193株B组链球菌对抗菌药物的耐药性研究

目的　了解我国北京和广州地区B组链球菌 (GBS)抗生素耐药菌谱情况。方法　采用标准K B纸片法测定GBS菌对临床常用 7种抗生素耐药性。结果　 193株GBS菌均对青霉素类、头孢菌素类抗生素敏感 ;但青霉素和氨苄青霉素中度敏感率分别为 17%和 19% ;北京地区 1998年到 1999年分离GBS菌株对红霉素耐药率从8%增加到 16 % ,对克林霉素耐药率从 2 0 %增加到 2 8% ;广州地区 1999年分离的GBS菌株对红霉素和克林霉素耐药率分别为 4 5 %和 2 6 % ,与北京地区 1998年和 1999年分离的GBS菌株对红霉素的耐药率比较 ,经统计学处理P <0 0 5 ,差异有显著性。结论　青霉素、氨苄青霉素可作为治疗GBS感染首选药物 ;头孢菌素类抗生素可作为二线的选择药物。红霉素和克林霉素作为预防和治疗GBS感染的药物在国内会受到一定的限制。     

B组链球菌的耐药性及红霉素耐药基因检测研究

目的探讨北京和广州地区B组链球菌（GBS）抗生素耐药菌谱及对红霉素耐药机制。方法GBS菌193株,其中140株和47株GBS分别来自北京和广州地区正常妇女阴道拭子标本,6株GBS菌株来自北京地区新生儿感染性肺炎和脑膜炎患儿体液标本中培养分离。应用标准的KB纸片法对临床常用7种抗生素耐药性检测。应用PCR法对102株（包括57株敏感株及45株耐药株）GBS进行红霉素耐药基因ermB、mefA检测。结果193株GBS菌均对青霉素类、头孢菌素类抗生素敏感;但青霉素和氨苄青霉素中介率均为17％;北京地区GBS的红霉素和林可霉素耐药率从1998年到1999年分别从8％增加到16％和从20％增加到28％;广州地区1999年分离的GBS菌株对红霉素和林可霉素耐药率分别为45％和26％,与北京地区1998、1999年分离的GBS菌株的红霉素耐药率比较,差异有统计学意义（P=0．000）。在45株红霉素耐药GBS菌中有40株同时对林可霉素耐药,5株表现为红霉素耐药而林可霉素敏感。20株GBS红霉素耐药仅含有ermB基因;13株红霉素耐药株仅含有mefA基因;同时含有ermB和mefA基因有6株。6株耐药株未能检测到ermB和mefA基因。结论青霉素、氨苄青霉素可作为治疗GBS感染首选药物;头孢菌素类抗生素可作为二线的选择药物。而红霉素和林可霉素作为预防和治疗GBS感染的药物应用价值应重新给予评价。在我国ermB基因介导的核糖体靶位点改变在GBS耐药机制中可能起主要作用。     

杭州地区肺炎链球菌耐药性及遗传背景研究

目的 了解杭州地区肺炎链球菌儿童株的耐药性和流行特征。方法 用Kirby-Bauer法和Etest法对323株肺炎链球菌致病株和携带株进行耐药性分析,并对青霉素耐药株及部分相关菌株用BOX-PCR技术进行遗传背景研究。结果 青霉素敏感株136株,占42．1％,青霉素中介株和耐药株分别占40．2％和17．7％。青霉素的最低抑菌浓度范围为0．012～4．0μg／ml。所有菌株都对头孢噻肟和万古霉素敏感。90．7％的菌株对红霉素耐药,对四环素、甲氨苄啶一磺胺异嗯唑的耐药率也分别高达87．6％和48．6％,对氯霉素的耐药率为14．9％。多重耐药率61．0％,多数对红霉素、四环素和甲氨苄啶一磺胺异嗯唑联合耐药。99．4％的菌株对利福平和氧氟沙星敏感。BOX-PCR分析耐青霉素肺炎链球菌的临床株,未发现高度集中分布的BOX图谱,同一标本中分离到的表型不同的菌株或同一病人多次分离到的菌株BOX图谱可以不完全相同。结论 杭州地区肺炎链球菌耐药现象比较严重,头孢噻肟等第三代头孢菌素是治疗肺炎链球菌感染的理想药物。同一病人可同时或先后受不同肺炎链球菌克隆感染或定植。     

Efficacy of benzathine penicillin G in group A streptococcal pharyngitis: reevaluation

The rate of streptococcal eradication after intramuscular administration of benzathine penicillin G in 66 children with acute group A streptococcal pharyngitis was determined and possible reasons for treatment failure explored. Bacteriologic treatment failure, defined as isolation of the same serotype at 3- or 6-weeks follow-up, occurred in eight (12%) patients. The treatment failure rate was 21% in those with immunologically significant infection, versus 8% in those without antibody rises (P greater than 0.1). All group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GABS) strains isolated from patients with treatment failure, both before and after benzathine penicillin G therapy, were exquisitely susceptible to penicillin G (minimum inhibitory concentration less than or equal to 0.02 microgram/mL), and none showed evidence of tolerance (minimum bactericidal concentration less than or equal to 0.04 microgram/mL). Thus, we found GABS eradication rates to exceed 10% in children given benzathine penicillin G. The failure rate did not appear to be related to enrichment of the patient population with a high proportion of asymptomatic carriers nor to the presence of penicillin-tolerant GABS.     

Penicillin-intermediate pneumococci in a children's hospital

During the three-year period from 1981 to 1984, all clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae were screened for resistance to penicillin in the clinical bacteriology laboratory at The Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham. Twenty-eight of 828 isolates were presumed resistant by disk diffusion testing with 1-microgram oxacillin disks (zone diameter, less than 20 mm). Seventeen of the 28 (61%) were found to be intermediately sensitive to penicillin by a conventional agar dilution method. Penicillin-intermediate strains had a minimal inhibitory concentration of 0.125 to 0.5 mg/L; no penicillin-resistant (minimal inhibitory concentration, greater than 1 mg/L) strains were encountered. The prevalence of penicillin-intermediate strains was thus 17 of 828 isolates, or 2.1%. These strains were also examined for susceptibility to ampicillin, vancomycin, cefotaxime, and chloramphenicol. We present the clinical features of 17 patients with disease due to penicillin-intermediate pneumococci.     

Colonizing and invasive strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Uruguayan children: type distribution and patterns of antibiotic resistance.

For the first time in Uruguay the frequency of moderate to heavy colonization of the upper respiratory tract by Streptococcus pneumoniae was investigated in children with acute respiratory infections (n = 717) and in healthy controls (n = 564). Serotypes of S. pneumoniae were identified as colonizing and invasive strains and their susceptibility to antibiotics was determined. Semiquantitative cultures of nasopharyngeal aspirates yielded 42.1% of positives in ambulatory patients and 15.2% in controls. Throat swabs from hospitalized children and matched controls revealed, respectively, 18.4 and 11.5% colonization. Different sampling and culture procedures were evaluated. Seasonal variations in colonization were also detected. Geographic variations in serotype frequency and distribution were assessed. Serotype 14 was predominant among invasive and colonizing strains in patients. Ten serotypes, included in the 23-valent S. pneumoniae vaccine, were not detected. Intermediate resistance to penicillin was seldom observed, but 37.2% of the invasive strains were resistant to cotrimoxazole, indicating the need for a permanent surveillance of isolates to antibiotic susceptibility.     

2000~2004京沪穗渝5家儿童医院革兰阳性球菌耐药情况分析

[摘要]探讨我国不同地区儿科主要革兰阳性球菌耐药的情况。方法 对五家儿童专科医院从2000年1月1日至2004年12月31日内检验科送检标本分离出的四种革兰阳性球菌(共计8215株)进行Kirby-Bauer琼脂扩散法进行抗生素敏感试验，并按照每年NCCLS标准进行判读，并计算出所测细菌对抗菌药物的耐药率（R%＋I%）和敏感率（S%）。 结果 从感染患儿中分离出4004株金黄色葡萄球菌，甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的检出率为7.15%，红霉素总耐药率为61.96%,并且有逐年上升的趋势，4004株金葡菌中未发现对万古霉素耐药或中介的金葡菌；肺炎链球菌共2402株，青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌（PNSP）的检出率为63.42%，红霉素耐药率为86.22%，两者耐药率均在上升；β溶血性链球菌共432株，对青霉素全部敏感，对红霉素的耐药率为68.47%，且耐药率在逐年增加；肠球菌共1377株，对万古霉素的中度敏感率为2.73%，对氨苄西林的耐药率为51.91%，对红霉素的耐药率高达88.10%。 结论 除了β溶血性链球菌之外，多数G＋细菌对广谱青霉素的耐药率都偏高；G＋细菌对万古霉素和环丙沙星的敏感率较高,但对红霉素的耐药率居高不下并有逐年上升的趋势。MRSA及仍在较低水平，在本研究中没有发现VRSA及VISA，但是仍然要加强各地对革兰阳性球菌耐药性和抗生素使用情况的监测,合理使用抗生素。     

Carriage of penicillin resistant pneumococci.

A survey of 303 urban and 156 rural children showed nasopharyngeal carriage of relatively resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae organisms in 14.2% and 19.2% of children, respectively. These organisms have minimum inhibitory concentrations for penicillin in the range of 0.12-1 microgram/ml. An analysis of 40 relatively resistant S. pneumoniae strains showed resistance to co-trimoxazole in 47.5%, trimethoprim in 42.5%, fusidic acid in 20%, tetracycline in 2.5%, and rifampicin in 5%. All the strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol and vancomycin, while the minimum inhibitory concentrations of third generation cephalosporins and imipenem were comparable with or lower than those of penicillin. Eighty three per cent of the strains tested belonged to serogroups 6 and 19. These findings are discussed in relation to the poor clinical response to treatment with penicillin for relatively resistant S. pneumoniae meningitis, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations of alternate agents under review for treatment of systemic pneumococcal disease are presented.     

儿童呼吸道感染常见革兰阳性致病菌耐药性研究

目的 研究儿科患者呼吸道感染常见致病菌(肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及A族乙型溶血性链球菌)的耐药情况.方法 对2004年1月至2006年12月首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院儿科呼吸道感染患儿鼻咽分泌物分离的55株金黄色葡萄球菌、49株肺炎链球菌、15株A族乙型溶血性链球菌采用K-B纸片法进行抗生素敏感性检测.结果 49株肺炎链球菌对红霉索的耐药率高达90%,青霉素不敏感株5株,占10%,多重耐药率高达90%;55株金黄色葡萄球菌对氨苄西林耐药率为86%,对青霉素耐药率为82%,对苯唑西林耐药率为9%,且多重耐药问题很严重;15株A族乙型溶血性链球菌对红霉素的耐药率为80%,对青霉素和氨苄西林敏感.结论 儿童呼吸道感染常见致病菌的耐药情况不容乐观.肺炎链球菌及A族乙型溶血性链球菌对红霉素的耐药性很高;发现了耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌,且多重耐药问题很严重.儿童呼吸道细菌感染时,应尽量避免使用非β-内酰胺类抗生素.     

Antimicrobial resistance of nasopharyngeal isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in healthy carriers: report of a study in 5-year-olds in Marcory, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire

The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae is of growing public health concern. The aim of this study was to assess resistance rates of S. pneumoniae to penicillin and other antimicrobial agents. Between November 1997 and February 1998 in a community health centre in Marcory, an Abidjan suburb, 138 S. pneumoniae strains were isolated from the nasopharynxes of 218 apparently healthy children aged 3-60 months. The sensitivity of the isolates was tested using the Kirby-Bauer method. In isolates with a possibly abnormal sensitivity to the Kirby-Bauer test, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were estimated using the E-test. Antimicrobials tested included penicillin G, amoxycillin, cefotaxime, cotrimoxazole, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, rifampicin and vancomycin. Twelve of 108 isolates (8.7%) had reduced sensitivity to penicillin G, and in three of them the MIC for penicillin reached at least 2 micrograms/ml. Resistance to amoxycillin and cefotaxime was lower than to penicillin (2.2%). With regard to cotrimoxazole, 37% were moderately resistant and 15.2% highly resistant. The lowest resistance rate observed was to rifampicin (2.2%) and the highest was to tetracycline (57.2%). Rates of resistance to erythromycin and chloramphenicol were 11.6% and 2.9%. All strains were sensitive to vancomycin. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was detected in 9.4% of S. pneumoniae isolates. In children, epidemiological surveillance of resistance can be monitored by bacteriological surveys, as shown in this study.     

肺炎支原体肺炎患儿肺炎支原体耐药性与DNA载量和基因型的关系研究

目的探讨肺炎支原体(MP)肺炎患儿MP耐药情况及其与DNA载量和基因型的关系。方法选取2012年1月至2016年12月诊断为MP肺炎的230例住院患儿为研究对象,采集所有患儿咽拭子标本,采用快速培养基培养药敏法测定9种常用抗菌药物对MP临床分离株的药物敏感性;荧光实时定量PCR检测患儿咽拭子MP-DNA载量;PCR测序检测MP 23S r RNA V区2063位基因型。结果 230例MP患儿中,86例2063位基因型为A(37.4%),134例为G(58.3%),8例为C(3.5%),2例为T(0.9%)。突变基因型(G+C+T)MP-DNA载量高于野生基因型(A)菌株(P0.05);红霉素、阿奇霉素、克拉霉素、克林霉素耐药组MP-DNA载量高于非耐药组(P0.05)。MP对大环内酯类抗生素耐药率较高,60%以上产生大环内酯类耐药的病例均检测出A2063G突变,喹诺酮类药物少见MP耐药(低于2%)。结论 23S r RNA V区2063位点发生基因突变可能导致MP对大环内酯类药物耐药和DNA载量的变化,可作为MP治疗用药的选择依据。     

贵阳市893例小儿下呼吸道感染的细菌及药敏分析

目的：调查贵阳市小儿下呼吸道感染（LRI）中的细菌及其耐药性,以指导临床合理用药。方法：收集2006年8月至2008年6月我院893 例LRI住院患儿的咽喉深部痰液标本进行细菌培养及药敏试验。结果：明确有细菌感染的为543例,阳性率为60.8%。分离出30种细菌,共计598株,其中革兰阴性杆菌533株（89.1%）,革兰阳性球菌57株（9.8%）。革兰阴性菌以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌为主。大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、丁胺卡那、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星敏感,对亚胺培南高度敏感。革兰阳性球菌中以肺炎链球菌和葡萄球菌为主,肺炎链球菌对青霉素及头孢唑啉钠敏感,而葡萄球菌则对青霉素及头孢唑啉钠耐药率高,两种革兰阳性球菌均对万古霉素高度敏感,对罗红霉素耐药率高。结论：贵阳市小儿LRI的主要病原菌为革兰阴性杆菌,其中尤以大肠埃希氏菌、肺炎克雷伯菌多见,不同菌种对抗生素药物敏感性和耐药性均存在差异。应根据药敏试验合理选用抗生素治疗。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（12）：964-966］     

Intermediate resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to penicillin in children in day-care centers.

This study was performed to determine the prevalence, serotypes and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in children younger than 3 years of age in day-care centers in Houston, TX. Nasopharyngeal cultures were obtained on two occasions, in March and May, 1989, from 140 children in 4 day-care centers. All penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae organisms isolated in this study had minimum inhibitory concentrations to penicillin of between 0.1 and 0.5 microgram/ml and were thus intermediately resistant. No highly resistant S. pneumoniae (minimum inhibitory concentration > or = 1.0 microgram/ml) was isolated in this study. Nasal carriage of S. pneumoniae occurred in 39% of children; carriage of intermediately resistant S. pneumoniae occurred in 4% of children. Of the 39% of children who carried S. pneumoniae, 11% carried intermediately resistant strains. In one day-care center with a prior history of intermediately resistant S. pneumoniae (Center 1), the prevalence of intermediate penicillin resistance was significantly (P = 0.047) higher than in the other three centers. Among children surveyed twice 15% of Center 1 children carried an intermediately penicillin-resistant strain at least once, whereas in the other centers 3% of children carried an intermediately resistant strain at least once. Sixty-two percent of intermediately penicillin-resistant strains were resistant to multiple antibiotics and all were serotype 14. Intermediately penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae isolates were prevalent among young children in day-care centers in Houston and may persist in some day-care centers and become endemic.     

Sensitivity of group A streptococci to antibiotics. Prevalence of resistance to erythromycin in Japan.

More than 60% of all strains of group A streptococci isolated during the period from 1974 to 1975 from children with streptococcal infections in Hokkaido district, Japan, were highly resistant to erythromycin. These strains were found to be multiply resistant to lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline, and were exclusively type 12 by T-protein typing. The clinical symptoms produced by these organisms were rather mild, responded to penicillin well, and were rarely complicated with glomerulonephritis. The high prevalence of resistant group A streptococci was nationwide, which may have been related to recent excessive use of erythromycin and other macrolide antibiotics. Erythromycin can no longer be considered the drug of choice in the management of streptococcal infections in Japan. This suggests that a periodic surveillance of antibiotic sensitivity of streptococcal isolates may be necessary in other countries in which macrolide antibiotics are frequently prescribed.     

2007-2014年儿童脑脊液培养病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的：了解儿童脑脊液培养的常见病原菌分布和体外耐药模式。方法回顾分析2007年1月至2014年12月住院患儿脑脊液细菌培养结果。细菌鉴定和药敏试验采用法国生物梅里埃的Vitek系统,部分菌株药敏试验采用纸片扩散法。结果研究期间23099例患儿至少送检脑脊液1次,分离出细菌671株,阳性率2.9%。其中革兰阳性菌579株（86.3%）,革兰阴性菌92株（13.7%）,排名前5位细菌依次为：凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌399株（58.9%）、微球菌37株（5.5%）、肺炎链球菌34株（5.1%）、大肠埃希菌32株（4.8%）、屎肠球菌26株（3.9%）。连续8年的脑脊液培养阳性率呈下降趋势（趋势χ2=10.410, P=0.001）,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌年度阳性率呈下降趋势（趋势χ2=31.200,P相似文献   

Neisseria meningitidis: evolution of penicillin resistance and phenotype in a children's hospital in Barcelona, Spain

Neisseria meningitidis is the most prevalent micro-organism involved in paediatric bacterial meningitis in the Barcelona area in children over 3 mo of age and it is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in Spain. A total of 498 strains of N. meningitidis, obtained between the years 1986 and 1997 from children with sepsis and/or meningitis, were characterized according to their serogroup and penicillin resistance; their distribution in serotypes and subtypes was studied from 1990. A decreasing tendency in the number of annual isolates was observed in this period. Most isolates belonged to serogroups B (403 strains) and C (77 strains). Serogroup C accounted for 1.8% of the strains in 1986 and 57.1% in 1997. The most prevalent phenotype between 1990 and 1996 was B:4:P1.15. but C:2b:P1.2,5 was the most prevalent in 1997. Overall penicillin-resistance rates ranged from 9.1% in 1986 (when a non-susceptible strain was isolated for the first time in the Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain) to 71.4% in 1997, and it was more common among strains belonging to serogroup C (52% of resistant strains) than to serogroup B (22.1 % of resistant strains). The penicillin-resistance level was low, MIC always < or = 0.5 microg/ml. The present increase in N. meningitidis group C isolates, mainly C:2b:P1.2,5, and the availability of preventive measures for this highly pathological and resistant phenotype, argues strongly for the establishment of an epidemiological monitoring system. Detection of penicillin resistance should be standardized worldwide in order to unify data from all laboratories. CONCLUSION: A shift between serogroups B and C is observed in Barcelona from 1986 to 1997, as well as a rapid distribution of decreased penicillin susceptibility.     

Microbiologic characteristics of exfoliative toxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus

Exfoliative toxin (ET) production, phage types and antibiotic susceptibilities of 74 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients with generalized staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome or bullous impetigo were studied. Of 74 staphylococcal isolates, 61 strains were found to produce ET by the newborn mouse assay method and the latex agglutination method. Fifteen strains were positive for ET-A, 32 for ET-B and 14 for both ET-A and ET-B. Among 61 ET-producing strains 27 (44%) were classified as Phage Group II, 16 (26%) as Group III, and 14 (23%) as Groups I and III. Of 27 Phage Group II strains 14 produced ET-A and 13 produced both ET-A and ET-B, but no strain was positive solely for ET-B. On the other hand 15 of 16 Phage Group III strains and all 14 Phage Group I and III strains produced only ET-B. It was demonstrated that the phage types of staphylococci were closely related to ET types. Characteristically the minimal inhibitory concentrations of penicillin G against ET-producing strains were less than 2 micrograms/ml, in contrast to other pathogenic staphylococci, 60 to 70% of which are highly penicillin G-resistant.     

Systemic infections due to Streptococcus pneumoniae relatively resistant to penicillin in a children's hospital: clinical management and outcome.

Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates relatively (0.1 microgram/mL < minimum inhibitory concentration < or = 1.0 microgram/mL) resistant to penicillin (RRP) have been recovered worldwide, but reports of therapy and outcome of systemic infections due to these strains are limited. This retrospective study of prospectively identified patients reviews the clinical features, management, and outcome of 19 children with systemic infections due to S pneumoniae. From January 1, 1989 to December 31, 1991, 13 of 244 blood (5.3%) and 4 of 32 cerebrospinal fluid (12.5%) pneumococcal isolates were relatively resistant to penicillin. The serotypes were as follows: 14 (12 isolates), 6 (4 isolates), 19 (2 isolates), 23 (1 isolates). One peritoneal fluid isolate and one joint fluid isolate were also relatively resistant to penicillin. The mean age of the 19 patients was 30 months (range 5 to 104 months), and five children had underlying disorders. Eleven children (nine inpatients) were treated initially with a parenteral cephalosporin. Six patients were treated as outpatients, and all had (occult) bacteremia. Three of these patients received ceftriaxone intramuscularly in the emergency department; five were treated with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and one received amoxicillin. Seven of 13 children treated in the hospital became afebrile in 48 hours. Three others were afebrile from the time of admission. Repeat blood cultures obtained within 24 to 48 hours after therapy was initiated were sterile in 10 children. All but one child responded to initial therapy. The recovery of S pneumoniae isolates relatively resistant to penicillin has increased in our hospital during the last 3 years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Epidemiologic markers of pediatric infections caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci

Several epidemiologic markers (species, slime production and antimicrobial susceptibility) were examined for 256 isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci (C-S) obtained from clinical specimens in a 1-year period. The medical records of the 169 pediatric patients from whom the C-S were obtained were reviewed and divided into infected (N = 11) and uninfected (N = 158) groups. The phenotypic traits of strains associated with infection included: (1) slime production (P = 0.014); (2) slime-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis (P = 0.002); and (3) resistance to penicillin (P = 0.03), oxacillin (P less than 0.001), clindamycin (P = 0.003), chloramphenicol (P less than 0.001) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (P less than 0.001). Infected patients were significantly older (P = 0.006) than uninfected patients. Simultaneous isolation of the same strain of C-S from the aerobic and anaerobic bottles of a single blood culture increased the probability of sepsis (P = 0.004). The combination of these patient and laboratory data may be useful in determining the clinical significance of C-S recovered from pediatric patients.     

四家儿童医院住院肺炎病例肺炎链球菌分离株的耐药性监测

目的：了解从我国住院肺炎儿童分离的肺炎链球菌对抗菌药物的敏感性状况,为临床用药提供依据。方法：肺炎链球菌分离自2006年2月~2007年2月在北京、上海、广州和深圳4家儿童医院住院的肺炎患儿,采用E试验法检测菌株对8种抗生素的敏感性。结果：279株肺炎链球菌对青霉素的不敏感率为86.0％,耐药率达23.3％。在检测的β内酰胺类抗菌药物中,肺炎链球菌对阿莫西林还保持着很高的敏感率（92.1％）,对头孢呋辛和头孢曲松的敏感率分别为19.0％和75.3％。几乎全部菌株（99.6％）对红霉素耐药。万古霉素和氧氟沙星的敏感率分别为99.6％和97.8％。17.6％的分离株对亚胺培南不敏感,以中介株为主。不同地区分离的肺炎链球菌对红霉素、万古霉素和氧氟沙星的敏感状况没有明显不同,但对其他几种抗菌药物的敏感性状况存在差异。结论：从肺炎住院儿童分离的肺炎链球菌对阿莫西林、万古霉素和氧氟沙星敏感率高,对头孢曲松和亚胺培南比较敏感,对青霉素、头孢呋辛和红霉素普遍不敏感或耐药。