儿童细菌性脑膜炎与病毒性脑炎氧化应激水平的变化及意义

目的观察儿童细菌性脑膜炎与病毒性脑炎氧化应激水平的变化。方法选取病毒性脑炎患儿20例,细菌性脑膜炎20例,细菌性脑膜炎患儿按临床评分分为重症组及轻症组。选取20例无中枢神经系统感染儿童为对照组。于治疗前及治疗10 d后测定脑脊液丙二醛(MDA)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平。结果治疗前细菌性脑膜炎患儿脑脊液中SOD水平明显低于对照组与病毒性脑炎患儿,治疗后SOD水平较治疗前增加,但仍低于对照组,且SOD水平与疾病严重程度相关,重症患儿SOD水平较轻症患儿降低。细菌性脑膜炎患儿脑脊液中MDA水平明显高于对照组与病毒性脑炎患儿,治疗后MDA水平较治疗前降低,但仍高于对照组,且MDA水平与疾病严重程度相关,重症患儿MDA水平较轻症患儿增高。病毒性脑炎患儿脑脊液SOD、MDA水平与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论细菌性脑膜炎患儿存在氧化应激,脑脊液SOD与MDA水平有助于细菌性脑膜炎的早期诊断及病情严重程度的判定。     

脑脊液MMP-9 IGF-Ⅱ水平检测在颅内感染鉴别诊断中的意义

目的探讨血清和脑脊液中基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)、胰岛素样生长因子-2(IGF-Ⅱ)在化脓性脑膜脑炎和病毒性脑炎鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法选取入院24h内92例明确诊断中枢神经系统感染患者,其中化脓性脑膜脑炎(化脑组)18例,病毒性脑炎(病脑组)74例和20例非中枢神经系统感染者(对照组)的脑脊液,应用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法测定血清及脑脊液(CSF)中MMP-9及IGF-Ⅱ浓度。结果血清及CSF中MMP-9含量比较:化脓性脑膜脑炎和病毒性脑炎组均较对照组显著升高(P0.05),化脓性脑膜脑炎组明显高于病毒性脑炎组(P0.05)。血清及CSF中IGF2Ⅱ含量比较,化脓性脑膜脑炎组CSF中IGF2Ⅱ含量高于病毒性脑炎组及对照组(P0.01),血清IGF2Ⅱ含量化脓性脑膜脑炎组低于病毒性脑炎组及对照组(P0.01),病毒性脑炎组与对照组比较差异无显著性。结论联合测定血清及脑脊液MMP-9及IGF-Ⅱ含量的变化,有助于颅内感染早期鉴别诊断。     

细菌性脑膜炎与病毒性脑膜炎脑炎患者脑脊液TNF…

采用放射免疫法检测１２例化脓性脑膜炎急性期和１１例恢复期，９例结核性脑膜炎，３１例病毒性脑膜脑炎患者脑脊液肿瘤坏死因子发现，细菌性脑膜炎中ＡＰＭ，ＣＰＭ，ＴＭ患者ＣＳＦ－ＴＮＦα水平均显著高于对照组和ＶＭＥ组，ＶＭＥ组与对照组无显著性差异，ＢＭ患者ＣＳＦ－ＴＮＦα含量与ＣＳＦ白细胞计数和蛋白含量均相关，说明ＢＭ患者ＣＳＦ－ＴＮＦα升高可能与血源性因素有关。     

脑脊液中肿瘤坏死因子测定对各型脑膜炎的诊断价值

测定８８例不同病因的脑膜炎患者脑脊液肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）含量，发现化脓性脑膜炎、结核性脑膜炎、病毒性脑膜炎患者脑脊液ＴＮＦ含量均较正常对照组明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），其中以化脓性脑膜炎升高最为显著，与病毒性脑膜炎患者脑脊液ＴＮＦ含量相比有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。因此，脑脊液ＴＮＦ水平可作为鉴别细菌性与非细菌性脑膜炎的指标。     

Bcl-xl基因与颅内感染伴癫痫发作的关系研究

目的 探讨Bcl-xl基因与颅内感染伴癫痫发作的关系及其临床意义。方法 选取2019年10月至2020年10月在遵义医科大学第三附属医院神经内科住院治疗的诊断为颅内感染伴癫痫发作的患者15例(观察组)与不伴癫痫发作的患者21例(对照组),收集并对比分析两组患者的基线资料及辅助检查结果(脑脊液、血常规、影像学及脑电图等),采用RT-PCR技术检测脑脊液中Bcl-xl mRNA的表达。结果 观察组15例患者的年龄为14～53岁,诊断为病毒性脑炎或脑膜脑炎,其中9例的首发症状为全面强直阵挛发作(60%),1例为发作性行为异常(7%),5例为头昏头痛(33%)。对照组患者的年龄为14～67岁,诊断为病毒性脑炎或脑膜脑炎19例、结核性脑膜炎2例,其中19例的首发症状为头昏头痛(90%),1例为精神行为异常(5%),1例为眩晕(5%)。观察组患者脑电图异常6例,对照组患者脑电图异常8例。观察组中4例患者为颅内高压,3例患者的腰穿脑脊液常规提示总细胞数异常;对照组中4例患者为颅内高压,11例存在白细胞数异常,6例生化结果提示蛋白有不同程度的增高,2例生化结果提示糖氯下降及ADA升高。观察组患者脑脊液...     

脑囊虫病患者免疫反应中一氧化氮作用的研究

目的 检测脑囊虫病、病毒性脑膜脑炎及非神经系统疾病患者脑脊液内一氧化氮（NO）含量变化,探讨NO参与人体对脑囊虫的免疫作用。方法 采用显色剂法检测实验组和对照组脑脊液NO含量,同时检测一般生化指标和细胞学指标。结果 脑囊虫病组脑脊液NO含量高于非神经系统疾病患者组,与病毒性脑膜脑炎患者无差异。结论 NO参与人体对囊虫的免疫过程,其作用长期存在,并可能通过某些作用影响中枢神经正常功能。     

大剂量干扰素治疗病毒性脑炎20例疗效观察

本组观察了大剂量干扰素治疗病毒性脑炎的疗效,报告如下。1临床资料11诊断标准（l）发病前有病毒感染史。（2）急性或亚急性起病,伴发热、头痛、呕吐,有不同程度的意识障碍或伴有抽搐,有颅神经损害或出现精神异常,肢体瘫痪,锥体束征阳性,小脑、植物神经受累表现,脑膜刺激征可阳性。（3）脑脊液外观清亮、压力轻度增高、细胞数、蛋白轻度增高或正常。（4）脑电图呈弥漫性异常或一侧较重。（5）排除脑肿瘤、脑脓肿、细菌性脑膜炎、中毒性脑病及脑寄生虫病等。1．2一担资料lop年5月一lop年4月共收治病毒性脑炎础例,其中男26例,女14例…     

84例病毒性脑炎的脑电图、脑脊液、头颅CT及临床分析

目的　回顾分析脑电图对病毒性脑炎的早期协助诊断价值以及脑电图结合脑脊液、头颅CT及临床资料对病毒性脑炎的早期诊断价值。方法　分析治愈的 84例病毒性脑炎患者住院 2 4h内的脑电图、腰穿结果 (脑压、脑脊液外观、常规、生化检查 )、头颅CT以及复查的腰穿结果及临床资料。结果　 84例病毒性脑炎患者住院 2 4h内的脑电图异常 77例 ,其中 9例腰穿正常 ;同期腰穿异常结果中以脑压增高例数最多 ( 68例 ) ,其EEG均不正常。EEG和腰穿的检出结果比较有非常显著性差异 ( χ2 =7 11,P <0 0 1) ;头颅CT异常 3 2例。 84例CSF的糖和氯化物初查及复查均正常。临床症状以头痛 ( 82例 )、发热 ( 76例 )最常见。结论　脑电图对病毒性脑炎的早期协助诊断有重要价值。以发热头痛为主症而且脑电图异常 ,结合CSF的压力、细胞数、蛋白的增高、氯化物正常、糖正常或偶有轻度增高及典型病史 ,病毒性脑炎的诊断基本可以确定     

结核性脑膜炎的临床表现与脑电图关系

目的探讨结核性脑膜炎患者临床表现与脑电图的关系。方法对44例结核性脑膜炎患者的临床表现、脑脊液检查、疗效与EEG的关系进行回顾性分析。结果结脑患者的EEG异常率高达81．9％，其异常率与患者意识障碍、脑膜刺激征阳性、颅内压升高和脑脊液成份异常呈显著相关性；同时EEG演变与病情演化相平行。结论EEG检查对结核性脑膜炎诊断、病情评估、疗效观察有一定的帮助。     

结核性脑膜炎的临床表现与脑电图关系

目的 探讨结核性脑膜炎患者临床表现与脑电图的关系。方法 对44例结核性脑膜炎患者的临床表现、脑脊液检查、疗效与EEG的关系进行回顾性分析。结果结脑患者的EEG异常率高达81.9％,其异常率与患者意识障碍、脑膜刺激征阳性、颅内压升高和脑脊液成份异常呈显著相关性;同时EEC演变与病情演化相平行。结论 EEG检查对结核性脑膜炎诊断、病情评估、疗效观察有一定的帮助。     

Cerebrospinal fluid levels of soluble CD14 in inflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases of the CNS: upregulation during bacterial infections and viral meningitis

The CD14 antigen, an important cell surface molecule of monocytic cells, is involved in cellular activation: it binds lipopolysaccharide and other cellular lipid structures. Brain macrophages play a pivotal role during inflammatory reactions of the CNS parenchyma, ventricles and meninges. A soluble form of CD14 (sCD14) was measured in paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples from 91 patients with different neurological diseases. Mean levels of circulating sCD14 in CSF in a control group of 22 patients with neurologic complaints but no neurological deficit on clinical examination were 0.19 +/- 0.06 (mean +/- SD) mg/l. The CSF/blood ratios of sCD14 was 49 +/- 16 x 10(-3), while those of albumin were 4.4 +/- 1.4 x 10(-3). These extremely high CSF/blood ratios of the sCD14 molecule compared to albumin indicate a local cerebral production. No significant changes in CSF sCD14 levels were found in patients with non-inflammatory neurological diseases (NID). In contrast, CSF sCD14 levels were markedly elevated during acute meningitis, but there was no direct correlation between sCD14 and monocyte count in the CSF. Thus, sCD14 could not originate in the CSF compartment from monocytes alone. The highest values for sCD14 were found in CSF during infections with various pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus or Listeria monocytogenes. While sCD14 serum levels dramatically increased during acute bacterial meningitis, sCD14 ratios did not correlate with albumin ratios during the course of disease. Therefore, increased CSF sCD14 may originate from cerebral production by activated or infiltrated macrophages rather than passive diffusion from the blood, while elevated sCD14 serum levels resulted from enhanced local production. Increased CSF and serum sCD14 values were also observed in meningitis caused by viral infection. As in bacterial meningitis, sCD14 in CSF specimens did not correlate with the function of the blood/CSF barrier. Repeated lumbar punctures revealed a normalization of CSF sCD14 levels during clinical recovery. These results provide the first evidence for local production of sCD14 within the CNS. Our findings further indicate that sCD14 in CSF is a reliable marker for activation of macrophages within the CNS during inflammatory processes.     

Cortisol kinetics in cerebrospinal fluid during bacterial meningitis

Bacterial meningitis (BM) remains an infectious disease with a significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to describe the kinetics of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cortisol levels during BM and to assess its relationship to disease severity and etiology. A total of 55 patients with BM were enrolled in the study. Elevated CSF cortisol upon admission and its rapid decrease after starting therapy were associated with increased BM severity as assessed by the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, Glasgow Coma Scale score and the Glasgow Outcome Scale score. The comparison of CSF cortisol according to BM etiology revealed a trend toward higher concentrations in meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae compared to Neisseria meningitidis. Our results demonstrate that the initially elevated CSF cortisol concentrations decrease rapidly after administration of BM therapy (i.e. antibiotics and dexamethasone). Moreover, this rapid reduction of CSF cortisol was found in patients with high severity scores.     

Prognostic value of dynamic electroencephalogram in comatose patients with different diseased regions

BACKGROUND: It has proved that dynamic electroencephalogram (EEG) is definite in judging the outcome of ischemic hypoxic comatose patients, EEG is more sensitive to the cortical affection, but not sensitive to the subcortical and brainstem affections, thus it is necessary to clarify the indications of this technique in the clinical application. OBJECTIVE: To observe and compare the prognostic value of dynamic EEG and Glasgow coma score in comatose patients with different diseased region. DESIGN: A clinical case-controlled observation. SETTING: Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-eight comatose patients were selected from the Union Hospital affiliated to Fujian Medical University from June 1998 to January 2005. The diseased regions were identified using cranial CT (n =43) or MR (n =25). According to different primarily diseased regions, the comatose patients were divided into two groups: ① brainstem affection group (n =23): 13 males and 10 females, 14–62 years of age; ② diffuse cortical affection group (n =45): 28 males and 17 females, 23–75 years of age. METHODS: The dynamic EEG and Glasgow coma score were examined in the 45 comatose patients with primarily cortical affection and 22 comatose patients with primarily brainstem affection at acute phase. The patients were followed-up for 3 months to observe the outcome, The termination of outcome judgment was 3 months after attack or the death. The clinical outcome was classified as complete rehabilitation, survived with disability, death or vegetative state. Correlations of dynamic EEG and Glasgow coma score with the outcome of patients were analyzed. The correlations of dynamic EEG grades and Glasgow coma scores with the outcome were analyzed, and the prognostic value of dynamic EEG grades was compared between the two groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Correlations of dynamic EEG and Glasgow coma score with the outcome of patients; ② Comparison of the prognostic value of dynamic EEG grades between the two groups. RESULTS: All the 68 patients were involved in the analysis of results. ① Correlations of dynamic EEG grades and Glasgow scores and their correlation analysis: EEG grades had significant negative correlation with Glasgow coma scores in both the cortical affection group and brainstem affection group (r =–0.743, –0.564, P < 0.01, 0.05). In the cortical affection group, the Glasgow coma scores and dynamic EEG grades in the patients with the outcome of death or vegetative state were significantly different from those with the outcome of rehabilitation (P < 0.05–0.01). In the brainstem affection group, the Glasgow coma scores were only significantly different between the patients with outcome of rehabilitation and death (P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in dynamic EEG grades among the three prognostic states (P > 0.05). ② Comparison of the prognostic value of dynamic EEG grades between comatose patients with cortical affection and brainstem affection: The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were all higher (P < 0.05), while the error rate was lower (P < 0.05) in the cortical affection group than in the brainstem affection group. CONCLUSION: Dynamic EEG was valuable in predicting the outcome of comatose patients with primarily cortical affection, but it was not certainly valuable in those with primarily brainstem affection.     

Evoked potentials and EEG in multiple sclerosis

Thirteen patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis (MS) were studied with electroencephalogram (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), evoked potentials and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. We attempted to correlate the findings with physical disability as defined by Kurtzke score and presence of dementia or seizures. More severe plaque disease on MRI and increased physical disability correlated significantly with abnormality on brain-stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) while visual evoked potential (VEP) abnormality correlated only with MRI findings. No such correlation was found with the EEG. The close relationship between BAEP and MRI abnormalities probably reflects frequent involvement of brain-stem corticospinal pathways.     

脑脊液hs-CRP、IGF-1及IL-6水平与高血压性脑出血神经功能损害程度的相关性

目的 探讨脑脊液超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、白介素-6(IL-6)水平与高血压性脑出血病人神经功能损伤程度的关系.方法 选择2017年1月～2019年12月收治高血压性脑出血164例和按4:1比例匹配同期行蛛网膜下腔神经阻滞采集脑脊液标本但无神经系统疾病的41例作为对照组.发病...     

Soluble CD30 levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis, HIV infection and other nervous system diseases

The CD30 molecule, a member of tumor necrosis factor superfamily, has been suggested to be preferentially expressed and released in soluble form by activated T cells that produce T helper 2 type (Th2) cytokines. To evaluate whether determination of soluble CD30 (sCD30) levels could have a diagnostic value in diseases associated with Th1 and Th2 cytokine involvement, we investigated sCD30 in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), HIV infection and other nervous system diseases. There was no statistically significant difference for plasma sCD30 levels in these clinical groups. However, patients with HIV infection had higher levels of sCD30 in CSF than MS patients. The mean sCD30 values were 3 to 6 folds higher in plasma than in CSF in all patient groups. No relationships were found between sCD30 levels and different clinical variables of MS and HIV infection, except that higher plasma sCD30 levels in HIV-infected patients were found in those with higher CD4⁺ T cell counts (> 200 ± 10⁶) compared to the group with lower cell counts. The findings indicate that determinations of plasma and CSF sCD30 levels in MS and HIV infection have limited or no value as diagnostic or prognostic indicator.     

Video/EEG monitoring in the evaluation of paroxysmal behavioral events: duration, effectiveness, and limitations

To establish the number of monitoring days needed to distinguish psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) from epileptic seizures (ES) in adult patients admitted for video/EEG monitoring (VEM), we performed a retrospective chart review on 199 consecutive admissions for behavioral event diagnosis with VEM. Of the 199 adult patients admitted for VEM, 83.9% (n = 167) had a clinical event during admission, and a definitive diagnosis was made in 75.9% (n = 151). Of patients who had clinical events, 87.7% (n = 143) had their first event on admission day 1 or 2. Factors associated with ES (vs PNES) included an abnormal baseline EEG (P < 0.001), an abnormal brain MRI (P = 0.01), and history of events lasting less than 1minute (P = 0.01). There was no association between time to first event and discharge diagnosis. VEM differentiated between ES and PNES in the majority of adult patients evaluated. Most behavioral events were characterized within 2 days of admission.     

Increased serum levels of soluble CD14 indicate stable multiple sclerosis

The aim of this study was to evaluate a possible role of soluble CD14 (sCD14) in multiple sclerosis (MS). We found that sCD14 serum levels measured by ELISA were higher in MS patients compared to neurological and healthy controls. Within the MS group sCD14 levels were increased in relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive MS compared to primary progressive MS. Furthermore, sCD14 concentrations were increased during stable disease. An increased expression of sCD14 was also detected after treatment with interferon-beta. In summary, we report evidence that serum sCD14 levels are increased in MS and correlate inversely with disease activity in relapsing MS patients.     

Different roles of soluble CD40 ligand in central nervous system damage

ABSTRACT

Backgroud and purpose: Soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) plays an important role in inflammation and autoimmune disorders. There is still a controversy regarding sCD40L in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Herein the aims of this study were to evaluate the levels of sCD40L in patients with NMOSD, MS, and other noninflammatory neurological diseases; to investigate its potential relationship with laboratory parameters, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), thrombopoietin (TPO) and IL-6; and to address whether serum sCD40L levels in acute attacks of NMOSD patients were decreased after treatment with immunoglobulins, plasma exchange, or methylprednisolone.Materials and methods: We enrolled 13 patients with NMOSD, 9 patients with MS, and 9 patients with other noninflammatory neurological diseases. The levels of sCD40L, IL-6 were measured by cytokine multiplex assay. GFAP levels were measured by ELISA.Results: Both serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sCD40L levels were increased in NMOSD and MS. No differences were found in serum and CSF sCD40L levels between NMOSD and MS. The CSF sCD40L levels were positively correlated with the CSF cell counts in NMOSD, whereas serum sCD40L levels were positively correlated with the albumin index in MS. Furthermore, the levels of CSF sCD40L were positively correlated with CSF GFAP levels in NMOSD. Serum sCD40L levels were correlated with serum TPO levels in MS. No correlation was found between levels of sCD40L and IL-6 in NMOSD and MS. No statistically meaningful difference between NMOSD patients with or without immunotherapy. Conclusions: Our study suggests that sCD40L can contribute to the destruction of the blood-brain barrier in MS, whereas it may contribute to CNS in?ammation in NMOSD. The serum sCD40L concentrations were not changed after treatment with immunoglobulins, plasma exchange, or methylprednisolone in acute attacks of NMOSD.     

Soluble CD8 and ICAM-1 in serum and CSF of MS patients treated with 6-methylprednisolone

Objective - We studied the effects of large doses of 6-methylprednisolone (6-MP) on serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) soluble CD8 (sCD8) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) levels in clinically active multiple sclerosis (MS) patients.
Material and methods - Paired serum and CSF samples were from 16 patients with definite MS, treated with 6-MP (1 g daily for 6 d) during an active phase of the disease. sCD8 and sICAM-1 levels were determined with ELISA before and after the therapy.
Results - Before 6-MP treatment, sCD8 levels in CSF were higher in MS patients than in patients with noninflammatory neurological disease and in healthy controls; sICAM-1 levels in serum and in CSF were higher in MS patients than in the two control groups. Ten of the 16 patients showed clinical improvement at the end of the treatment. After the therapy, serum and CSF sCD8 levels increased, whereas serum and CSF sICAM-1 levels decreased. There was no correlation between clinical improvement and laboratory parameters. We evaluated sCD8 and sICAM-1 in serum samples from 10 patients 6 months after the 6-MP treatment, when the disease was clinically silent. Neither sCD8 nor sICAM-1 levels differed from those of the control groups.
Conclusions - Our results suggest that high doses of 6-MP can influence serum and CSF sCD8 and sICAM-1 levels in active MS. At least part of the efficacy of corticosteroid treatment in MS might be ascribed to its effect both on the suppressive circuits of immune response, and on the expression of an adhesion molecule that favours lymphocyte trafficking across the blood-brain barrier.