建立大鼠三叉神经痛动物模型

2002年12月,我们采用慢性压迫损伤大鼠眶下神经成功地建立了三叉神经痛的动物模型(简称CCI—ION)。现报告如下。     

小胶质细胞在偏头痛大鼠中枢敏化过程中的作用

目的观察二甲胺四环素(MC)对偏头痛大鼠痛觉超敏行为、颈髓后角小胶质细胞及神经元激活的影响,探讨小胶质细胞在偏头痛大鼠模型中枢敏化过程中的作用。方法 66只雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白组、假手术组、生理盐水组(NS组)、新型致炎剂(IS)4d组(IS4组)、IS 7d组(IS7组)、IS/MC预防组、IS/NS预防组、NS/NS预防组、IS/MC治疗组、IS/NS治疗组、NS/NS治疗组。每组6只。采用Vonfrey纤维丝测定各组大鼠眶周痛觉阈值,免疫荧光染色测定颈髓后角小胶质细胞及神经元激活情况。结果硬脑膜给予IS第3天眶周痛觉阈值较NS组明显下降(P<0.01)。IS/MC预防组眶周痛觉阈值明显高于IS/NS预防组(P<0.01)。IS4组、IS7组小胶质细胞平均荧光密度值高于假手术组(P<0.01)。IS/MC预防组、IS/MC治疗组小胶质细胞平均荧光密度值分别低于IS/NS预防组、IS/NS治疗组(P<0.01)。IS/MC预防组C-fos平均荧光密度值明显低于IS/NS预防组(P<0.01)。结论在慢性硬脑膜炎症所致的中枢敏化过程中小胶质细胞可能仅在启动阶段起作用,对于痛觉超敏的维持无作用。MC能有效预防偏头痛大鼠模型痛觉超敏的发生,但对已存在的痛觉超敏无治疗作用。     

祛风清热通络法对三叉神经痛大鼠三叉神经节痛觉信号传导途径的影响

目的探讨三叉神经痛大鼠模型三叉神经节痛觉信号传递机制及以祛风清热通络法为核心治疗本病的作用途径。方法采用祛风清热通络法,运用慢性缩窄环法制作三叉神经痛大鼠模型,造模成功后进行动物模型三叉神经节离体培养,采用实时定量PCR法检测三叉神经节降钙素基因相关肱(CGRP)mRNA,探讨该法对动物模型三叉神经痛觉信号传递机制的干预作用。结果各组三叉神经节CGRP mRNA表达量依次为空白组高剂量组卡马西平组中剂量组阴性对照组低剂量组,高、中剂量组与阴性对照组相比CGRP mRNA表达下调明显(P0.05);高剂量苗药对三叉神经节CGRP mRNA表达的抑制作用较卡马西平强,但差异不显著(P0.05)。结论高剂量苗药能下调CGRP mRNA表达,可能是通过影响CGRP的合成和释放使CGRP含量减少,从而使三叉神经节痛觉信号传导途径受阻而起到缓解疼痛的作用。     

脱氧胆酸溶液灌肠对大鼠内脏敏感性及脊髓c-fos mRNA表达的影响

目的:研究脱氧胆酸溶液灌肠对大鼠结肠敏感性和脊髓背根神经节上c-los mRNA表达的影响.方法:以脱氧胆酸溶液连续灌肠3d建立大鼠炎症后慢性内脏痛觉过敏模型,在灌肠前及灌肠后第1,2,3,4周采用结直肠扩张法(CRD)测定腹壁回撤反射(AWR)评分和内脏感觉压力阈值,然后处死大鼠,取出远端结肠组织,行髓过氧化物酶(M...     

慢性充血性心力衰竭兔心脏机械和电生理的变化

目的通过升主动脉环扎法建立兔慢性充血性心力衰竭的动物模型,观察心衰后心脏机械和电生理的变化。方法 30只新西兰大白兔随机分为两组:心衰组(n=20)于升主动脉根部远端1.0 cm处行环扎缩窄术;假手术组(n=10)不给予主动脉环扎,其余步骤同心衰组。术中及术后12 w行超声心动图和心脏电生理检查。结果两组兔术中舒张期阈值、有效不应期、室颤阈值和QT间期离散度没有明显区别(P>0.05);术后12 w心衰组舒张期阈值、有效不应期、室颤阈值明显低于假手术组,而QT间期离散度两组无明显差别(P>0.05);两组兔术前左室舒张末内径(LVEDD)、左室收缩末内径(LVESD)、射血分数(EF)、左室短轴缩短率(FS)、室间隔厚度(IVS)、左室后壁厚度(LVPW)、E/A比值、室间隔与左室后壁间的收缩延迟时间(SPWMD)和心室间机械延迟(IVMD)没有明显区别(P>0.05);术后12 w心衰组LVEDD、LVESD、IVS、LVPW、SPWMD和IVMD明显高于假手术组,而EF、FS和E/A比值明显低于假手术组(P<0.05)。结论升主动脉环扎缩窄法可有效建立慢性心衰动物模型,心衰后心脏机械和电生理发生相应的变化。     

大鼠腹主动脉缩窄模型的制备及其效果的探讨

目的 改进大鼠腹主动脉缩窄模型的制备术式并探究对大鼠腹主动脉的合适缩窄程度.方法 对两组大鼠分别施行传统术式与改良术式,然后用改良术式将另外4组大鼠的腹主动脉内径分别缩窄至0.5、0.6、0.7和0.8 mm,对比评价各组的存活率以及造模效果.结果 ①改良组大鼠术后存活率 90.00% (27/30)显著高于传统组66.67% (20/30);②0.8 mm组大鼠存活率86.67% (26/30)显著高于0.7 mm组63.33% (19/30),0.6 mm组43.33%(17/30)及0.5 mm组3.33% (1/30);③0.8 mm组与0.7 mm组两组间大鼠的平均动脉压、左心室重量指数、左心室室壁厚度以及心肌细胞直径均无显著差异.结论 采用改良术式将腹主动脉在结扎点处的内径缩窄至0.8 mm,与将其内径缩窄至0.7、0.6或0.5 mm相比,能在不影响造模效果的前提下,可提高大鼠模型的存活率.     

益气强心饮干预慢性心力衰竭大鼠CaSR及心肌细胞凋亡的实验研究

目的观察益气强心饮干预慢性心力衰竭模型大鼠钙敏感受体(CaSR)激活及心肌细胞凋亡的作用机制。方法采用腹主动脉缩窄改良术建立慢性心力衰竭大鼠模型,按随机方法将大鼠分为假手术组、模型组、西药组、中药组,应用益气强心饮干预8周后,观察各组大鼠的钙敏感受体蛋白表达及心肌细胞凋亡指数。结果益气强心饮能明显降低慢性心力衰竭模型大鼠心肌组织的钙敏感受体蛋白表达及细胞凋亡指数,与西药组疗效相当。结论益气强心饮可干预慢性心力衰竭模型大鼠的钙敏感受体激活,可抑制慢性心力衰竭模型大鼠的心肌细胞凋亡,益气强心饮有治疗慢性心力衰竭及延缓心力衰竭发展等作用。     

阳虚型慢性心力衰竭SD大鼠模型的制备及指标判定

目的建立阳虚型慢性心力衰竭的动物实验模型,为研究阳虚型慢性心力衰竭发病机制和探寻有效的治疗方法提供理想的动物模型。方法将实验动物随机分为两组(阳虚质模型组和假手术组),其中阳虚质模型组采用腹主动脉缩窄法,运用4号手术丝线将SD大鼠腹主动脉缩窄制作成慢性心力衰竭大鼠模型,正常喂养1周后,每日同一时间段将大鼠置于-2℃~-4℃冰柜中2h,持续4周,完成阳虚型心力衰竭的造模。假手术组SD大鼠经开腹后将手术丝线穿过腹主动脉,除不缩窄腹主动脉以外,其他操作与阳虚模型组完全相同。4周后观察大鼠的行为特征、体温和血小板聚集率等实验室检查指标,并对大鼠的心肌组织进行电镜检查。结果大鼠陆续出现体温下降、皮毛竖立、蜷缩扎堆、精神萎靡、行动迟缓、足背水肿和尾凉暗淡等现象。同时经过统计发现,造模后的阳虚模型大鼠体温明显低于假手术组(P0.05),血小板聚集率明显升高(P0.05),血小板体积(MPV)、血小板分布宽度(PDW)均显著升高(P0.01),心肌出现线粒体空化,嵴断裂溶解消失,肌质纤维疏松,以上均证实阳虚型心力衰竭造模成功。结论本模型在一定程度上模拟了临床心力衰竭阳虚型的症状特点,生物学特征及客观检测指标经过多次重复实验,结果一致,故该模型是建立大鼠阳虚型慢性充血性心力衰竭模型的一种简便可靠的方法。     

心衰2号方对慢性心力衰竭大鼠血清AngⅡ及IL-6的影响

目的 观察心衰2号方对慢性心力衰竭时神经内分泌及炎症因子的影响.方法 以30只SD大鼠为实验对象,在腹主动脉缩窄法制作慢性心力衰竭大鼠模型基础上,进行血瘀造模,并随机分为假手术组、血瘀对照组、血瘀心衰加心衰2号方组(即心衰2号方组).其中血瘀心衰加心衰2号方组给予心衰2号方灌胃,血瘀心衰组及假手术组不予药物干预.灌胃4周后,对比各组大鼠血清血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平.结果 心衰2号方组与血瘀对照组比较AngⅡ、IL-6显著降低(P<0.01).结论 心力衰竭2号方能调控心衰时大鼠神经内分泌和炎症因子水平.     

大鼠心肌肥厚过程中亲环素A表达时程变化

目的探讨大鼠压力负荷性心肌肥厚过程中左心室心肌组织中亲环素A表达的时程变化。方法采用腹主动脉缩窄法建立压力负荷性大鼠心肌肥厚模型。术后4周和8周,检测左心室重量和体质量比值观察心肌肥大程度。然后用蛋白免疫印迹检测左心组织中亲环素A表达变化。结果在术后4周和8周,腹主动脉缩窄组左心/体质量比值比假手术对照组分别增加38.10%和37.70%。蛋白免疫印迹结果显示,两组亲环素A的表达均随鼠龄的增长而增加,但在术后4周和8周,腹主动脉缩窄组左心室心肌组织中亲环素A表达明显高于假手术对照组,亲环素A表达分别增加26.06%和31.95%。结论大鼠心肌肥厚的同时伴随亲环素A表达增多,提示心肌肥厚发病机制可能涉及亲环素A。     

经皮球囊压迫与射频热凝半月神经节治疗老年人原发性三叉神经痛的疗效比较

目的 探讨经皮球囊压迫与射频热凝半月神经节治疗老年人原发性三叉神经痛的疗效.方法 选择原发性三叉神经痛老年患者87例,按治疗方法不同分为两组,经皮球囊压迫半月神经节治疗(球囊压迫组)42例,经皮射频热凝半月神经节治疗(射频热凝组)45例,对两种方法疗效进行分析评价.结果 (1)球囊压迫组和射频热凝组早期有效率分别为92.9%(39/42)和95.6%(43/45),治愈率分别为88.1%(37/42)和88.9%(40/45),两组比较差异无统计学意义(χ2分别为0.292、0.198,均P＞0.05);(2)出现三叉神经抑制反应球囊压迫组69.0%(29/42),多于射频热凝组35.6%(16/45)(χ2=9.759,P＜0.05),其中球囊压迫组1例患者出现心搏骤停;(3)术后两组均有不同程度的颜面部麻木及感觉障碍,球囊压迫组有效39例三支支配区均有麻木;射频热凝组有效43例主要为患支支配区麻木,选择性较高;球囊压迫组咀嚼肌无力的发生率(71.8%)高于射频热凝术组(20.9%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.106,P＜0.05); (4)术后随访6个月,两组均无复发病例.结论 经皮球囊压迫和经皮射频热凝术治疗老年人原发性三叉神经痛,都具有微创、高效的优点.经皮球囊压迫在全身麻醉下进行,无需患者配合,具有较高的舒适性,对于无法合作的患者较为合适;而经皮射频热凝术对三叉神经毁损的选择性更强,三叉神经抑制反应较轻,并且对咀嚼肌功能影响较小.

Abstract：

Objective To compare the effect of percutaneous balloon compression (PBC) versus percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation treatment (PRFT) on idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia in elderly patients. Methods The 87 patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia were enrolled, 42 patients were treated by PBC (PBC group), and the other 45 patients were treated by PRFT (PRFT group). The effects of two therapies were evaluated after treatment. Results The early response rate (92.9% vs. 95.6%) and cure rate (88.1% vs. 88.9%) of PBC group versus PRFT group had no significant differences (both P＞0.05). The inhibitory response rate of trigeminal nerve was significantly greater in PBC group than in PRFT group after treatment (69.0% vs. 35.6%, P＜0.05), and 1 patient had cardiac arrest in PBC group. The two groups had different degrees of facial numbness and sensory dysfunction. The 39 patients treated by PBC had numbness in three divisions of trigeminal nerve, while 43 patients treated by PRFT had the high selection and showed the main numbness in the ill division of trigeminal nerve. The chewing gravis rate was higher in PBC group than in PRFT group (71.8% vs. 20.9%, P＜0.05). There was no neuralgia recurrence in both groups during 6 monthe′ follow-up. Conclusions The effect of treating the elderly patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia is similar by PBC and PRFT. The PBC therapy under general anesthesia is more convenient for patients who can not cooperate.The PRFT has much higher selectivity in trigeminal nerve damage, lower inhibition rate of the trigeminal nerve, and less influence on the masticatory muscle function.     

Orofacial pain.

Orofacial pain is an area of considerable interest in aging. Orofacial nociceptive pain arises mainly from injury or disease afflicting the teeth or the supporting structures of the teeth (periodontium); however it may arise from other intraoral or nonintraoral structures. Because of the rich innervation of the orofacial complex, pain may be referred to remote sites. Neuropathic pains, such as trigeminal neuralgia and postherpetic neuralgia, result from nerve injury and are usually seen only in older adults. Establishment of the source and cause of the pain results in effective pain management.     

The Long-Term Effective Rate of Different Branches of Idiopathic Trigeminal Neuralgia After Single Radiofrequency Thermocoagulation: A Cohort Study

To evaluate the efficacy of computed tomography (CT) guided single radiofrequency thermocoagualtion (RFT) in 1137 patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia after a follow-up period of 11 years, specially focused on duration of pain relief in different branches of trigeminal nerve, side effect, and complications.Retrospective study of patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia treated with a single CT guided RFT procedure between January 2002 and December 2013.The mean follow-up time was 46.14 ± 30.91 months. Immediate postprocedure pain relief was 98.4%. V2 division obtained the best pain relief rate: 91%, 89%, 80%, 72%, 60%, and 54% at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 years, respectively. No statistical difference pairwise comparison was in other groups. The complications included masseter muscle weakness, corneitis, diplopia, ptosis, hearing loss, limited mouth opening, and low pressure headache. Masticatory weakness mostly occurred in patients with V3 branch involvement, while Corneitis and Diplopia all in patients with V1 branch involvement. No mortalities observed during or after RFT.All different branches division of trigeminal neuralgia achieved comparable satisfactory curative effect; V2 obtained the best excellent pain relief, after RFT procedure. Facial numbness is inevitable after RFT, which patients who have pain in all 3 trigeminal divisions and patients who desire no facial numbness should be cautious. Masticatory weakness is mainly related with V3 injured, while Corneitis and Diplopia in patients with V1 injured by RFT.     

三叉神经痛显微血管减压术中三叉-心脏反射的处理

目的探讨经显微血管减压术治疗原发性三叉神经痛中出现三叉-心脏反射(TCR)的处理措施。方法回顾性分析2016年1月至12月首都医科大学宣武医院神经外科连续收治的79例原发性三叉神经痛、首次开颅行显微血管减压术患者的临床资料。根据术中麻醉监测,分为无TCR组63例和TCR组16例,比较两组基线情况、术前合并症及手术累及三叉神经分支的差异。分析术中发生TCR患者的处理措施及近期预后。结果 (1)TCR组高血压病史比例31.2%(5例)高于无TCR组的7.9%(5例),差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.273,P0.05)。(2)行显微血管减压术过程中,TCR组16例患者共出现TCR 19次。操作前基线心率(74±10)次/min,TCR发生时心率降至(51±6)次/min;基线平均动脉压为(102±13)mm Hg,TCR发生时平均动脉压为(74±8)mm Hg,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)TCR出现后停止操作,患者心率和血压自行恢复4例次,应用药物15例次,其中应用阿托品12例次,剂量为0.2~0.5 mg;应用麻黄素3例次,剂量5~10 mg。患者心率及血压在20 s内或给药后20 s内恢复至基线水平;患者术后至出院时,无TCR相关心血管并发症及神经功能缺损。结论在原发性三叉神经痛显微血管减压术中,若发生TCR,需尽早选择性使用抗胆碱能类药物或血管活性药物。TCR发生的危险因素尚有待进一步验证。     

戴全口义齿继发三叉神经痛的临床分析

目的探讨全口义齿压迫导致三叉神经痛的病因及机制。方法对5例佩戴全口义齿继发三叉神经痛的患者拍摄锥形束CT,发现颏孔区牙槽脊完全吸收,颏孔暴露,将颏孔区黏膜对应的基托组织面进行调磨,并且磨除该区域由于牙槽嵴吸收造成的义齿过长的边缘,若疼痛无缓解,重新制作义齿,颏孔区充分缓冲。结果1例经过第2次义齿调磨后,三叉神经痛消失。2例通过5次调磨后症状消失。2例经过重新制作义齿,颏孔区充分缓冲后,症状消失。结论下颌牙槽嵴加速吸收后,颏孔暴露,颏部三叉神经及其分支颏神经受到义齿压迫,引起疼痛。该区域压力及刺激解除后,疼痛消失。     

A-317491, a novel potent and selective non-nucleotide antagonist of P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors,reduces chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain in the rat

P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors are highly localized on peripheral and central processes of sensory afferent nerves, and activation of these channels contributes to the pronociceptive effects of ATP. A-317491 is a novel non-nucleotide antagonist of P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptor activation. A-317491 potently blocked recombinant human and rat P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptor-mediated calcium flux (Ki = 22-92 nM) and was highly selective (IC50 >10 microM) over other P2 receptors and other neurotransmitter receptors, ion channels, and enzymes. A-317491 also blocked native P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Blockade of P2X3 containing channels was stereospecific because the R-enantiomer (A-317344) of A-317491 was significantly less active at P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors. A-317491 dose-dependently (ED50 = 30 micromolkg s.c.) reduced complete Freund's adjuvant-induced thermal hyperalgesia in the rat. A-317491 was most potent (ED50 = 10-15 micromolkg s.c.) in attenuating both thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia after chronic nerve constriction injury. The R-enantiomer, A-317344, was inactive in these chronic pain models. Although active in chronic pain models, A-317491 was ineffective (ED50 >100 micromolkg s.c.) in reducing nociception in animal models of acute pain, postoperative pain, and visceral pain. The present data indicate that a potent and selective antagonist of P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors effectively reduces both nerve injury and chronic inflammatory nociception, but P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptor activation may not be a major mediator of acute, acute inflammatory, or visceral pain.     

周围神经减压术对糖尿病神经卡压大鼠细胞因子表达的影响

目的 探讨周围神经减压术对DPN大鼠模型脊髓背根神经节中细胞因子表达的影响.方法 50只SD大鼠以STZ诱导糖尿病模型.2周后,筛选造模成功的大鼠32只随机分为糖尿病对照组（DM组,n=8）、糖尿病神经卡压组（DPN组,n=12）及糖尿病神经卡压＋外周神经减压组（DPND组,n=12）.DM组不予任何干预,DPN及DPND组制作坐骨神经卡压模型.6周后,DPND组予神经减压术,DPN组予假神经减压手术.于神经卡压前后及减压手术前后不同时间（术前、术后2周、术后6周）分别以Von Frey单丝测定各组机械痛阈.术后6周,观察各组脊髓背根神经节病理,并通过酶联免疫法测定背根神经节中TNF-α、环氧酶2（COX-2）、VEGF及神经生长相关蛋白-43（GAP-43）的表达.结果 DPND组行神经减压术6周后机械痛阈较减压手术前及DPN组改善（P＜0.05）;脊髓背根神经节炎性反应及水肿现象轻于DPN组,且背根神经节中TNF-α及COX-2表达较DPN组降低,其中COX-2改变差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.DPND组VEGF及GAP-43的表达较DPN组有增高趋势,但差异无统计学意义. 结论 神经减压术可改善周围神经卡压造成的糖尿病大鼠机械痛阈升高现象,这可能与其调节脊髓背根神经节中相关细胞因子的表达有关.     

老年人三叉神经痛的病因和微血管减压手术治疗

目的 探讨老年人三叉神经痛微血管减压手术的安全性和疗效。方法 回顾性分析82例经保守治疗无效的65岁以上老年三叉神经痛患者全麻下行手术治疗的临床资料。结果 77例患者经磁共振断层血管成像(MRTA)检查,显示责任血管压迫三叉神经63例(81．8％),肿瘤压迫神经5例(6．1％)。术后70例(85．4％)疼痛消失,8例(9．7％)症状明显减轻,手术有效率95．1％。治疗有效中的66例获随访2～106个月,平均31个月。术后3年内复发5例,复发率7．6％。结论 本组未出现与年龄相关的术后并发症,预后较好,只要操作熟练和围手术期的处理规范,手术的安全性和有效性是有保障的。继发性病因在老年三叉神经痛患者中并非少见。特殊序列的磁共振检查不仅有助于发现继发性病因,而且能够显示压迫责任血管,对指导手术和患者筛选都有重要价值。     

Glossopharyngeal neuralgia; a cause of cardiac arrest

Glossopharyngeal tic douloureux or neuralgia is a comparatively rare but well-recognized syndrome. In respect to the stabbing paroxysmal nature of the pain and its relation to specific trigger zones, it is exactly comparable to the commoner trigeminal tic douloureux. In neurosurgical clinics the two types of neuralgia occur in a ratio of about one to forty.The significance of cardiac arrest and syncope associated with glossopharyngeal neuralgia was first emphasized by Riley and associates,¹ in a brief report of two cases in 1942. This report called attention to the afferent pathway of the carotid sinus reflex through the glossopharyngeal nerve and suggested the correlation of the simultaneous neuralgia and excessive stimuli to the sinus reflex. Neither of the two cases was reported to have been subjected to operation. Since then, no other reports of similar cases have come to light in medical literature. However, one of us (Ray) had the opportunity of examining such a case with Dr. Jefferson Browder in 1943 and this patient was relieved of all symptoms by intracranial section of the glossopharyngeal nerve.Because of the importance of further establishing the authenticity of the syndrome and calling wider attention to the importance of its recognition, there is justification for reporting another comparable case.     

3D Image-Guided Percutaneous Radiofrequency Thermocoagulation of the Maxillary Branch of the Trigeminal Nerve Through Foramen Rotundum for the Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia

Percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation of the trigeminal ganglion through the foramen ovale is a well-established procedure for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (TN). However, this approach can be tricky when individual trigeminal sub-branch nerve block is required. We report our initial experience of image-guided radiofrequency thermocoagulation of the maxillary branch through the use of foramen rotundum.From February 2012 to February 2015, we treated 25 patients with isolated TN of the maxillary branch. Radiofrequency thermocoagulation of the maxillary branch through the foramen rotundum was performed under fluoroscopy. TN pain was evaluated using the visual analogue scale both before and after the procedure.The mean preoperative visual analogue scale score was 8.6 ± 0.8. The pain completely disappeared after the initial procedure in 22 patients and after a second procedure in 2 patients. An additional patient had a postoperative visual analogue scale score of 2 and did not undergo further treatment. Facial numbness occurred in 23 patients but was tolerable. Patients were followed up for a mean of 14.74 months (range, 1–29 months). Recurrence was observed in 9 patients (36%) during the follow-up period. All recurrences were well managed with repeat procedures.Percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation of the maxillary branch through the foramen rotundum under fluoroscopy is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of isolated TN of the maxillary branch.