No Increase in Breast Cancer Risk in Japanese Women Taking Oral Contraceptives: a Case-Control Study Investigating Reproductive,Menstrual and Familial Risk Factors for Breast Cancer

Background: Low-dose oral contraceptives (OC) were approved by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Laborand Welfare in 1999, yet despite their contraceptive and non-contraceptive health benefits, only 5% of the targetpopulation use them. Fear of increased cancer risk, particularly breast cancer, is one reason for this. Due tolow OC uptake and low screening participation, a paucity of data is available on the risk of OC use and breastcancer in Japanese women. The present study investigated OC use and breast cancer risk, as well as menstrual,reproductive and family factors. Materials and Methods: This was a clinic-based case-control study of womenaged 20-69yrs who had undergone breast screening between January 2007 and December 2013 in central Tokyo.In all, 28.8% of the participants had experience with OC use. Cases were 155 women with a pathologicallyconfirmed diagnosis of breast cancer. Controls were the remaining 12,333 women. Results: Increased age was asignificant risk factor for breast cancer (p<0.001). A lower risk was found in premenopausal women presentlytaking OC compared to never users (OR 0.45; 95% CI 0.22-0.90) after adjusting for age, parity and breastfeeding, and a family history of breast cancer. Conclusions: Increased age rather than OC use had a greatereffect on breast cancer risk. This risk may be decreased in premenopausal women with OC use, but furtherlong-term prospective studies are necessary.     

Sociodemographic and Reproductive Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study in the Setif Province,Northern Algeria

Background: The age-standardized rate of breast cancer (BC) increased nearly nine-fold in the last 30 years in Setif, Algeria. A case-control study was carried out to investigate the role of sociodemographic characteristics and reproductive factors in the etiology of BC in this young Arab/Berber population of Setif. Methods: Cases were 612 women with incident BC admitted to major teaching and general hospitals of Setif during 2012–2017. Controls were 615 women admitted for acute, non-neoplastic conditions to the same hospital network of cases. Information was elicited using a standardized questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed after allowance for age and education. Results: Significant associations with BC risk emerged for family history of BC (OR= 4.15 for yes vs. no; 95%CI: 2.22-7.77), for the generation of oral contraceptive used (OR=1.57 for II-generation vs. III-generation; 95%CI:1.01-2.44), and education (OR=0.63 for >11 years vs. no schooling; 95%CI: 0.46-0.86). Conversely, parity and body mass index were not associated with BC risk, whereas a late age at menarche was linked with a non statistically significant BC risk (OR=1.20 for >15 vs.     

A Case-Control Study on Risk Factors for Uterine Endometrial Cancer in Japan

A case control study of 143 Japanese women with uterine endometrial cancer and 143 individually age-matched controls was conducted to assess the risk factors for endometrial cancers in Japan. Among the characteristics studied, the following factors were significantly greater in the cases than in the controls: nulliparity (odds ratio for parity 1–3 and ≥4 versus nullipara are 0.40 and 0.02, respectively), obesity (odds ratio: 2.73), hypertension (odds ratio: 2.4), diabetes mellitus (odds ratio: 6.30), and a personal medical history of cancer (odds ratio: 3.06). The present study showed that Japanese women have the same risk factors for endometrial cancer as those reported in Western countries. The recent increase in the incidence of endometrial cancer in Japan may be largely attributed to the decrease in parity.     

A Large-scale, Hospital-based Case-Control Study of Risk Factors of Breast Cancer According to Menopausal Status

We conducted a large-scale, hospital-based case-control study to evaluate differences and similarities in the risk factors of female breast cancer according to menopausal status. This study is based on a questionnaire survey on life style routinely obtained from outpatients who first visited the Aichi Cancer Center Hospital between January 1, 1988 and December 31, 1992. Among 36,944 outpatients, 1,186 women with breast cancer detected by histological examination were taken as the case group (607 premenopausal women and 445 postmenopausal women) and 23,163 women confirmed to be free of cancer were selected as the control group. New findings and reconfirmed factors of breast cancer were as follows. 1) The risk of at least one breast cancer history among subjects' first-degree relatives was relatively high among pre- as well as post-menopausal women. 2) A protective effect of physical activity against breast cancer was observed among both pre- and post-menopausal women. 3) Dietary control decreased the risk of premenopausal breast cancer. 4) Current smoking and drinking elevated the risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women. 5) Decreasing trends of breast cancer risk were associated with intake of bean curd, green-yellow vegetables, potato or sweet potato, chicken and ham or sausage in premenopausal women, while in postmenopausal women a risk reduction was associated with a more frequent intake of boiled, broiled and/or raw fish (sashimi). Further study will be needed to clarify the age group- and/or birth cohort-specific risk factors for breast cancer among the young generation in Japan.     

结肠癌危险因素的病例对照研究

 目的探索结肠癌发病危险因素,为结肠癌防治提供科学依据。方法采用1∶1配对病例-对照研究方法,在中南大学三所附属医院选择病例和对照,按照性别和年龄配对,应用条件logistic回归对研究变量进行分析。结果多因素分析结果显示常处于坐位状态、食用油以动物油为主、胆囊疾病史、阑尾炎史以及一级亲属癌症史等为结肠癌危险因素,常吃蔬菜为结肠癌的保护因素。结论结肠癌发病受生活饮食习惯、消化系统疾病史和家族癌症史的影响。     

Risk Factors for Female Breast Cancer A Hospital-Based Case-Control Study in Madras, india

Five hundred and thirty-one histologically confirmed breast carcinoma cases examined from 1983 to 1986 inclusive at the Cancer institute (WIA), Madras, india, were matched for age, socioeconomic class and menopausal status with an equal number of controls. Cancer patients without diseases in breast, gynaecological organs or endocrine glands were used as controls. Risk factors for breast cancer were analyzed separately in the premenopausal and the postmenopausal groups. in neither group was there significant association between age at menarche and breast cancer risk. Single women had higher risk than married women. Nulliparity was found to be a risk factor in premenopausal women only. the relative risk increased with age at marriage and age at first birth. A three-fold risk was noted in both pre- and postmenopausal groups when the interval between age at first birth and menarche was more than 12 years and also in women who attained menopause between the age of 44-49.     

No Association of the 5'Promoter Region Polymorphism of CYP17 with Breast Cancer Risk in Japan

To examine the association between breast cancer risk and a T-to-C substitution polymorphism at the 5'promoter region of CYP17, a case-control study was conducted at Aichi Cancer Center Hospital in Japan. Subjects were 144 histologically confirmed breast cancer patients diagnosed in the past 4 years and 166 hospital controls without cancer. Allele frequency among controls was 44.9% (95% confidence interval; 39.5–50.2) for C allele. Odds ratio (OR) of the polymorphism relative to TT-genotype was 0.97 (0.58-1.64) for TC-genotype and 0.81 (0.39–1.68) for CC-genotype. Subgroup analyses revealed that the OR was not statistically significant for the subgroups stratified by interval after diagnosis, age at menarche, age at first birth, menopausal status, body mass index, and mother/sisters' history of breast cancer. Consistent with previous studies conducted in other countries, the 5'promoter region polymorphism of CYP17 affected breast cancer risk of Japanese women to a limited extent. Although this is not a large-scale case-control study with population controls, these findings provide enough information to discourage further studies on the association between this polymorphism and breast cancer risk in Japan at large, and suggest that this polymorphism is useless for breast cancer risk estimation.     

Relation of Family History of Cancer and Environmental Factors to the Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Case-control Study

The relation of a family history of cancer and environmentalfactors to colorectal cancer was investigated in a case-controlstudy conducted from 1992 to 1994 at 10 medical institutionsin Japan using a self-administered questionnaire, and 363 casesof colorectal cancer were compared with 363 controls matchedfor sex and age. A family history of colorectal cancer was positivelyassociated with colon cancer (odds ratio (OR)=2.0, 95% confidenceinterval(Cl)1.03–3.87) and rectal cancer (OR=2.1 Cl 0.94–4.48),but a family history of other cancers did not increase the risk.The proportion of patients with a family history of colorectalcancer within first-degree relatives was 12.4% — appreciablyhigher than figures previously reported in Japan. On the otherhand, the incidence of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancerwas 1.4%, and lower than previous estimates. Among dietary factors,a western-style diet significantly increased the risk of bothcolon and rectal cancer (OR = 2.3 Cl 1.30–3.88 and OR=2.1Cl 1.26–3.63, respectively). Consumption of rice was protectiveagainst both colon and rectal cancer(OR=0.5 Cl 0.31–0.82and OR = 0.3 Cl 0.18–0.65, respectively). Animal meat,oily food, fish, vegetables and fruit were shown to affect therisk, but no statistically significant correlation was found.Among other factors, constipation increased the risk of coloncancer (OR= 2.0 Cl 1.02–3.76) and consumption of coffeeraised the risk of rectal cancer (OR =1.7 Cl 1.07–2.82).Our findings suggest that a family history of colorectal canceris an important risk factor for this disease, and does not contradictthe hypothesis that the risk of colorectal cancer in Japan maybe influenced by westernization of lifestyle. However, we wereunable to find conclusive evidence that familial clusteringof this disease is strongly affected by environmental factorsor genetic diseases such as hereditary non-polyposis colorectalcancer.     

Modifiable (Sleeping Pattern and Stress) and Non-Modifiable Risk Factors Associated with Breast Cancer: A Matched Case-Control Study in Delhi,India

Background: An utmost increase of breast cancer burden during the last several decades was reported in Asian countries. Findings from literature confirm that risk factors of breast cancers can be modifiable and non-modifiable in nature. Objective: The present study is designed to identify specific modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors associated with breast cancer. Methods: A matched case-control study was conducted considering 187 cases as women diagnosed with breast cancer and 187 hospital-controls as women without having breast cancer visiting the hospital. Other than standard risk factors, stress is measured using Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and stress is measured using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Several modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors were assessed using conditional logistic regression to find out significant association with breast cancer. Results: Regular multi-vitamin uptake (OR = 3.38; 95%CI = 1.69 – 6.77; p-value = 0.001), poor sleep (OR = 11.29; 95%CI = 4.36 – 29.25; p-value < 0.001), irregular sleep (OR = 34.11; 95%CI = 10.03 – 115.92; p-value < 0.001) and severe stress (OR = 6.74; 95%CI = 3.06 – 14.81; p-value < 0.001) were found to be the highest odds ratio among all modifiable risk factor of breast cancer. Also, age at first childbirth less than 30 years (OR = 0.44; 95%CI = 0.25 – 0.78; p-value = 0.005) was found protective against breast cancer. Conclusion: In our study, stress, sleeping pattern, and regular multi-vitamin uptake were found to be significant modifiable risk factors of breast cancer. None of the non-modifiable risk factors were found to be significantly associated with the risk of breast cancer.     

河北省磁县食管癌危险因素病例对照研究

探索影响食管的发病因素。选河北磁县的食管癌现症患者３５０人为病例,其同性别,年龄上下不超过５岁的邻居为对照,进行１：１病例对照研究,使用统一调查表,进行回顾性入户调查,资料编码量化后录入微机,ＳＡＳ软件统计分析。结果中不文化程度ＯＲ＝０．３４９,饮茶ＯＲ＝０．８５４,家族史ＯＲ＝２．６９６,心理因素ＯＲ＝２．３０４,热烫饮食ＯＲ＝１．７７３,饮用自来水ＯＲ＝３．５８８,喜食硬食ＯＲ＝０．６５２,住     

Urinary Bladder Cancer Risk Factors: A Lebanese Case-Control Study

Background: Bladder cancer is the second most incident malignancy among Lebanese men. The purposeof this study was to investigate potential risk factors associated with this observed high incidence. Methods: Acase-control study (54 cases and 105 hospital-based controls) was conducted in two major hospitals in Beirut.Cases were randomly selected from patients diagnosed in the period of 2002-2008. Controls were convenientlyselected from the same settings. Data were collected using interview questionnaire and blood analysis. Exposuredata were collected using a structured face-to-face interview questionnaire. Blood samples were collected todetermine N-acetyltransferase1 (NAT1) genotype by PCR-RFLP. Analyses revolved around univariate, bivariateand multivariate logistic regression, along with checks for effect modification. Results: The odds of havingbladder cancer among smokers was 1.02 times significantly higher in cases vs. controls. The odds of exposure tooccupational diesel or fuel combustion fumes were 4.1 times significantly higher in cases vs controls. The oddsof prostate-related morbidity were 5.6 times significantly higher in cases vs controls. Cases and controls showeddifferent clustering patterns of NAT1 alleles. No significant differences between cases and controls were foundfor consumption of alcohol, coffee, tea, or artificial sweeteners. Conclusions: This is the first case-control studyinvestigating bladder cancer risk factors in the Lebanese context. Results confirmed established risk factorsin the literature, particularly smoking and occupational exposure to diesel. The herein observed associationsshould be used to develop appropriate prevention policies and intervention strategies, in order to control thisalarming disease in Lebanon.     

福建省大肠癌发病危险因素的病例对照研究

 目的 探讨福建省大肠癌发生的危险因素。 方法 采用1∶1匹配的病例对照研究方法,应用统一制订的调查表进行流行病学调查。共调查286对病例和对照。对资料进行单因素和多因素条件Logistic回归分析。 结果 大肠癌的危险因素有饮用井水（OR=4.05,95%CI：1.50～10.94）和泉水（OR=7.73,95%CI：2.02～29.54）,每天吸烟量（OR=4.57,95%CI：2.19～9.54）,油腻饮食（OR=5.35,95%CI：2.21～12.99）,肿瘤家族史（OR=6.18,95%CI：3.05～12.51）,肠道疾病史（OR=6.78,95%CI：3.53～13.07）;保护因素有常吃粗粮（OR=0.31,95%CI：0.17～0.53）。 结论 福建省大肠癌与吸烟,膳食纤维缺乏,饮用井水、泉水,下消化道疾病和肿瘤家族史密切相关。     

Tea Consumption and Lung Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study in Okinawa, Japan

To disclose the relationship between tea consumption and lung cancer risk, we analyzed the data from a case-control study conducted in Okinawa, Japan from 1988 to 1991. The analysis, based on 333 cases and 666 age-, sex- and residence-matched controls, provided the following major findings, (a) The greater the intake of Okinawan tea (a partially fermented tea), the smaller the risk, particularly in women. For females, the odds ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) for those who consumed 1-4, 5-9, and 10 cups or more of Okinawan tea every day, relative to non-daily tea drinkers, were 0.77 (0.28-2.13), 0.77 (0.26-2.25) and 0.38 (0.12-1.18), respectively (trend: P =0.032). The corresponding odds ratios for males were 0.85 (0.46-1.55), 0.85 (0.46-1.56) and 0.57 (0.31-1.06) (trend: P =0.053). (b) The risk reduction by Okinawan tea consumption was detected mainly in squamous cell carcinoma. Daily tea consumption significantly decreased the risk of squamous cell carcinoma in males and females, the odds ratios being 0.50 (95% confidence interval 0.27-0.93) and 0.08 (0.01-0.68), respectively. These findings suggest a protective effect of tea consumption against lung cancer in humans.     

肿瘤低发区胃癌食管癌病例对照研究

探索肿瘤低发地区上消化道癌症的危险因素和保护因素。选择胃癌８０例和食管癌６３例按年龄,性别２和居住地进行１：１配对人列对照研究。结果上消化道癌的共同危险因素是常吃热烫食物和嗜吃盐腌食物,而每天吃新鲜蔬菜和大葱,以及经常吃生蔬菜和大蒜能降低上消化道的危险。结论新鲜蔬菜尤其是大蒜在肿瘤低发地区可能对上消化道癌有一种重要的预防作用。     

Factors Related to Late Menopause and Early Menarche as Risk Factors for Breast Cancer

To investigate underlying factors of late menopause and early menarche which are regarded as risk factors for breast cancer, we analyzed the relationships between ages at menarche and menopause, and other environmental and physical factors using the data of a population-based survey conducted in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. The analysis on menopause was based on 3,148 women aged 55 or more and the analysis on menarche was based on 16,392 women aged 40 or more. These subjects were grouped into three groups (early, average and late groups) according to their ages at menopause and menarche. Women with late menopause had larger height, weight and body mass index and included more professional, administrative and office workers, more daily fish & shellfish consumers and more women with colorectal cancer history of the mother and less current smokers. Women with early menarche also had larger height, weight and body mass index and more residence in a metropolitan area and consumed more bread, meats, fish & shellfish, vegetables, fruits, milk and black tea and less rice, miso soup and pickles. In a multiple regression analysis, occupation, weight, daily or occasional drinking and daily intake of fish & shellfish were positively and smoking was inversely associated with late menopause, while residence in a metropolitan area, weight and daily intakes of bread, milk and green-yellow vegetables were positively associated with early menarche. These results suggest the importance of underlying factors of early menarche and late menopause in the etiology and prevention of breast cancer.     

A Case-Control Study of Biliary Tract Cancer in Niigata Prefecture, Japan

A case-control study of biliary tract cancer was conducted in Niigata prefecture where the mortality of the cancer is the highest in Japan. The cases were 109 patients with gallbladder cancer and 84 with bile duct cancer, and the controls were 386 sex- and age-matched neighborhood controls. For gallbladder cancer, a past history of biliary tract disease, a positive family history of cholelithiasis and a taste for oily foods were high risk factors. Intakes of animal proteins and fats such as fish, eggs, meat, etc., ingestion of vegetables and fruits, and taking snacks were low risk factors for gallbladder cancer. For bile duct cancer, a past history of biliary tract disease, a family history of cerebral vascular accident, a thin constitution and taking a small amount of foods were high risk factors, and a family history of heart disease, obesity, intakes of alcohol, animal proteins and fats, or frequent intakes of vegetables and fruits were low risk factors.     

Family History-related Risk of Gastric Cancer in Japan: A Hospital-based Case-Control Study

In Japan, there have been a few reports on the familiar factors of gastric cancer (GC)and on the GC risk related to family history (FH) at other cancer sites. We analyzed the association between GC occurrence and a positive FH of cancer of the stomach and of other sites in a hospital-based case-control study. The subjects included cases histologically confirmed as incident cancer of the stomach (n=136; 86 male and 50 female patients) and sex and age (± 1 year)-matched controls. GC risk was high when a subject had a parental history of GC [Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio adjusted for sex and age (OR) =2.3; 95% confidence interval (95%CI):1.1–5.0]. GC risk was almost unity for a cancer FH of any other cancer site, even among closer relatives, suggesting little or no contribution to GC occurrence. The familial occurrence of GC found in this study suggests the existence of a genetic susceptibility to cancer of the stomach. Further, females tended to show higher GC risks than males, when reporting an affected mother (OR=6.0; 95%CI:1.1–31.4 and OR=1.4; 95%CI:0.4–4.8, respectively), whereas males showed a slightly higher risk than females when reporting an affected father (OR=2.4; 95%CI:0.8–7.5 and OR=2.3; 95%CI:0.4–15.6, respectively). This suggests a possible gender difference in how environmental factors influence GC occurrence. The development of gastric tumors seems to be due to a complex and unknown interaction between environmental and genetic factors.     

乳腺癌患者原发性肺癌发生风险的系统评价和Meta分析

目的 系统评价乳腺癌患者发生原发性肺癌的风险.方法 通过计算机检索Medline、Scopus以及Embase数据库中有关乳腺癌患者发生原发性肺癌风险的英文文献.由两位研究者独立完成筛选文献、提取资料以及评估偏倚风险后,采用Stata 15.5软件进行统计分析.结果 共纳入7篇文献,女性乳腺癌患者发生原发性肺癌的总体风...     

Meta-analysis of Studies of Alcohol and Breast Cancer with Consideration of the Methodological Issues

Objective To give an up-to-date assessment of the association of alcohol with female breast cancer, addressing methodological issues and shortfalls in previous overviews. Methods Meta-analysis of studies (any language) providing original data on incidence of first primary breast cancer and alcohol. Two reviewers independently extracted data. Study quality assessed by objective criteria including degree of control for confounding; funnel plots examined for publication bias; meta-regression techniques to explore heterogeneity. Risks associated with drinking versus not drinking and dose–response not constrained through the origin estimated using random effects methods. Results Ninety-eight unique studies were included, involving 75,728 and 60,653 cases in drinker versus non-drinker and dose–response analyses, respectively. Findings were robust to study design and analytic approaches in the meta-analyses. For studies judged high quality, controlled for appropriate confounders, excess risk associated with alcohol drinking was 22% (95% CI: 9–37%); each additional 10 g ethanol/day was associated with risk higher by 10% (95% CI: 5–15%). There was no evidence of publication bias. Risk did not differ significantly by beverage type or menopausal status. Estimated population attributable risks were 1.6 and 6.0% in USA and UK, respectively. Conclusions Taking account of shortcomings in the study base and methodological concerns, we confirm the alcohol–breast cancer association. We compared our results to those of an individual patient data analysis, with similar findings. We conclude that the association between alcohol and breast cancer may be causal.