经食管隧道内镜纵隔探查术的动物实验研究

背景:目前内镜隧道技术用于消化道腔外手术有诸多问题仍存在争议。目的:探讨经食管隧道内镜纵隔探查术的可行性和安全性。方法:采用实验用家猪,建立食管黏膜下隧道,行经食管隧道内镜纵隔探查术,术后以止血夹封闭食管黏膜创面,予青霉素预防感染。2周后复查胃镜,处死实验动物,取食管标本进行大体和组织学检查。观察实验动物存活率以及创面愈合和并发症发生情况。结果:术中能清晰探及主动脉、气管、心包等纵隔内器官,术后实验动物均存活,无明显并发症发生。2周后胃镜复查和解剖标本组织学检查提示创面愈合良好。经与尸检结果比对,内镜下定位相应解剖结构准确。结论:经食管隧道内镜纵隔探查术具有一定的可行性且相对安全。     

纵隔镜手术的应用与进展

早在 195 4年 Harken首次将内镜延伸到上纵隔 ,观察并活检了上纵隔及气管旁结节 ,开创了纵隔检查的先例。195 9年Carlens等采用特制的纵隔镜 ,结合胸骨上切迹切口 ,正式推出纵隔镜手术。此为标准颈纵隔镜检查术。1968～ 1986年 ,Pesrson等多次报道应用纵隔镜对肺癌患者术前进行分期 ,以确定其治疗措施 ,并作长期随访。他对纵隔镜的推广应用作出了杰出贡献。但是 ,传统的纵隔镜检查术难以了解主动脉窗及左肺门处的淋巴结。1987年 Ginsberg等采用经胸骨后间隙行纵隔镜活检 ,弥补了经典方式对左肺癌术前分期困难的不足 ,被称为扩大的经颈纵隔…     

电视纵隔镜在胸部疾病诊断的应用价值

目的探讨应用电视纵隔镜行肺癌分期和纵隔疑难疾病诊断的价值和围手术期并发症的预防。方法回顾分析我院行纵隔镜检查的63例患者,其中颈部纵隔镜术58例,胸骨旁纵隔镜术5例,手术均在全麻下完成,单纯纵隔肺门疑难疾病48例,高度怀疑肺癌或诊断为非小细胞肺癌伴有纵隔淋巴结肿大的患者15例。结果15例怀疑或已确诊为肺癌患者,淋巴结病理阳性率为60．0％（9／15）,CMS病理假阴性率16．7％（1／6）。48例纵隔疑难疾病患者,47例获得病理诊断,1例临床证实,经验性治疗肿块明显缩小,疾病确诊率98％（47／48）。无手术死亡,1例大出血保守治疗成功。无其他相关的术后并发症。结论纵隔镜技术安全有效,对明确肺癌的分期和诊断纵隔疑难疾病检查准确率高。     

经自然腔道内镜手术的实验研究

目的初步探讨利用现有内镜器械经自然腔道内镜手术（NOTES）技术的可行性和安全性。方法采用6头雌性猪模型。经胃时首先用针刀在管壁穿透切开,ERCP拉式切开刀扩大切口,再用扩张气囊扩大通道,将胃镜送入腹腔。内镜在腹腔内寻找腹腔内器官,管壁切口用止血夹闭合,或自然旷置。NOTES术后1周经阴道切口进入腹腔观察;术后2周经胃壁其他部位切口重新进入腹腔观察,2例进行肝脏部分切除术;术后4周处死、解剖动物,观察腹腔内粘连、脏器损伤及管壁切口闭合情况。结果经胃壁进入腹腔12次,经阴道进入腹腔6次。经胃进入腹腔的平均时间为（33．4±10．9）min,经阴道平均时间为（10．1±2．5）min。用止血夹封闭胃壁切口或切口旷置,管壁切口均愈合良好,无明显并发症出现。再次腹腔探查时发现腹腔内有不同程度腹腔粘连,无腹腔脏器损伤。2例部分肝脏切除,1例出现膈肌损伤及死亡,1例成功。进入腹腔时出现切口出血2次,均为经胃切口时发生。出现腹腔脓肿1例。结论经胃、经阴道腹腔内镜探查及肝脏部分切除术是可行的,安全性较高,但NOTES专用器械的研发是NOTES顺利进行和成功的关键。     

超声内镜引导肝内门静脉穿刺在经颈静脉肝内门体分流术中的实验研究(含视频)

目的探讨经颈静脉置入超声内镜并直视引导肝内门静脉穿刺在经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, TIPS)中的可行性及安全性。方法以5只比格犬为研究对象, 麻醉后经颈静脉置入超声内镜, 进入肝段下腔静脉及肝右静脉入口处, 观察肝内门静脉情况, 实时引导下穿刺门静脉并置入支架, 完成TIPS。结果 5只比格犬中1只因颈外静脉管径较细无法置入超声内镜, 其余4只均经颈外静脉置入超声内镜并在其实时引导下完成门静脉穿刺。完成后续支架置入、球囊扩张等操作, 实验结束后动物均存活。结论经颈静脉置入超声内镜并直视引导下肝内门静脉穿刺在TIPS中是安全可行的。     

女性纵隔精原细胞瘤1例

纵隔精原细胞瘤 ,在性腺以外最多 ,几乎全部是男性 ,好发年龄 2 0～ 4 0岁。女性精原细胞瘤罕见 ,现将 1例高龄女性精原细胞瘤报道如下 :患者 ,6 6岁 ,女性。从 1996年 6月开始发热 ,食欲不振 ,体重减轻 ,贫血。胸部X光照片显示为前纵隔肿瘤。手术所见 :胸骨正中切开至前纵隔。发现肿瘤浸润到心膜、左腕头静脉 ,上大静脉 ,右上、中叶 ,右横膈神经。活检报道为精原细胞瘤 ,进行了不完全切除术。术后不久发现右横隔神经障碍导致的异常呼吸 ,进行气管插管 ,2 4小时后呼吸状态平稳 ,术后在纵隔、右肺纵隔侧、锁骨上窝处做了共计 5 0Gy的放射性…     

电视纵隔镜在纵隔疾病诊断及肺癌分期中的应用

目的探讨电视纵隔镜检查术（video-mediastinoscopy,VM）在纵隔疾病诊断和肺癌合并纵隔淋巴结肿大术前分期中的价值。方法对41例CT等影像学检查发现有纵隔疾病患者和27例术前经胸部CT、PET、纤维支气管镜等检查诊断肺癌合并纵隔淋巴结肿大患者进行纵隔镜检查,根据病理结果行诊断和分期。结果41例纵隔疾病患者39例经电视纵隔镜术后确诊,2例诊断不明或可能误诊,其中1例转院失访,另1例经开胸活检证实为肺大B细胞淋巴瘤;27例肺癌合并纵隔淋巴结肿大患者经纵隔镜检查后,其中12例有纵隔淋巴结转移,15例无转移,后者经开胸手术病理确诊为肺癌无纵隔淋巴结转移。平均手术时间52min,平均出血40ml,术后无死亡,无切口感染,1例出血,3例喉返神经麻痹。结论电视纵隔镜术是纵隔疾病、肺癌术前病理分期的重要检查方法,具有诊断准确率高、安全可靠等优点。     

B超诊断纵隔肿瘤64例报告

1984～1991年,我们对经手术证实的64例纵隔肿瘤患者进行B超检查,结果报道如下。1.资料与方法:本组男39例,女25例,年龄16～71岁,平均36.6岁。使用ALOKA-SSD190和SSD620 B超仪,探头频率3.5MHz。将探头置胸骨上窝、胸椎和胸骨旁肋     

心脏术后纵隔感染四例治疗体会

心脏手术后纵隔感染是心外科严重的早期并发症，死亡率很高，本文报告四例纵隔感染的临床治疗体会。临床资料男3例，女1例，年龄2－7岁（平均5岁），均为先天性心脏病手术，其中法乐氏四联症2例，部分性心内膜垫缺损1例，室间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压1例。4例患者术后呈驰张高热，1例术后第6天换药时发现皮肤红肿、皮下波动感，拆除缝线，大量浓性液体流出，3例第8天拆线时，浓性液体自切口溢出。治疗结果4例纵隔感染在基础加局麻下行纵隔清创引流术，自剑突下经原切口进人纵隔，用手指和扁片充分游离胸骨后达胸骨上窝，清除粘连，充分引流，取…     

电视纵隔镜技术在纵隔病变临床诊断中的应用及体会

目的探讨电视纵隔镜技术对诊断疑难纵隔疾病或胸部病变累及纵隔淋巴结时的临床应用价值。方法分析我科行纵隔镜检查术的50例患者,本组病例术前均行胸部CT、细胞学相关检查,其中9例行PET/CT检查,5例行EBUS-TBNA检查,将纵隔镜检查手术前后诊断符合率进行对比分析。结果术前相关检查中恶性24例,良性26例,所有病例均成功取得或切除目标组织,最终病理结果恶性19例,良性31例,经对比分析,影像学及细胞学等检查确诊率为61.53%,误诊率38.47%。全组无手术死亡病例,术中出血1例,成功压迫止血,术后颈部切口感染1例,经换药后愈合良好。结论影像学及细胞学等检查在纵隔疾病的诊断中,存在一定的误诊率,纵隔镜检查是获得病理诊断的最佳途径,确诊率较高,该技术安全有效。     

Single-incision multiport laparoendoscopic surgery using a newly developed short-type flexible endoscope: a combined procedure of flexible endoscopic and laparoscopic surgery

Background and objective

We hypothesized that using a flexible endoscope as a working scope in laparoscopic surgery through a single incision might provide many benefits. To this end, a short-type flexible endoscope with a working length of 600?mm was newly developed. In this animal experimental study, we aimed to evaluate the technical feasibility of our new approach, single-incision multiport laparoendoscopic (SIMPLE) cholecystectomy, using this endoscope.

Methods

Eight pigs were subjected to SIMPLE cholecystectomy using the short-type flexible endoscope. The endoscope was inserted through a 12-mm trocar in an SILS? Port followed by the insertion of two additional 5-mm trocars in the SILS? Port. Encirculation and ligation of the pedicle of the cystic artery and duct were carried out using laparoscopic instruments through the 5-mm trocars, while the dissection of the gallbladder from the intrahepatic fossa was predominantly performed using a cutting device through the endoscope.

Results

A complete gallbladder excision, with complete encirculation and ligation of the pedicle, was completed in all cases. The mean operating time was 58?min (range 34–78?min). The endoscope provided a good view of the operating field, and it allowed some degree of freedom to the working laparoscopic instruments without compromising the field of view. Dissection of the gallbladder using the cutting device through the endoscope was much easier than that using the laparoscopic device, because the articulating instruments together with the endoscope enabled operation with triangulation. Furthermore, the water-jet and suctioning functions and the self-cleaning lens capability of the endoscope served the surgery well.

Conclusions

SIMPLE cholecystectomy using the newly developed short-type flexible endoscope is a technically feasible procedure. Using this flexible endoscope for various tasks, such as resection, suctioning, and smoke evacuation, can make the surgical procedures easier.     

介绍一种新的气管内插管最佳深度的定位方法(附200例分析)

以往气管内插管的定位方法虽多,但都不够确切和全面,有一定的盲目性,因此插管过深或过浅时有发生。本文介绍一种新定位方法:以手指在胸骨上窝触摸气管,当插管尖端通过时可清楚触及,如掌握得当则可获得插管的最佳深度。本文通过200例测量与观察发现,此定位方法有一定规律性,如气管中点位于胸骨上窝,插管最佳深度与身高有很好的相关性,并总结推导出简便计算公式。     

A novel safe approach to the peritoneal cavity for per-oral transgastric endoscopic procedures

BACKGROUND: We have previously reported the feasibility and safety of per-oral transgastric endoscopic procedures in a porcine model. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of a PEG-like approach to the peritoneal cavity. SETTINGS: Acute experiments on 50-kg pigs under general anesthesia. DESIGN AND INTERVENTIONS: After per-oral intubation, the endoscope was positioned into the body of the stomach, the anterior abdominal wall was transilluminated and punctured with a needle, and a guidewire was inserted into the stomach through the needle. The guidewire was grasped with endoscopic forceps and pulled through the biopsy channel of the endoscope. A sphincterotome was inserted into the gastric wall over the guidewire. Gastric incision was performed and the endoscope was advanced into the peritoneal cavity. The peritoneal cavity was insufflated and endoscopic peritoneoscopy was performed. Then the animal was euthanized and necropsy was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Safety of transgastric entrance to peritoneal cavity. RESULTS: The PEG-like approach was used in 12 pigs. The average procedure time was 11.4 +/- 3.7 minutes. There was only 1 complication related to the access: bleeding from the gastric wall incision was documented when a pure cut (without coagulation) current was used for incision of the gastric wall. There were no complications in the other 11 pigs. The necropsy did not reveal any damage to organs adjacent to the stomach. LIMITATIONS: Gastric wall incision is located on anterior gastric wall. CONCLUSIONS: The PEG-like transgastric approach to the peritoneal cavity appears technically simple and safe.     

Coronary sinus and fossa ovalis ablation: effect on interatrial conduction and atrial fibrillation

Background: Interatrial conduction occurs via discrete pathways along the coronary sinus musculature, fossa ovalis region, and Bachman's bundle. We assessed the feasibility of altering interatrial conduction by selectively ablating two of these conduction pathways using a novel mesh electrode ablation catheter.
Methods: Circular radiofrequency energy catheter ablation lesions were created in the proximal coronary sinus in four dogs and in both the fossa ovalis and the proximal coronary sinus regions in seven pigs. Interatrial conduction was assessed by analyzing intracardiac electrogram and noncontact isopotential mapping data. Inducibility of atrial fibrillation was assessed before and after ablation (in six pigs).
Results: Ablation lesions in the proximal coronary sinus eliminated interatrial conduction along the coronary sinus musculature in four dogs and five of seven pigs. Ablation lesions in the fossa ovalis region eliminated interatrial conduction via midseptal pathways in six of seven pigs. Atrial fibrillation, inducible in five of seven pigs at baseline, was rendered noninducible in all five. There was no adverse effect on AV nodal conduction.
Conclusions: (1) Using a novel mesh electrode ablation catheter, we were able to ablate interatrial conduction pathways along the proximal coronary sinus and fossa ovalis regions. (2) This altered interatrial conduction and altered atrial fibrillation inducibility and maintenance. (3) Catheter ablation of interatrial conduction pathways may be useful in the therapy of atrial fibrillation.     

经导管主动脉瓣置换的动物实验方法

目的:建立经导管主动脉瓣置换（transcatheter aortic valve replacement,TAVR）的动物实验方法,确定适合于TAVR的实验动物模型及主动脉根部造影的最佳投照体位。方法:选用健康绵羊15只（体质量40～45 kg）,于颈中、下1/3处到胸骨上窝区间,通过超声心动图和血管超声分别测量绵羊主动脉瓣环直径和颈总动脉直径。分离绵羊颈总动脉,于直视下测量其直径。穿刺颈总动脉,送入猪尾巴导管,行左心室造影,确定主动脉根部最佳投照体位并进行影像学分析。行颈总动脉横切口,依次置入20F和24F介入式大动脉支架（主动脉覆膜支架）输送鞘,观察能否顺利通过。分别在置入前后,经胸超声心动图（TTE）测量主动脉瓣有效瓣口面积（effective orifice area,EOA）、返流百分比、心率,经心导管测量主动脉收缩压（aortic systolic pressure,ASP）、主动脉舒张压（diastolic aorticpressure,DAP）、平均主动脉压（mean aortic pressure,MAP）、左心室收缩压（left ventricular systolic pressure,LVSP）、左室舒张末压（left ventricular end diastolic pressure,LVEDP）。结果:用超声心动图测得收缩期主动脉瓣环直径为（24.98±2.41）mm,舒张期主动脉瓣环直径为（19.82±2.14）mm。用血管超声测得颈中、下1/3处颈总动脉直径为（5.61±0.50）mm,颈总动脉胸廓入口处直径为（9.16±0.84）mm。解剖直视下测得的颈中、下1/3处颈总动脉直径为（5.90±0.64）mm。15只绵羊均可经颈总动脉成功置入20F输送鞘,13只绵羊可成功置入24F输送鞘。造影结果显示,右前斜位2.5°±3°、头足位7.1°±6°,可清楚显示绵羊左、右冠脉的开口及主动脉根部的解剖形态。术后存活绵羊（14只）主动脉瓣的EOA、返流百分比、心率、ASP、DAP、MAP、LVSP、LVEDP与术前测量值差异均无统计学意义。结论:经绵羊颈总动脉可建立逆行TAVR实验模型,右前斜位2.5°±3°、头足位7.1°±6°,可获得良好的主动脉根部影像,满足应用介入瓣膜输送系统进行TAVR动物实验研究的需要。     

Transgastric cholecystectomy: transgastric accessibility to the gallbladder improved with the SEMF method and a novel multibending therapeutic endoscope

BACKGROUND: Transgastric cholecystectomy is thought to technically and anatomically challenge a single entry flexible endoscopic approach. OBJECTIVES: To examine the feasibility of a transgastric-only cholecystectomy, endoscope performance in an upper-abdominal operation, and the usefulness of an offset gastrotomy. STUDY DESIGN: Animal survival study. SETTING: Animal research laboratory. PATIENTS: Six domestic pigs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Transgastric access to the gallbladder and technical feasibility of unassisted transgastric cholecystectomy. INTERVENTIONS: A cephalad submucosal tunnel was created in the anterior gastric wall with a high-pressure CO2 injection. An EMR-cap myotomy was performed distally within the submucosal space and created an offset gastrotomy. An endoscope was inserted into the peritoneal cavity through the myotomy. Access to the gallbladder was compared by using a multibending therapeutic endoscope (R-scope), with a standard double-channel endoscope. A cholecystectomy was performed by using both types of endoscopes. The myotomy site was sealed with the overlying mucosal flap. The mucosal entry point was closed with clips or tissue anchors. RESULTS: A standard double-channel endoscope could access the gallbladder in 2 of 4 attempts. A multibending endoscope accessed the gallbladder in all 4 attempts, including 2 pigs in which the standard scope failed to access the gallbladder. In 4 pigs, a cholecystectomy was completed. Two pigs died during surgery, with air embolization observed in 1. Two pigs survived a planned 1-week survival period. CONCLUSIONS: Transgastric cholecystectomy is technically feasible. Transgastric access to the gallbladder may be improved by using submucosal endoscopy with an offset exit gastrotomy by means of the mucosal flap safety-valve technique and a multibending gastroscope.     

Single-port endoscopic cholecystectomy: a bridge between laparoscopic and translumenal endoscopic surgery

Background and objective

The intentional puncture of the normal viscera is likely the most important issue limiting the widespread use of natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES). We developed a new procedure for cholecystectomy using a flexible endoscope via a single port placed in the abdominal wall without visceral puncture (single-port endoscopic cholecystectomy; SPEC) as a bridge between laparoscopic surgery and NOTES. This study aimed to evaluate the technical feasibility of SPEC.

Methods

Five pigs were subjected to SPEC. An endoscope was inserted through a 12-mm port placed in the right upper abdomen. After grasping and retracting the gallbladder using a 2-mm retractor that was directly introduced into the peritoneal cavity, gallbladder excision with ligation of the cystic artery and duct using endoclips was carried out.

Results

A complete gallbladder excision was carried out easily and safely in all cases. No major adverse events occurred. The mean operating time was 67 min (range 52–84 min).

Conclusions

SPEC is a technically feasible procedure. It is simpler, easier, and safer than NOTES cholecystectomy. SPEC could be a less invasive alternative to the conventional four-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Endoscopic trans-esophageal submucosal tunneling surgery:A new therapeutic approach for diseases located around the aorta ventralis

AIM To assess the efficiency of endoscopic trans-esophageal submucosal tunneling surgery(EESTS) technique for diseases located around the aorta ventralis.METHODS Nine pigs were assigned to EESTs. The procedures were as follows: First, a long esophageal submucosal tunnel was established. Second, full-thickness myotomy was created. Third, an endoscope was entered into the abdominal cavity through a muscle incision and the endoscope was around the aorta ventralis. Eventually,celiac trunk ganglion neurolysis, partial hepatectomy and splenectomy, partial tissue resection in the area of the posterior peritoneum, and endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) combined with lymph node dissection were performed. The animals were given antibiotics for 5 d and necropsied 7 d after surgery.RESULTS In all surgeries, one pig died from intraperitoneal hemorrhage after doing partial splenectomy, while the other pigs were alive after successfully operating other surgeries. For surgery of celiac trunk ganglion damage, at necropsy, there was no exudation in the abdominal cavity. Regarding surgery of partial hepatectomy, the wound with part healing was observed in the left hepatic lobe, and no bleeding or obvious exudation was seen. In surgery of partial splenectomy, massive hemorrhage was observed on the splenic wound surface, and the metal clips could not stop bleeding. After surgery of retroperitoneal tissue resection, mild tissue adhesion was observed in the abdominal cavity of one animal, and another one suffered from severe infection. For surgery of ESD and lymph node dissection, a moderate tissue adhesion was observed.CONCLUSION EESTS is a feasible and safe technique for diseases located around the aorta ventralis.     

Transcolonic endoscopic cholecystectomy: a NOTES survival study in a porcine model (with video)

BACKGROUND: Transgastric cholecystectomy is a natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) procedure that has been reported in 2 nonsurvival studies. Both studies detail substantial technical limitations, with only a 33% success rate when limited to 1 gastric incision site, despite the use of a multichannel locking endoscope. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and technical limitations of transcolonic cholecystectomy in a survival model. DESIGN: Animal feasibility study. INTERVENTIONS: Five pigs, under general anesthesia, were prepared with tap-water enemas, a peranal antibiotic lavage, and a Betadine rinse. A dual-channel endoscope was advanced into the peritoneum through an anterior, transcolonic incision 15 to 20 cm from the anus. After cystic duct and artery ligation, dissection of the gallbladder was achieved by using grasping and cutting instruments. After removing the gallbladder, the colonic incision was closed by using Endoloops and/or endoclips. The animals lived for 2 weeks after the procedure, then they were euthanized, and a necropsy was performed. RESULTS: All 5 gallbladders were successfully resected. Four of the 5 animals flourished in the postoperative period, with appropriate weight gain. In 1 animal, complete closure of the colonic incision was not possible, and it was euthanized at 48 hours for suspected peritonitis. CONCLUSIONS: This study reports the first transcolonic organ resection and demonstrates the first successful NOTES cholecystectomy in a survival model. The transcolonic approach provided improved endoscope stability and biliary exposure compared with the transgastric route, and complete incision closure appeared critical for procedural success.     

Endoscopic mucosal resection with a cap-fitted endoscope versus freehand gastric mucosectomy in an animal model.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic mucosal resection with a cap-fitted endoscope appears to be as effective but easier to perform than freehand mucosectomy. However, experience with this technique has been limited to small case series and there is a lack of data from direct comparison trials. METHODS: Nine pigs were randomized to mucosectomy using a cap-fitted endoscope or the freehand technique. Five mucosal resections were performed at five different sites in the gastric body in each pig. Eight to ten milliliters of a saline, epinephrine, and methylene blue solution were injected to raise a bleb to simulate a mucosal lesion. Endoscopic mucosal resection with a cap-fitted endoscope was performed by suctioning the bleb into the cap device pre-looped with an oval snare; mucosectomy was performed electrosurgically. Freehand mucosectomy was performed by encircling and then resecting the bleb using an oval snare. The ease of procedure (1 = "very easy" to 5 = "unable to complete") was assessed after each resection. The animals were recovered, maintained, and then humanely sacrificed after 2 weeks. RESULTS: Five pigs underwent endoscopic mucosal resection with a cap-fitted endoscope and 4 underwent freehand mucosectomy. Eight animals survived for 2 weeks without complications and one animal from the freehand group died of massive hemorrhage within 48 hours of endoscopy. Both methods produced rounded resection specimens measuring 9 to 12 mm in diameter of the full thickness of the mucosa and the submucosa. Overall ease of resection was 1.84 +/- 0.52 for the cap-fitted group and 2.98 +/- 0.86 for the freehand group (p < 0.0001). All of the sites identified at autopsy were completely re-epithelialized, except for the five sites found in the pig that died prematurely. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic mucosal resection with a cap-fitted endoscope is as effective, safe, but easier to perform compared with freehand mucosectomy.