nerve terminals in very long‐standing Parkinson's disease: A single photon emission computed tomography imaging study

Molecular imaging studies of Parkinson's disease (PD) progression mostly focus on the first 5 years after disease onset, demonstrating rapid initial nigrostriatal neuronal loss. The fate of residual functional dopaminergic nerve terminals in patients with long‐standing PD has not yet been specifically explored. Therefore, we performed [¹²³I]‐FP‐CIT single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in 15 patients with very long‐standing PD (mean disease duration 20.6 ± 6.3 years). Measurable uptake of [¹²³I]‐FP‐CIT was still detected in the striata of all patients. As seen in early stages, reduction of tracer uptake in the putamen was more prominent than in the caudate nucleus. Asymmetry in tracer uptake between the two putamen and caudate nuclei was preserved. These findings indicate that degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in PD is not total even after many years of illness. Data should be considered in exploring underlying causes of progressive loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and development of future novel dopaminergic therapeutic strategies in PD. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society