12例儿童单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎临床分析

单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎(HSE)是由单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)感染引起的急性中枢神经系统感染性疾病,起病急、症状重、预后差,近年发病率有上升趋势,早期诊断和及时应用抗病毒治疗至关重要。现将我科近一年中的12例儿童单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎分析如下。临床资料一、对象2003年9月~2004年9月间收治的儿童单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎12例,其中男5例,女7例;年龄最小13个月,最大14岁。二、临床表现12例均有明显发热伴抽搐,发热持续5~14d,平均热程10d,发热至出现中枢神经系统症状的时间最短为10h,最长为2周;2d内出现中枢神经系统症状9例,多数为阵发性全身性抽搐,出现…     

儿童单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎后抗AMPA2受体抗体脑炎1例

对郑州大学第一附属医院儿科收治的1例单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎后抗AMPA2受体抗体脑炎患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。患儿,女,9岁,以发热后精神行为异常起病,病初外院辅助检查示：脑脊液糖定性(＋),白细胞计数32×10 6/L,白蛋白(免疫比浊法)317.00 mg/L,免疫球蛋白IgG 45.80 mg/L。单纯...     

单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎临床诊断与治疗观察

为探讨单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎(HSVE)的诊断,应用间接ELISA法测定70例病毒性脑炎患儿脑脊液的IgM、IgG,同时对15例患儿的血清进行HSV特异性IgG的检测;采用ELISA双抗夹心法对70例患儿的脑脊液同时检测lnw抗原.结果:脑脊液HSV抗原阳性20例,IgM阳性8例,IgG血清/脑脊液比值≤20为12例.对HSVE患儿予以连续静脉滴注无环鸟苷7天,结果治愈、好转20例(80%).提示应用ELISA法测定脑脊液HSV特异性抗原和IgM以及IgG血清/脑脊液比值,结合临床可早期诊断HSVE,对ESVE的治疗及改善预后有指导意义.     

小儿单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎19例临床观察

单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎(HSE)是病毒性脑炎中常见的一种。国内有关小儿HSE的报道仍不多见。1993年8月～1995年8月我们应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)DNA扩增技术对病房中疑似为脑炎的124例患儿脑脊液进行单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)DNA检测,发现HSE19例(15.3％),现报告如下。     

小鼠单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎模型的建立

目的 探讨单纯疱疹病毒－１引起小鼠疱疹病毒性脑炎的发病机制。方法 ４周龄雄性Ｂａｌｂ／ｃ小鼠和昆明小鼠各５０只,通过尾静脉和颅内分别接种单纯疱疹病毒－１。结果 颅内接种病毒组可导致Ｂａｌｌｂ／ｃ小鼠和昆明小鼠体重不增、抽搐,死亡。脑组病理切片经ＨＥ染色可发现有出血、坏死、软化等改变。脑组织匀浆用ＰＣＲ方法检测单纯疱疹病毒－１均阳性。     

PCR管单法快速检测单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎的临床价值

为了确立ＰＣＲ单管法快速检测单纯疱疹病毒（ＨＳＶ－１）的临床价值，本文对１８例经临床、ＥＥＧ，ＭＲＩ或ＣＴ诊断的单疱病毒脑炎（ＨＳＥ）患者２４份ＳＣＦ标本，先经解偶联裂解吸附预处理，抽提模板ＤＮＡ，然后进行ＰＣＲ一次性扩增研究。首次扩增１８份ＣＳＦ标本，其中１７份ＰＣＲ阳性，１份阳性，但６天后复查转为阳性。５例ＰＣＲ阳性患儿经正规抗病毒治疗后均转为阴性。对照组３０例其他中枢神经系统疾病均为阴性。结     

单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎继发痉挛发作3 例分析并文献复习

目的探讨儿童单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎后并发痉挛发作的临床特征及治疗。方法回顾分析3例单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎后并发痉挛发作患儿的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果 1例女性、2例男性患儿,14～27月龄,均有婴儿期单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎病史,出现痉挛发作时年龄均1岁。头颅磁共振均可见明显异常,例1双颞顶叶多发异常信号,左颞顶叶脑实质血肿;例2双侧顶叶及脑室旁多发异常信号;例3双侧颞叶、颞叶皮质区、嗅三角区、岛叶、左枕颞内侧回、双侧枕叶、顶叶、右侧丘脑、右侧侧脑室体旁多发异常信号。例1和例2给予促皮质素(ACTH)治疗,例3行迷走神经刺激术并结合抗癫痫药物治疗。例2短期缓解后复发,另2例均未缓解,治疗效果欠佳。以"单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎、癫痫、痉挛发作"为关键词,在中国知网、万方数据库以及PubMed中进行搜索,共获得英文文献3篇,20例患儿,在长期随访中均发展为药物难治性癫痫,预后不佳。结论单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎后并发痉挛发作,药物治疗效果较差,预后不佳。     

Brain stem encephalitis due to herpes simplex virus

Abstract A 6 year old child is described with infection due to herpes simplex virus type 1 causing brain stem encephalitis. The diagnosis was established by enzyme immunosorbent assays of the cerebrospinal fluid and serum which demonstrated antibody responses to herpes simplex virus. Recovery occurred and the importance of early use of acyclovir in achieving a good outcome is emphasized.     

Basal ganglia involvement in a child with herpes simplex encephalitis

Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a leading cause of sporadic, nonepidemic viral encephalitis in children and adults. We report a very rare case of HSE with involvement of bilateral thalamus, putamen, upper pons and midbrain, with development of extrapyramidal symptoms which responded to corticosteroid therapy. A 15-mth-old female baby admitted with complaint of fever for 5 days and generalised tonic clonic seizure 10 hours before admission. On clinical examination patient was drowsy, temperature was 39.4 °C and vitals were stable with signs of increased intracranial tension. There were no signs of meningeal irritation. Patient gradually become unconscious in the next few hours and pupils were constricted bilaterally with development of atonia in all four limbs and neck muscles. Doll’s eye phenomenon was absent.     

A case of herpes simplex encephalitis revealed by decompressive craniectomy

A 15-year-old girl was referred to our hospital due to fever, headache, and vomiting of 7 days duration and focal motor convulsion at the day of referral. Her clinical signs and cerebral imaging findings were found to be compatible with herpes simplex encephalitis. In spite of prompt acyclovir administration, her consciousness deteriorated gradually. Emergent cranial magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a shift of midline intracranial structures. Decompressive surgery resulted in partial improvement in the shift of midline intracranial structures and potentially saved the patient’s life. This case report stresses the importance of proper management of increased intracranial pressure in patients with herpes simplex encephalitis.     

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目的分析儿童单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎(HSE)临床特征和预后,探讨HSE早期诊断的重要性。方法分析2005年1月至2010年5月复旦大学附属儿科医院神经科住院的20例HSE患儿,均经脑脊液(CSF)病毒病原学确诊,观察治疗效果及预后。结果 20例患儿中发热20例(100%)、意识障碍16例(80%)、抽搐19例(95%)、精神行为异常4例(20%)、肢体偏瘫7例(35%)。CSF常规或生化异常14例(70%),其中红细胞增多9例(64%)、CSF糖<2.2mmol/L3例(21%)。头颅影像学检查19例异常(95%),颅内出血11例(58%),其中合并丘脑出血5例(45%);中脑梗塞1例(5%)。对12例进行6个月至5年的随访,完全康复1例、智力运动发育迟缓生活不能自理5例、智力发育迟缓3例、肢体运动障碍3例、合并癫痫7例。结论 HSE起病急,多为重症病情,但儿童患者临床特征可不典型。应进行细致临床观察,尽早行神经影像学检查,积极查找病原学,早期正规给予抗病毒治疗是早期诊断、改善预后的关键。     

Management of Neonatal herpes simplex virus infections

As many as 2,500 infants develop neonatal herpes each year, most of whom are born to women with no history or physical findings suggestive of genital herpes. Infection usually takes one of three forms: 1) disease localized to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes, 2) localized central nervous system infection, or 3) disseminated infection. Exposure to the virus occurs during passage through an infected birth canal, but 5% of infants acquire the infectionin utero. The mortality rate is 31% for disseminated infection and 6% for localized central nervous system disease; long-term neurologic sequelae are seen in 17% and 70% of survivors, respectively. Diagnosis is made by isolating of the virus from skin lesions or other involved sites. The polymerase chain reaction for the detection of viral DNA in cerebrospinal fluid or serum is now the diagnostic test of choice for central nervous system or disseminated neonatal herpes because it has higher sensitivity than traditional culture methods. Treatment is with high-dose intravenous acyclovir (60 mg/kg per day in three divided doses), with adjustments made for infants with renal or hepatic insufficiency. Supportive measures and neuroimaging studies are often required. Acyclovir is administered for three weeks, but infants with disease localized to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes can be treated for two weeks if the cerebrospinal fluid polymerase chain reaction assay is negative for herpes simplex virus DNA. Prevention of infection in infants can be accomplished by cesarean delivery when women have active lesions at the onset of labor. Neonates delivered through an infected birth canal should be screened between 24 and 48 hours of age with viral cultures of eyes, nasopharynx, mouth, and rectum. If positive, they should be treated with acyclovir even if asymptomatic. Suppressive acyclovir therapy beginning at 36 weeks gestation is often prescribed for women with frequent recurrences of genital herpes.     

儿童单纯疱疹病毒感染血清学检查分析

目的：单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)感染是小儿时期常见的病毒感染,也是病毒性脑炎的常见病因,血清学检查是诊断HSV感染常用的检测方法。该文探讨儿童HSV感染的血清抗体检查的意义。方法：采用ELISA方法检测2436例儿童血清中HSV-1和HSV-2的IgG和IgM抗体,并作回顾性分析。结果：儿童单纯疱疹病毒血清抗体阳性率为44.6%(143/321),其中HSV-1抗体阳性率38.9%(117/301),HSV-2抗体阳性率15.9%(43/271);IgM阳性率为41.1%(132/321),IgG阳性率为25.5%(73/286);HSV-1血清阳性率随年龄而增加(P<0.01)。TORCH检测组HSV-2抗体血清阳性率1.9%,均为HSV-2IgG阳性。结论：HSV血清学检查对儿童HSV感染具有重要的诊断意义。     

MRI findings of recurrent herpes simplex encephalitis in an infant

We report the MRI findings of a 2-year-old boy with recurrent herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). At the age of 14 months, the patient developed a high fever that lasted over 1 week and he did not receive appropriate treatment. At 6 months after the fever, MRI showed marked atrophic changes in both deep temporal lobes with hyperintensity in the hippocampi and parahippocampal gyri. Thirteen months after the first episode of the fever, the patient was diagnosed with recurrent HSE by polymerase chain reaction assay of the CSF; MRI at this time revealed diffuse cortical swelling. Hyperintensity on T2-weighted images was noted in the occipito-parietal cortex bilaterally, the left thalamus, the subcortical white matter and the splenium of the corpus callosum. Recurrence of HSE may be more common in infants than previously thought. It is important to consider the possibility of recurrent HSE and to understand that MRI findings in HSV1 encephalitis in infants and young children appear to differ from those observed in neonates, older children and adults.     

糖皮质激素对单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎发病及预后影响的动态观察

目的探讨单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎（HSE）的发病机制以及阿昔洛韦和地塞米松的作用机制。方法雄性小鼠共102只,随机分为对照组、病毒感染组、阿昔洛韦组和联合用药组。采用颅内注射单纯疱疹病毒-1型建立HSE小鼠模型;颅内注射后第1天,阿昔洛韦组和联合用药组小鼠给予阿昔洛韦灌胃,对照组和病毒感染组给予生理盐水灌胃;颅内注射后第3天,联合用药组给予地塞米松腹腔注射,余组给予生理盐水腹腔注射。分别于模型建立后第3、6、9天行神经症状评分,并用免疫组化法测定小鼠脑组织中IL-2、IL-10的表达, HE染色比较脑组织病理变化。结果病毒感染组生存率最低,阿昔洛韦组次之,联合用药组最高（P<0.05）。第3、6、9天的神经症状评分均以病毒感染组最高,阿昔洛韦组次之,联合用药组最低（P<0.05）。小鼠脑组织病理和HE染色也显示同样的情况。第3、6、9天,小鼠脑内IL-2呈现先升高后下降的趋势,而IL-10呈逐渐上升趋势;在各时间点,各组小鼠间IL-2、IL-10表达差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）,其中均以病毒感染组高于阿昔洛韦组,阿昔洛韦组高于联合用药组（P均<0.05）;而联合用药组与对照组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论糖皮质激素联合抗病毒药物治疗HSE,较单纯阿昔洛韦治疗更能减少脑组织中IL-2、IL-10的分泌,减轻临床症状,提高生存率。