膝关节后交叉韧带损伤的临床流行病学分析

目的:研究膝关节后交叉韧带损伤的临床特点及其分布规律.方法:回顾性分析2006年1月至2013年6月确诊的326例膝关节后交叉韧带损伤患者临床资料,将病例按损伤类型分组,对性别、侧别、年龄、受伤原因、受伤至就诊时间、合并损伤等因素进行分析,同时比较不同类型后交叉韧带损伤的个体化因素及合并损伤情况.结果:后交叉韧带损伤患者男性占73％,30～50岁是发病高峰(59％),患者多于伤后1个月内就诊(62.6％);受伤原因以交通伤为主(59％);合并损伤中前交叉韧带损伤最多(46.9％),其次为内侧副韧带(29.8％)和后外侧角(26.1％);后交叉韧带实质部损伤较止点撕脱骨折多,发生合并损伤的概率也较后者高(P＜0.05),受伤原因差异也具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);单纯止点撕脱骨折与单纯实质部损伤在发生率和就诊时间方面差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:后交叉韧带损伤以实质部损伤为主,合并损伤率较高,以ACL损伤最常见;止点撕脱骨折以胫骨侧为主,多由低能量暴力导致,合并损伤较少;实质部损伤多由高能量暴力所致,多有合并损伤;单纯止点撕脱骨折发病率较单纯实质部损伤高.     

Isolated posterior cruciate ligament injuries associated with closed tibial shaft fractures: a report of two cases

Introduction  Knee ligament injuries associated with tibia shaft fractures are usually neglected and treatment is delayed. To our knowledge, no case presentation discusses the clinical result of closed tibial shaft fracture with concomitant ipsilateral isolated PCL injury. In this literature, we report the clinical result of two cases that sustained closed tibial shaft fracture with concomitant PCL injury and discuss the treatment options. Materials and methods  We report the clinical result of two cases that sustained closed tibial shaft fracture with concomitant posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injury. Case 1 received open reduction with plate fixation for the tibial shaft fracture, and he also received arthroscopic reconstruction of PCL with bone-patellar tendon-bone graft due to neglecting PCL injury 5 months later after fracture fixation. Case 2 sustained left tibial-fibular shaft fracture with isolated PCL injury confirmed by magnetic resonance image on the first day of injury. She received tibia fixation with intramedullary nail and conservative treatment with bracing and rehabilitation for PCL injury. Results  In case 1, the male patient only focused on fracture healing without any knee rehabilitation. His knee flexed deeply for protected weight bearing in the injured leg which may have exacerbated the posterior instability and reduced the possibility of PCL healing. The end result of knee function was poor even though PCL reconstruction was done later. In case 2, the female patient with diagnosed posterior cruciate ligament injury on the day of injury, her knee was immobilized in brace with full extension, which improved PCL healing. In addition, she received rehabilitation of quadriceps strengthening, and hamstring muscle contraction was avoided in her daily activity. After rehabilitation, the female patient did not complain of severe subjective instability even with an obvious posterior translation on posterior drawer test. Conclusions  We need to perform a careful physical examination of ipsilateral knee in cases of leg fractures, and MRI of knee before surgery if any doubt exists. However, a further research is needed to conclude on the best operation and rehabilitation program in patients with combined tibial shaft fracture and PCL injury. No support from any institution was gained for this study.     

Posterior Cruciate Ligament Rehabilitation: How Slow Should We Go?

Outcomes after posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstructive surgery have historically been inferior to outcomes after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). As such, some surgeons may be reluctant to recommend reconstruction of the PCL. However, recent technologic advances have substantially improved PCL reconstructive surgical outcomes. These advances include better understanding of PCL diagnosis and surgical indications; recognition of the need for repair or reconstruction of associated injuries, especially injuries to the posterolateral and posteromedial corners of the knee; PCL-specific surgical instruments including mechanical tensioning devices to restore anatomic tibial step-off; improved graft fixation techniques including primary and backup methods of fixation; use of strong graft material including advances in the procurement, processing, and usage of allograft tissue; improved surgical techniques; and advances in the understanding of knee ligament structure and biomechanics, resulting in more accurate surgical tunnel placement, achieving anatomic graft insertion sites while minimizing graft bending. Today, PCL reconstructive surgery often results in excellent function with a return to the patient’s preinjury level of activity. In contrast to accelerated rehabilitation after ACL reconstructive surgery, slow and deliberate postoperative rehabilitation is recommended to allow early healing to occur after PCL reconstructive surgery.     

Multiple-ligament injured knee

Objective: To explore the clinical characteristic of the multiple-ligament injured knee and evaluate the protocol, technique and outcome of treatment for the multipleligament injured knee. Methods: From October 2001 to March 2005, 9 knees with combined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) tears in 9 patients were identified with clinical and arthroscopic examinations. Of them, 5 knees were combined with ruptures of posteromedial corner (PMC) and medial collateral ligament (MCL), 4 with disruptions of posterolateral corner (PLC), 2 with popliteal vascular injuries and 1 with peroneal nerve injuries. Six patients were hospitalized in acute phase of trauma,2 received repairs of popliteal artery and 4 had repairs of PMC and MCL. Reconstructions of ACL and PCL with autografts under arthroscope were performed in all patients at 4 to 10 weeks after trauma, including reconstruction of PLC with the posterior half of biceps femoris tendon tenodesis in 4 patients and reconstructions of PMC and MCL with femoral fascia in 1 patient. Results: No severe complications occurred at early stage after operation in the 9 patients. All of them were followed up for 10-39 months with an average of 23. 00 months±9. 46 months. Lysholm score was 70-95 with an average of 85.00±8.29. International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score was from severely abnormal (Grade D) in 9 knees at initial examination to normal (Grade A) in 2 knees, nearly normal (Grade B) in 6 knees and abnormal in 1 knee at the last follow-up. Of the 9 patients, 7 returned to the same activity level before injury and 2 were under the level. Conclusions:The multiple-ligament injured knee with severe instability is usually combined with other important structure damages. Therefore, careful assessment and treatment of the combined injuries are essential. Reconstructions of ACL and PCL under arthroscope, combined with repairs or reconstructions of the extraarticular ligaments simultaneously or in stages, have advantage of minimal trauma in surgery and satisfactory outcome.     

Soft-tissue graft fixation in posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: evaluation of the effect of tibial insertion site on joint kinematics and in situ forces using a robotic/UFS testing system

Introduction Surgical reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is recommended in acute injuries that result in severe tibial subluxation and instability. The surgical outcome level may be affected by the tibial fixation site. In response to a 110-N posterior tibial load, kinematics and in situ forces of anatomical soft-tissue graft fixation in single-bundle PCL reconstruction using an interference screw fixation are significantly closer to those in the intact knee than with extracortical fixation with two staples.Materials and methods Using a robotic/universal force moment sensor (UFS) testing system, we examined joint kinematics and in situ forces of porcine knees following single-bundle PCL reconstruction fixed at two different tibial fixation sites: anatomical interference screw and extracortical fixation.Results The site of the tibial graft fixation had significant effect on the resulting posterior displacement and in situ forces of the graft. Both PCL reconstruction techniques reduced the posterior tibial translation significantly. Proximal fixation techniques provided significantly less posterior tibial translation than extracortical fixation. Single-bundle PCL reconstruction with an interference screw showed higher in situ forces of the graft than the extracortical fixation.Conclusions The kinematics and in situ forces of a single-bundle PCL reconstruction using an interference screw fixation technique are superior to the primary stability of an extracortical fixation with staples.     

Posterior cruciate ligament injuries: evaluation and management

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries commonly occur during sports participation or as a result of motor vehicle accidents. Careful history taking and a comprehensive physical examination are generally sufficient to identify PCL injuries. Most authors recommend nonoperative treatment for acute isolated PCL tears. This involves initial splinting in extension followed by range-of-motion and strengthening exercises. Recovery of quadriceps strength is necessary to compensate for posterior tibial subluxation and to facilitate return to preinjury activity levels. In isolated PCL tears, surgical treatment is reserved for acute bone avulsions and symptomatic chronic high-grade PCL tears. Arthroscopic single-tunnel reconstruction techniques will improve posterior laxity only moderately. Newer double-tunnel and tibial-inlay techniques offer theoretical advantages, but the available clinical results are only preliminary. When a PCL injury occurs in combination with other ligament injuries, most patients will require surgical treatment.     

股骨单隧道内分叉双束纤维重建后交叉韧带的实验研究

目的在人膝关节标本上行股骨单隧道分叉双束纤维重建后交叉韧带(posterior cruciate ligament,PCL),探讨其术式的优缺点。方法应用力学试验机对14侧捐赠新鲜冷冻人膝关节标本进行生物力学测试,男12侧,女2侧;年龄20～31岁。标本股骨段长20cm,胫骨段长20cm。首先测量PCL完整时胫骨后移距离和交叉韧带的应变(完整组,n=14);然后切断PCL(切断组,n=14),测量胫骨受力时的后移距离后,再将标本随机分为两组:单束重建组(n=7)和分叉双束重建组(n=7),分别测量屈膝0、30、60、90和120°5个角度时胫骨后移距离和移植韧带的应变。结果胫骨受到100N后向力量,完整组在不同屈膝角度下,胫骨向后移位1.97±0.29～2.60±0.23mm,前外束和后内束纤维交替紧张松弛。切断组膝关节明显松弛,胫骨向后移位达11.27±1.06～14.94±0.67mm,与完整组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);单束纤维重建组,在不同屈膝角度下胫骨向后移位1.99±0.19～2.72±0.38mm,移植韧带持续紧张。双束纤维重建组在不同屈膝角度下胫骨向后移位2.27±0.32～3.05±0.44mm,移植的双束纤维交替紧张,协同作用。组内比较:双束重建组在不同屈膝角度时胫骨向后位移差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而单束重建组在屈膝90°时与屈膝30、60和120°时相比,胫骨后移增大,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论股骨单隧道内分叉双束纤维重建PCL术在各屈膝角度均能有效防止胫骨后移,股骨单隧道单束重建术屈膝90°时后移较其他角度时增大。分叉双束重建PCL的两束纤维束交替紧张,生物力学特征更接近于正常PCL。     

改良全关节镜下胫骨Inlay技术重建后十字韧带的实验研究

目的 探讨采用改良全关节镜下胫骨Inlay技术重建膝关节后十字韧带(posterior cruciate ligament,PCL)手术方法的特点及优势.方法 设计专门的胫骨隧道形态及配套的胫骨钻头,设计移植物的形态和固定方法.在5具成人膝关节标本上模拟操作,年龄25～65岁;左膝2例,右膝3例.设计出全关节镜下胫骨Inlay技术重建PCL的手术操作流程(包括建立胫骨隧道的方法,移植物的引入等).操作完成后切开实验标本,进行二次观察,观察胫骨隧道内口的形态和位置是否达到设计的要求.通过对30张正常MRI片进行测量,确定胫骨隧道的角度,明确术中PCL定位器的角度.结果 胫骨隧道内口设计成14 mm×7 mm×15 mm的圆锥状,外口为直径7 mm的圆柱状,配套的胫骨钻头设计成分体式,钻头在体外装配.胫骨平台后缘斜坡与水平成36°～47°,定位器角度设定为50°.移植物使用异体跟腱,移植物骨块设计成圆锥状,与胫骨隧道内口相匹配,移植物胫骨隧道外口使用纽扣钢板固定.5例标本手术均获得成功,切开行二次检查结果显示,其中4例移植物和胫骨隧道匹配,另1例隧道外口直径偏小,移植物无法完全嵌入.结论 改良全关节镜下胫骨Inlay技术重建膝关节PCL手术具有操作简单、准确、快速、固定牢靠的特点.

Abstract：

Objective To improve the arthroscopic posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction using tibial Inlay technique. Methods The special arthroscopic device and related fixation technique were designed. Five cadaveric knees were used to simulate the process of arthroscopic posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using tibial Inlay technique. The knees were cut open to observe whether the outlet of the tibial tunnel shape and location met the design requirements. Thirty normal MRI films were measured to identify tunnel angle and localizer angle. Results The inner outlet of tunnel was conical shape(14 mm×7 mm×15 mm) and the outer outlet was cylinder-shaped (a diameter of 7 mm). The tibial drill was designed into a split structure and could be assembled in vitro. According to the data obtained from MRI films, the angle between the plane of posterior cruciate ligament and horizontal place was 36°-47°, and the localizer was fixed at 50°.The achilles tendon was used as implant and the allogft bones were designed into conical shape to fit the inner outlet of tunnel. The other end of implant to the proximal tibia was fixed with button plate. All reconstruction operations were performed under arthroscopy. The outcomes of procedure were satisfactory. There were no vascular or peripheral nerve injuries in the cadaveric knees The tunnel position was accurate and the shape of tunnel had met the design requirements. Conclusion Our results imply that improved arthroscopic of posterior cruciate ligament using tibial Inlay technique is simple, accurate, rapid and stable fixation.     

Diagnostic and incidence of the rupture of the posterior cruciate ligament

Summary The purpose of this article is to evaluate the incidence and to give a general review of the examination of the posterior ligament complex. At least ca. 8–10 % of all severe ligament injuries concern the posterior cruciate ligament, which means, that an estimated 4000–5000 Germans suffer a PCL rupture every year. Motor-vehicle accidents are the most common cause of the injury, but sports-related traumas (football, skiing) have increased in recent years. The high number of high-energy mechanisms involved (up to 90 %), cause ligament ruptures often to be associated with other injuries, especially fractures of the femur and tibia head. In polytrauma patients PCL ruptures are frequently recognized very late, because the possibility of this kind of injury is often not considered during the clinical examination. The same holds for the diagnosis of monotrauma patients. The initial step in the evaluation is to obtain a thorough history (including the mechanism of injury) and to perform a physical examination. The instability after a PCL rupture may present as an ACL rupture, because the anterior drawer test seems to be positive. The anterior/posterior drawer test must be assessed with other evaluation procedures to distinguish between anterior und posterior instabilities. The posterior sag sign, the quadriceps active test or the reversed pivot-shift may indicate a PCL rupture. A correct roentgenogram can reveal an avulsion of the tibia and can prove posterior instability due to a posterior translation of the tibia. A quantitative examination (clinical or X-ray) of the instability and the indication of combined injury of the posterior cruciate ligament and the posterolateral complex are necessary for the therapeutic decision (operative/conservative). A rupture of the PCL may occur occasionally as a result of a luxation of the knee (reduced spontaneously) before the medical evaluation. A thorough neurovascular examination is essential. Magnetic resonance imaging can be important to the diagnosis of an acute injury, but it is not essential for the choice between operative and non-operative treatment. Arthroscopy has been found to have a high degree of accuracy in the diagnosis of ligament ruptures of the knee, but it is still an operative treatment, so that it can only be used if an operation of repair or reconstruction is planned anyway. Before operative treatment of chronic complex instability, potential osseous abnormalities (varus morphotype) must be revealed; in case of uncertainty, an X-ray control is necessary.      

后十字韧带单束重建联合小切口切开腘腓韧带重建治疗严重膝关节不稳定

目的 评估后十字韧带(posterior cmciate ligament,PCL)单束重建联合小切口切开腘腓韧带(popliteofibular ligament,PFL)重建治疗严重的膝关节后向和后外旋转不稳定的临床结果.方法 自2003年7月至2007年4月,共有28例连续的患者接受关节镜下PCL单束重建联合小切口切开PFL重建手术.人选条件:所有患者均为严重的膝关节不稳定,后抽屉试验为3~+或以上,胫骨后移程度与健侧相比≥12mm,胫骨外旋程度大于健侧10°以上,同时不合并外侧副韧带的损伤.入选的患者接受关节镜下单束PCL重建,使用异体跟腱作为移植物.在膝关节外侧通过两个小切口切开,使用异体胫前肌腱重建PFL.股骨侧切口位于股骨外上髁,长度为2cm;腓骨侧切口位于腓骨头,长度为3 cm.结果 术后平均随访时间为39.7个月.使用膝关节应力像评估后向稳定性,胫骨后移程度(患侧与健侧的差值)由术前(17.7±4.5)mm减小为术后(4.5±3.9)mm,胫骨外旋程度(患侧与健侧的差值)由术前16.0°±4.7°减小为术后-2.8°±6.4°,术前与术后的差异有统计学意义.IKDC评分:术前28例均为D级,术后A级为10例,B级9例,C级8例和1例D级.结论 关节镜下PCL单束重建联合使用小切口切开PFL重建能够有效地改善膝关节后向和后外旋转不稳定.     

胫骨平台外侧缘撕脱骨折的特点及临床诊治分析

目的 :探讨膝关节损伤中胫骨平台外侧缘撕脱骨折的特点及临床诊治。方法 :自2011年1月至2015年12月运用关节镜技术微创治疗关节内损伤结合双锚钉内固定胫骨平台外侧缘撕脱骨折29例,男17例,女12例;年龄27~62岁,平均41岁。20例合并前交叉韧带断裂(包含前交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折),3例合并后交叉韧带断裂,1例同时合并前交叉韧带和后交叉韧带断裂,3例合并侧副韧带撕裂,2例合并胫骨平台骨折(内侧平台骨折和外侧平台骨折各1例)。术前均行X线、CT及MRI检查明确诊断,在受伤后5~14 d进行手术,平均7 d。采用Lysholm膝关节评分对膝关节术前、术后功能进行评价。结果:手术时间40~125 min,平均85 min;出血量10~30 ml,平均15 ml。术后所有患者获随访,时间12~18个月,平均14个月。Lysholm膝关节评分由术前的52.0±4.2明显提高至术后1年的91.9±1.4(t=-49.24,P0.05)。抽屉试验、Lachman试验及侧方应力试验均阴性,骨折均骨性愈合。结论 :胫骨平台外侧缘撕脱骨折提示合并有膝关节静力稳定结构(关节韧带、关节囊、半月板等)的损伤,甚至关节内骨折。常规要行CT和MRI检查,建议行关节镜探查,防止漏诊,以使患者能得到及时、全面的治疗,为膝关节功能最大限度恢复创造有利条件。     

Transtibial and tibial inlay double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Surgical technique using a bifid bone-patellar tendon-bone allograft

The treatment of posterior cruciate ligament injuries is difficult and controversial. Reconstructive technique and graft design are 2 of the unsolved issues in posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. We present a technique using a bifid bone-patellar tendon-bone allograft for reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament. This graft more closely mimics normal anatomy and may be used in both transtibial and tibial inlay reconstructions.     

How to treat knee ligament injuries?

Indications for conservative treatment of knee ligament injuries can be established for all grade I or II sprains (partial tears), as well as isolated grade III sprains (complete tears) of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and medial collateral ligament (MCL). These injuries should be treated with immediate mobilization. Only in isolated partial anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears without a positive pivot shift phenomenon is conservative treatment justified. However, many of these injuries may require operative reconstruction later. In complete ACL tears the surgical treatment consists of primary reconstruction or augmented primary repair. Today, the middle third of the patella tendon with the bone blocks is regarded as the "gold standard" for augmented repairs and late reconstructions. For the present, there is no place for synthetic prostheses in the treatment of an acute ACL rupture. Allograft replacement of the ACL must now be considered an experimental procedure. In the reconstruction of the PCL the above mentioned patella tendon graft is also preferable. Lateral collateral ligament (LCL) tears, especially if they are combined with ruptures of posterolateral ligament complex, should be repaired immediately after the injury. In these injuries late reconstructions are difficult and the results are poor. Conservative treatment of partial tears and postoperative treatment of reconstructed ligaments is twofold: on the one hand, the healing tissue should be protected and on the other hand, atrophy and wasting of uninjured tissue should be avoided. Overload and stretching of the injured ligaments should be eliminated with the aid of a suitable knee brace, but early range of motion exercises of the knee are allowed immediately.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Posterior Cruciate Ligament: Focus on Conflicting Issues

There is little consensus on how to optimally reconstruct the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and the natural history of injured PCL is also unclear. The graft material (autograft vs. allograft), the type of tibial fixation (tibial inlay vs. transtibial tunnel), the femoral tunnel position within the femoral footprint (isometric, central, or eccentric), and the number of bundles in the reconstruction (1 bundle vs. 2 bundles) are among the many decisions that a surgeon must make in a PCL reconstruction. In addition, there is a paucity of information on rehabilitation after reconstruction of the PCL and posterolateral structures. This article focused on the conflicting issues regarding the PCL, and the scientific rationales behind some critical points are discussed.     

同种异体髌腱重建前后交叉韧带的疗效观察

目的探讨同种异体髌腱同时重建膝关节前交叉韧带与后交叉韧带的临床疗效。方法我院确诊为前、后交叉韧带同时损伤的患者39例,其中合并内侧副韧带损伤28例,外侧副韧带损伤2例。应用由山西骨组织库提供的同种异体髌腱移植物进行膝关节前后交叉韧带同时重建,用挤压界面螺钉固定,同时处理合并伤,术后膝关节支具固定。本组患者中38例得到随访,1例失访。术后随访7～48个月,平均随访18个月。结果采用Lysholm膝关节评分标准评分,平均积分由术前的22分提高到术后的84分,全部病例均无并发损伤和排异反应,术后无伸膝受限,屈膝活动度为100°～120°,术后6～8个月基本恢复正常工作和生活。结论关节镜下同种异体髌腱重建膝关节前、后交叉韧带能较好的恢复膝关节的稳定性和功能。     

Single–Achilles Allograft Posterior Cruciate Ligament and Medial Collateral Ligament Reconstruction: A Technique to Avoid Osseous Tunnel Intersection,Improve Construct Stiffness,and Save on Allograft Utilization

We present a method for single–Achilles allograft medial collateral ligament (MCL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction that eliminates the risk of tunnel intersection, stiffens the construct, and maximizes utilization of allograft tissue. An Achilles tendon allograft is prepared with an 11- to 12-mm bone plug with a gradual taper to 7 mm over approximately 15 cm. A transtibial PCL tunnel is created under fluoroscopic and arthroscopic guidance. The femoral tunnel is prepared in an “outside-in” fashion under direct arthroscopic visualization, originating at the anatomic origin of the MCL on the medial epicondyle and entering the joint at the anatomic origin of the anterolateral bundle of the PCL. The Achilles graft is pulled into the joint through the tibial tunnel and routed into the femoral tunnel so that the soft tissue exits at the medial epicondyle. The bone plug is fluoroscopically guided to the posterior aperture of the tibial tunnel and fixed with a bioabsorbable interference screw. The pretensioned graft is fixed in the femoral tunnel via interference screw fixation with the knee in 90° of flexion. The isometric position of the MCL insertion is identified with a K-wire isometer, and the graft is fixed in place at this point by use of an interference screw or screw and washer.     

Arthroscopic posterior cruciate ligament repair for acute femoral “peel off” tears

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries can be associated with acute and chronic morbidity. Treatment of PCL disruption is typically either nonoperative or reconstructive, using a graft substitute. We describe a minimally invasive arthroscopic technique for repair of acute PCL tears of the femoral origin. This has been referred to as the femoral “peel off” injury. The procedure makes use of arthroscopic instrumentation to provide a direct repair of the ligament back to the femoral origin. This is a very specific injury often diagnosed with magnetic resonance imaging. This technique is not applicable to interstitial or tibial insertion tears. Operative repair is achieved using accessory portals, and instrumentation to place sutures in the PCL, which are then secured via an accessory incision for fixation. The procedure and clinical experience are discussed in detail, and a case report is included. In this very select and specific type of PCL injury, repair may provide a clinically useful alternative to full PCL reconstruction.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 19, No 4 (April), 2003: pp 431–435     

Arthroscopic Posterior Cruciate Ligament Augmentation Using an Autogenous Hamstring Tendon Graft and the Posterior-Posterior Triangulation Technique

We describe a modification of the currently practiced arthroscopic posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction techniques. We augmented the injured PCL with quadrupled autogenous hamstring tendon grafts using the arthroscopic posterior-posterior triangulation method and a single-incision transtibial approach. The tibial drill guide was introduced through the anteromedial portal and positioned onto the fossa for the PCL on the tibia under arthroscopic guidance from the posterolateral portal. The femoral tunnel was made 10 mm posterior to the articular cartilage of the medial femoral condyle by use of the anterior cruciate ligament Beath pin (Arthrex, Naples, FL) introduced through the far-inferior anterolateral portal. The tendon graft was positioned in the knee joint by use of the tibial and femoral double-folded silk loops that traversed the bony tunnels. The graft was fixed by use of bioabsorbable Intrafix screw systems (DePuy Mitek, Raynham, MA) at both the ends. The arthroscopic posterior-posterior triangulation method provides adequate exposure of the posterior knee compartment; this allows for convenient instrumentation and safe and accurate placement of the bony tunnels with preservation of the PCL remnants. We believe that retention of the remnant PCL fibers is biologic and contributes to earlier healing and strengthening of the tendon graft.     

胫骨后倾角的测量及与后交叉韧带生物力学关系的研究进展

胫骨后倾角(tibial posterior slope,TPS)最可靠最便捷的测量方式及与后交叉韧带(posterior cruciate ligament,PCL)的生物力学关系存在较大争议。使用X线测量时,推荐使用下肢全长侧位X线片4等份法,其具有高度的可重复性及在日常诊疗过程的普遍性,但仅仅适用于胫骨旋转在15°以内的患者,当旋转超过30°时,平台内侧轮廓不好辨认,不再适用;若仅仅用于日常诊疗评估,当胫骨旋转角在15°以内时,膝关节侧位X线片也具有一定的参考意义,但精准度不能满足要求较高的临床研究。CT测量方法虽能纠正胫骨旋转,但利用在三维CT重建上放置拟合点来测量的方法只适用于无关节退变的膝关节,较多的骨赘会影响利用拟合点的方式来确定的胫骨平面与真实胫骨平台的符合度,具有一定的局限性。MRI不仅可以纠正胫骨旋转,而且使用胫骨解剖轴作为参考轴可以最大程度减少骨赘的影响从而测量出TPS,是一种较好的测量方式。TPS与PCL的生物力学关系,在胫骨截骨术中增大的TPS通过胫骨前移位间接减轻PCL的张力或直接减轻对PCL的负荷都提示可对其产生保护机制;在保留交叉韧带的全膝关节置换术中,...     

基于后十字韧带的膝关节多发韧带损伤两种重建技术的对比研究

目的 比较采用关节镜下经胫骨隧道技术和切开胫骨镶嵌骨块技术重建基于后十字韧带的多发韧带损伤患者术后的后向稳定性和临床疗效.方法 自2005年4月至2009年12月,共连续完成基于后十字韧带的多发韧带损伤重建修复手术135例,2年以上随访者88例.后十字韧带采用关节镜下经胫骨隧道技术重建57例(64.8％),切开镶嵌骨块技术重建31例(35.2％),合并损伤予同期重建或修复.随访时间平均(45.9±17.0)个月(24～77个月).采用KT-1000和Telos应力装置测量手术前后膝关节后向稳定性.采用Tegner、Lysholm、AAOS评分评价临床疗效.结果 两组患者的性别、年龄、受伤至手术时间、合并损伤和主观评分比较,差异均无统计学意义.经胫骨隧道组术前KT-1000两侧差值为(13.5±4.8) mm,术后为(2.4±3.4)mm;术前Telos两侧差值为(14.9±7.1) mm,术后为(4.6±4.0) mm.切开胫骨镶嵌骨块组术前KT-1000两侧差值为(13.7±5.2) mm,术后为(2.2±3.6)mm;术前Telos两侧差值为(14.9±5.9) mm,术后为(4.3±3.9) mm.两组患者KT-1000和Telos两侧差值手术前后组内比较差异均有统计学意义,而组间比较差异均无统计学意义.两组患者术后Tegner、Lysholm、AAOS评分的差异均无统计学意义.结论 采用两种技术重建基于后十字韧带的多发韧带损伤,两组患者术后的后向稳定性及功能评分差异均无统计学意义,且均可明显恢复膝关节后向稳定性.