偏头痛慢性转化的临床危险因素分析

目的比较慢性偏头痛(CM)与发作性偏头痛(EM)的病史特征、临床特点等,探究偏头痛慢性转化的危险因素,为其防治提供依据和策略。方法共纳入在中南大学湘雅医院神经内科就诊的CM患者72例及EM患者109例进行回顾性分析。采集患者基本信息,先进行单因素分析,筛选有统计学意义的指标进行相关分析和非条件性多因素logistic回归分析。结果单因素分析发现两组的BMI(P=0.000)、病程(P=0.000)、基线头痛发作频率(P=0.000)、基线头痛持续时间(P=0.037)、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI,P=0.000)、焦虑自评量表(SAS,P=0.000)及抑郁自评量表(SDS,P=0.001)差异有统计学意义。logistic回归分析显示BMI(OR=1.468,95%CI:1.148～1.876)、病程(OR=1.102,95%CI:1.022～1.188)、基线头痛发作频率(OR=1.461,95%CI:1.247～1.711)、睡眠质量(OR=1.494,95%CI:1.198～1.864)、焦虑状态(OR=1.201,95%CI:1.048～1.376)是偏头痛慢性转化的危险因素。结论控制体重、减少头痛发作频率、缩短病程、改善心境状态与睡眠质量,有可能延缓偏头痛的慢性进展。     

脑白质损害与偏头痛发作频率分析

目的探讨脑白质损害与偏头痛发作频率关系。方法选取重庆市铜梁区中医院接诊的86例偏头痛患者作为研究对象,对患者进行头颅MRI检查以明确脑白质损害程度,根据是否发生脑白质损害分为两组:损害组、未损害组,对比两组的偏头痛发作频率、持续时间。结果脑白质损害病灶位于额叶20个(30.30%)、顶叶13个(23.21%)、基底核区11个(19.64%)、颞枕叶8个(14.29%)、脑干及小脑3个(5.36%)、顶叶1个(1.79%)。两组在冠心病史、高血压病史、糖尿病史、吸烟史、饮酒史、家族病史方面比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。损害组的病程明显比未损害组更长(P<0.05)。两组患者在偏头痛类型、发作频率、持续时间方面比较,差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05)。损害组的先兆型偏头痛、发作频率> 3次/月、持续时间> 24h占比均显著高于未损害组(P <0.05)。多因素回归分析显示,除头痛持续时间外,病程、先兆症状、头痛发作频率均是脑白质损害的独立危险因素(均P <0.05)。结论偏头痛患者的脑白质损害好发于额顶叶,偏头痛病程、先兆症状及发作频率都是偏头痛患者发生脑白质损害的独立危险因素。     

偏头痛与睡眠质量关系的研究

目的:探讨偏头痛与睡眠质量的关系.方法:采用阿森斯睡眠量表(AIS)对112例偏头痛患者(偏头痛组)及112名健康体检者(正常对照组)的睡眠质量进行评分,比较两组间失眠的发生率.对偏头痛组中无睡眠障碍亚组、可疑失眠亚组和失眠亚组先兆发作率及疼痛程度进行比较,分析睡眠质量与偏头痛的关系.结果:偏头痛组失眠的发生率(58.9%)明显高于正常对照组(24.1%)(P<0.001).偏头痛各亚组间先兆发作率的差异无统计学意义;失眠亚组中、重度头痛的比例(53.0%,37.9%)明显高于无睡眠障碍亚组(23.8%,19.1%)和可疑失眠亚组(40.0%,16.0%)(均P<0.001).相关性分析显示,偏头痛组睡眠质量与头痛程度呈负相关(P<0.001).结论:偏头痛患者睡眠质量较差,且睡眠质量越差的患者头痛程度越重,改善睡眠质量有可能减轻头痛程度.     

晚发型偏头痛与青年偏头痛临床特点的比较

目的 比较晚发型偏头痛和青年偏头痛患者的临床特点.方法 对40例晚发型偏头痛患者(晚发型组)和40例青年偏头痛患者(青年组)的临床资料进行收集和比较.结果 晚发型组19例(47.5％)发病有明显诱因,青年组3例(7.5％)有明显诱因,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).晚发型组中先兆型偏头痛6例(15.0％),无先兆型33例(82.5％),偏瘫型1例(2.5％);青年组先兆型偏头痛15例(37.5％),无先兆型25例(62.5％).晚发型组中先兆型比率显著低于青年组(P＜0.05).晚发型组单侧头痛及额部头痛的比率及头痛程度显著低于青年组,双侧头痛及全头痛的比率显著高于青年组(均P＜0.05).晚发型组伴面色苍白、厌食及口干的比率显著高于青年组(均P＜0.05).晚发型组头痛性质、持续时间、发作频率及缓解因素与青年组比较,差异无统计学意义.结论 与青年偏头痛相比,晚发型偏头痛患者发作有诱因的比率高,出现先兆症状少,头痛程度轻,多为双侧及全头痛;易合并自主神经症状.     

2 189例门诊头痛患者的病因分析

目的 了解头痛专病门诊患者的病因分布特点.方法 回顾性分析2 189例头痛专病门诊且资料完整的患者的人口学及临床特点,了解不同头痛诊断所占的构成比.结果 2 189例患者中,女性多于男性(男女比为1:2.04),平均年龄(45.87±15.92)岁.最常见的头痛类型依次是偏头痛(28.2%)、紧张型头痛(22.6%)和与精神障碍有关的头痛(20.6%),慢性每日头痛的比例达到11.1%.结论 头痛患者的性别、年龄与头痛类型存在相关性,需特别关注头痛患者的精神障碍因素和发作性头痛的慢性化.     

偏头痛伴发脑微出血的相关危险因素分析

目的分析偏头痛患者伴发脑微出血(CMBs)的临床特点及影响因素。方法连续收集178例临床确诊的偏头痛患者,根据头颅MRI有无CMBs表现分为两组,收集患者一般资料,头痛特点并进行比较。结果 (1)178例偏头痛患者中CMBs患者56例,偏头痛合并CMBs发生率为31.5%,其中单发病灶17例(30.4%),多发病灶39例(69.6%),单纯脑叶病灶31例(55.4%);(2)与无CMBs的偏头痛患者比较,合并CMBs的偏头痛患者更容易合并高血压(P=0.028),头痛病程长(P=0.002)、头痛发作频率高(P=0.001)且容易伴发先兆(P=0.036);(3)多因素Logistic回归分析显示,在校正年龄、性别及其他危险因素后,头痛病程(OR=1.166,95%CI:1.044~1.303,P=0.007)、头痛发作频率(OR=1.353,95%CI:1.116~1.640,P=0.002)和先兆偏头痛(OR=10.080,95%CI:1.630~62.329,P=0.013)与偏头痛发生CMBs相关。结论偏头痛病程长、发作频率高及伴有先兆是偏头痛发生CMBs的危险因素。     

偏头痛合并卵圆孔未闭的临床特点

目的探讨偏头痛合并卵圆孔未闭(PFO)的临床特点。方法对95例临床确诊的偏头痛患者进行经胸心脏超声检查,根据是否合并PFO进行分组。所有患者给予口服盐酸氟桂利嗪治疗3个月。采集患者的临床资料,记录患者治疗前后头痛发作频率、持续时间和严重程度,对结果进行组间比较并分析。结果经胸心脏超声检查发现合并PFO患者29例,作为PFO组;其余66例患者无PFO,作为非PFO组。偏头痛患者合并PFO的发生率为30.5%。与非PFO组比较,PFO组患者有先兆偏头痛的比例和治疗前头痛发作频率明显增高(均P0.05)。与治疗前比较,PFO组与非PFO组治疗后头痛发作频率明显降低,持续时间明显缩短,严重程度明显减轻(均P0.05)。两组患者治疗后头痛发作频率、持续时间和严重程度的差异无统计学意义。两组患者均无严重不良反应出现。结论偏头痛合并PFO的临床特点为有先兆偏头痛的比例较高,头痛发作频率较高。     

A型肉毒毒素注射联合红外偏振光治疗慢性偏头痛的疗效

目的对A型肉毒毒素注射联合红外偏振光在慢性偏头痛中的临床治疗效果予以探讨。方法随机选取我院收治的慢性偏头痛患者56例,将其均分为对照组与观察组,对照组应用A型肉毒毒素注射治疗;观察组应用A型肉毒毒素注射联合红外偏振光治疗,均治疗50~60d,并进行6个月的持续随访,对每个偏头痛患者治疗前3个月及治疗后1个月、3个月、6个月的头痛发作情况进行记录分析,并对患者开展生活质量评价量表评分及偏头痛残疾程度评估问卷评分;对2组的不良反应发生情况、慢性偏头痛恢复状况、止痛药物的应用情况、慢性偏头痛的发作频率、严重程度、发作持续时间等予以对比分析。结果治疗后,2组慢性偏头痛的发作频率、严重程度、持续时间等与治疗前相比差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组偏头痛残疾程度评分明显低于对照组,生活质量评分明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组止痛药物的应用情况、慢性偏头痛的发作频率、严重程度、发作持续时间等与对照组相比差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);2组不良反应发生率无明显差异。结论将A型肉毒毒素注射联合红外偏振光应用于慢性偏头痛患者的治疗中,具有良好的临床治疗效果,并且具有较好的安全性,值得临床应用中。     

发作性偏头痛慢性转化的影响因素

目的探讨发作性偏头痛慢性转化的影响因素。方法收集126例发作性偏头痛(EM)和50例慢性偏头痛(CM)患者的临床资料,并进行比较。采用Logistic多元回归方法分析偏头痛慢性转化的独立危险因素。结果 EM组超重、女性比率,年龄及体重指数(BMI)显著低于CM组(均P0.01),受教育年限显著高于CM组(P0.05)。两组间起病年龄、初发持续时间、初发疼痛程度及有先兆的比率差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。EM组初发频率、病程、急性期止痛药物过度使用比率以及焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数评分均显著低于CM组(P0.05~0.01)。BMI(OR=1.159,95%CI:1.004~1.338)、SAS(OR=3.100,95%CI:1.360~7.069)、SDS(OR=3.390,95%CI:1.117~10.287)及急性期止痛药物过度使用(OR=2.714,95%CI:1.022~7.204)是EM慢性转化的独立危险因素(均P0.05)。结论伴有抑郁/焦虑、止痛药物过度使用和超重是EM慢性转化的独立危险因素。     

发作性偏头痛慢性转化机制的研究

目的从枕叶皮质兴奋性及脑组织代谢角度探求发作性偏头痛慢性转化机制。方法对发作性偏头痛患者、慢性偏头痛患者及对照组分别进行中脑导水管周围灰质(PAG)区1H-MRS检测及VEP检查,测定3组NAA/Cr及Cho/Cr及VEP异常率。结果发作性偏头痛组NAA/Cr较慢性偏头痛组及对照组高,有显著性差异(P0.05),后两组无明显差异(P0.05),3组受试者Cho/Cr及VEP异常率无明显差异(P0.05)。结论发作性偏头痛患者PAG区存在神经元代谢活化可能,提示发作性偏头痛慢性化过程中可能存在PAG区神经元代谢从活化至失代偿的演变过程。     

EMG analysis of exteroceptive suppression of temporal muscle activity in tension headache

In modification of a method published by Schoenen et al., early (ES 1) and late (ES 2) exteroceptive suppression periods elicited by perioral electrical trigeminus-stimulation during teeth-clenching were recorded with surface electrodes over the temporalis muscles. 29 patients with chronic tension headache, 20 with migraine, 7 patients with combined tension headache and migraine and 19 controls were examined. Duration of the late suppression period for the mean of three single shocks was highly significantly reduced in chronic tension headache sufferers and patients with combined tension headache and migraine when compared with migraine cases or controls. These results are in agreement with those of Schoenen et al. EMG analysis of temporalis late exteroceptive suppression is a helpful diagnostic method in primary headache. The reduction of ES 2 in chronic tension headache sufferers might suggest a deficient activation or excessive inhibition of the motoric trigeminus nucleus by pontobulbar inhibitory neurons which receive a strong input from limbic and nociceptive structures.     

Accompanying symptoms and psychiatric comorbidity in migraine and tension-type headache patients

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to assess the prevalence of accompanying symptoms of migraine and tension-type headache in patients with such conditions (both episodic and chronic) and in headache-free controls, and their relationship with depression and anxiety. METHOD: A psychological assessment (Axis I, DSM-IV) was performed, and 21 accompanying symptoms were investigated in 506 patients with episodic migraine (231), chronic migraine (102), episodic tension-type headache (83), and chronic tension-type headache (90) and in 80 controls. The relationship between symptoms, headache type, and psychiatric comorbidity was analyzed. RESULTS: The mean number of symptoms was significantly higher in patients (n=10.3) than in controls (n=3.4). Most symptoms were significantly associated with depression and anxiety, while only some of them were significantly associated with headache, with no relevant difference among groups. CONCLUSION: In headache patients, psychiatric comorbidity (compared with headache type or chronicity) seems to be more strictly associated with an increased burden of accompanying symptoms.     

Is allodynia influenced by psychological profile in headache patients?

Cutaneous allodynia is a frequent complain in headache patients, particularly in those with migraine. A stronger association is present in patients with migraine with aura and with chronic or transformed migraine. The aim of the present study was to investigate if the psychological profile may be related to the presence/absence of allodynia in a sample of headache patients. The psychological profile of patients was assessed by the SCL90R; the presence of allodynia was assessed by a set of semi-structured questions used in previous studies. For the purpose of the study, patients were divided into subgroups according to the headache type (ICDH-II diagnoses), as well as to the temporal pattern (episodic or chronic). A total of 213 consecutive headache patients were studied. Most patients had episodic migraine (116); 37 had tension-type headache. Overall, 156 patients had episodic headache forms, and 57 had chronic forms. As far as allodynia, 93 were non-allodynic; 120 presented allodynic symptoms during their headaches. No significant difference was found between allodynic and non-allodynic patients neither if studied in a whole group (t test, P = 0.10 NS) nor when patients were evaluated comparing different subgroups on the basis of headache type, and of the episodic/chronic pattern. Our results suggest that the presence/absence of allodynia may not be influenced by the psychological profile.     

Is allodynia influenced by psychological profile in headache patients?

Cutaneous allodynia is a frequent complain in headache patients, particularly in those with migraine. A stronger association is present in patients with migraine with aura and with chronic or transformed migraine. The aim of the present study was to investigate if the psychological profile may be related to the presence/absence of allodynia in a sample of headache patients. The psychological profile of patients was assessed by the SCL90R; the presence of allodynia was assessed by a set of semi-structured questions used in previous studies. For the purpose of the study, patients were divided into subgroups according to the headache type (ICDH-II diagnoses), as well as to the temporal pattern (episodic or chronic). A total of 213 consecutive headache patients were studied. Most patients had episodic migraine (116); 37 had tension-type headache. Overall, 156 patients had episodic headache forms, and 57 had chronic forms. As far as allodynia, 93 were non-allodynic; 120 presented allodynic symptoms during their headaches. No significant difference was found between allodynic and non-allodynic patients neither if studied in a whole group (t test, P = 0.10 NS) nor when patients were evaluated comparing different subgroups on the basis of headache type, and of the episodic/chronic pattern. Our results suggest that the presence/absence of allodynia may not be influenced by the psychological profile.

     

Chronic daily headache, medication overuse, and obesity in children and adolescents

Obesity and headaches are common in children and adults. Adult studies suggest obesity is a risk factor for chronic daily headache and increased migraine frequency and severity. Pediatric studies have suggested a relationship between obesity, increasing headache frequency, and disability. The authors retrospectively evaluated 925 children from their Pediatric Headache Clinic between July 2004 and July 2008, assessing headache frequency, medication overuse, and body mass index compared to population-based norms. The pediatric headache group as a whole had a greater percentage of overweight than the general population. This was also true with the subgroup of patients with chronic tension-type headache, although the numbers were small. Data did not show increased incidence of overweight in children with medication overuse or chronic migraine. This contrasts with adult data, which have suggested a closer link between chronic migraine and obesity and have not supported a link with chronic tension-type headache.     

Comorbidities in cluster headache and migraine

The aim of this study was to investigate the most frequent comorbid diseases occurring in patients with cluster headache (CH) and, for comparison, in migraine patients. Over a period of eight years 130 patients with CH and 982 patients with migraine were diagnosed according to ICHD-II criteria. In all patients the presence and type of different diseases were assessed from medical records and coded by the ICD, X revision. Odds ratios (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated by logistic regression analyses. Comorbid disorders were present in 56.9% patients with CH and in 56.7% migraine patients. Chronic sinusitis (p = 0.001), malignancy (p = 0.012), diabetes mellitus (p = 0.021), glaucoma (p = 0.038), as well as another primary headache disorders were more frequently present in patients with cluster headache (p = 0.001), than in migraine patients. In the multivariate analysis, chronic sinusitis (OR = 7.6, p = 0.001) and diabetes mellitus (OR = 4.2, p = 0.035), adjusted by gender, age and duration of headache, are more frequently associated with CH than with migraine. Comorbid disorders in CH patients were frequent and similar to those noticed in migraine patients, except chronic sinusitis and diabetes mellitus.     

Headache from idiopathic cervical artery dissection: time-course and follow-up

Headache is very common during the acute phase of cervical artery-dissection (CAD) sometimes mimicking a migraine attack. However, the relationships between these two conditions are complex and the course of headache in patients with CAD is not well known. Indeed, migraine is an independent vascular risk factor of stroke, especially ischemic stroke. Recently, a case-control study has shown that migraine is an independent risk factor of CAD. We have studied the course of headache in all consecutive patients hospitalized for spontaneous CAD in our stroke unit between 1998 and 2001, confirmed by a mural hematoma on MRI. We conducted patient interviews with a structured questionnaire about headache (according to the International Headache Society criteria) before and after the CAD. Forty-two patients had had a spontaneous CAD during this period. Twenty-two had had headache in the past: 9 migraine without aura, 5 migraine with aura and 8 with episodic tension-type headache. The headache improved in 22 patients (95.5 percent) after the spontaneous CAD. Of 14 patients who were migrainers, 13 (92 percent) had fewer migraine attacks after the CAD. Only 7 patients, without previous headache developed new headache after CAD: three migraine without aura, three episodic tension-type headache and one chronic tension-type headache. For the majority of patients the pre-existing headache improved after spontaneous CAD. A few patients developed a new headache only after CAD. Relationships between CAD, migraine and elastic tissue disorder should now to be explored.     

Reduction in hypothalamic 1H-MRS metabolite ratios in patients with cluster headache

OBJECTIVE: To determine the 1H-MR spectroscopic (MRS) findings in the hypothalamus in patients with episodic cluster headache. METHODS: 47 patients were recruited with episodic cluster headache (35 in cluster period and 12 in remission), 21 normal controls, and 16 patients with chronic migraine. The hypothalamic 1H-MRS metabolite ratio changes in patients with cluster headache were evaluated and compared with results in the normal controls as well as patients with chronic migraine. Seven patients in the cluster period group underwent a follow up hypothalamic MRS study five to six months after remission. RESULTS: In patients with cluster headache, the hypothalamic N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/creatine (Cr) and choline (Cho)/Cr ratios were similar between those in cluster period and in remission. As a group, both NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr levels were significantly lower in patients with cluster headache in comparison with either the control or chronic migraine groups. In those with a follow up MRS study, the levels of metabolite ratios did not differ between the cluster and remission periods. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence of persistent biochemical change of the hypothalamus in patients with episodic cluster headache. Low levels of NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr suggest that cluster headache might be related to both neuronal dysfunction and changes in the membrane lipids in the hypothalamus.     

Psychiatric disorders and muscle tenderness in episodic and chronic migraine

This review first reports on the data concerning the relationship between migraine and personality traits and psychiatric disorders. The relationship between migraine and tenderness of the pericranial and cervical muscles is then discussed. In one study, a psychologic assessment was performed in 56 women with migraine, and the Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI) and State Trait Anxiety Inventory were administered at baseline (T0) and after 6-7 years (T2). Frequency, severity and duration of migraine were recorded at T0, after treatment (T1) and at T2, and their relationship to the prevalence of depression, MMPI and State Trait Anxiety Inventory data were examined. Pain parameters improved in all patients in T0-1, but were higher at T2 in patients with depression at T0. The patients whose migraine improved at T2 had significantly lower MMPI and State Trait Anxiety Inventory scores at T0 and T2. Moreover, the prevalence of depression of the patients whose migraine improved at T2 was 37.5% at T0 and decreased to 12.5% at T2. The authors subsequently studied the function of the frontal lobe in 23 female patients previously treated for chronic migraine and 23 controls by applying three neuropsychologic tests (gambling task, tower of hanoi-3 and object alternation test). The patient group performed significantly worse on the tower of hanoi-3 and the object alternation test. In order to assess the extent to which muscle tenderness may relate to psychiatric disorders in patients with migraine and tension-type headache, diagnosed according International Headache Society criteria [2004], a psychologic assessment was performed and palpation tenderness scores calculated for the pericranial and cervical muscles in 459 patients. In total, 125 patients had frequent episodic migraine, 97 had chronic migraine, 82 had frequent episodic tension-type headache and chronic tension-type headache was present in 83. In a further 72 patients, both episodic migraine and episodic tension-type headache were present. The main finding was a positive relationship between muscle tenderness and psychiatric disorders in patients with episodic migraine alone or associated with episodic tension-type headache.     

Polysomnographic findings in children with headaches

Although previous studies suggested a relationship between headache and sleep disturbances, polysomnographic findings in children with headache are rarely described. We investigated polysomnographic findings in children with headaches, and correlated them with headache type and severity, body mass index, and medical treatment. Analysis of polysomnographic findings of 90 children with migraine (60), chronic migraine (11), tension headache (6), and nonspecific headache (13) indicated that sleep-disordered breathing was more frequent among children with migraine (56.6%) and nonspecific headache (54%) vs chronic migraine (27%). Tension headache was not associated with sleep-disordered breathing. In the nonspecific headache group, children with sleep-disordered breathing had higher body mass indexes (P = 0.008). Severe migraine and chronic migraine were associated with shorter sleep time, longer sleep latency, and shorter rapid eye movement and slow-wave sleep. Fifty percent of children with tension headache manifested bruxism vs 2.4% of children with nontension headache (odds ratio, 1.95; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-4.34). Our results support an association between migraine and sleep-disordered breathing, and between tension headache and bruxism, in children. Moreover, disrupted sleep architecture with reduced rapid eye movement and slow-wave sleep in severe and chronic migraine headaches may support an intrinsic relationship between sleep and headache disorders.