Certified athletic trainers' knowledge of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and common disinfectants

Context:

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are increasingly common in athletic settings. The MRSA knowledge and infection-control practices of certified athletic trainers (ATs) and the cleanliness of the athletic training room are important factors in preventing MRSA infections.

Objective:

To assess knowledge of MRSA and the use of common disinfectants among ATs and to explore their infection-control practices.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

High school and collegiate athletic training rooms.

Patients or Other Participants:

A total of 163 ATs from National Collegiate Athletic Association Divisions I, II, and III and high schools, representing all 10 National Athletic Trainers'' Association districts.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Frequencies, analyses of variance, and χ² tests were used to assess current practices and opinions and relationships between factors.

Results:

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was perceived as a national problem by 92% of respondents; 57% perceived MRSA as a problem in their practice setting. Most respondents had treated general infections (88%), staphylococcal infections (75%), and MRSA infections (57%). Male sex was associated with treating all 3 types of infections (χ² test, P < .05). Noncurriculum education was associated with a lack of recognition of environmental issues as risk factors and with the use of isopropyl alcohol for disinfection (χ² test, P < .05). For example, 10% of respondents did not recognize that contaminated whirlpools can be a source of MRSA infection. Respondents also incorrectly identified effective cleaning solutions. Thirty percent of respondents cleaned their hands frequently or sometimes before treating each athlete and 35% cleaned their hands sometimes, occasionally, or never after seeing each athlete.

Conclusions:

The majority of ATs were informed about MRSA and made correct disinfection choices. However, improvements are still needed, and not all ATs were using proper disinfection practices.     

Tackling malaria,village by village: a report on a concerted information intervention by medical students and the community in Mifumi,Eastern Uganda

Background

Can an information intervention facilitated by information technology and carried out by an interdisciplinary team comprising medical students, technical experts, and the community itself make a positive contribution in reducing the burden of malaria at the village level?In Mifumi village in Eastern Uganda, MIFUMI Project, Makerere University College of Health Sciences Community Based Education and Service program (COBES), and the U.S. National Library of Medicine carried out a series of activities between 2007 and 2010.

Methods

The team surveyed the community''s knowledge of malaria prevention and treatment; implemented a health information intervention using tutorials in a variety of media; and observed the community''s use of previously distributed insecticide treated nets (ITNs) using a digital pen application.

Results

As a result of concerted education and outreach, the village residents have a good understanding of malaria prevention and treatment seeking behaviors. Leveraging the power of information technology and interdisciplinary teamwork, medical students and the denizens of a rural community were able to engage in an interactive experience of health education and promotion.

Conclusion

Preliminary observations suggest that a health information intervention in concert with a collaborative community effort of education and prevention can build capacity within a community to take control of its own health.     

Prevalence of overweight and obesity in young adults in Uganda

Background:

Obesity in young adults is rising and predicts diabetes and cardiovascular diseases later in life. Data on prevalence and determinants of obesity in developing countries are needed for primary prevention.

Objectives

To determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in young adults in urban (Kampala city) and rural areas (Kamuli District) of Uganda.

Methods

Cross-sectional survey of 683 randomly selected young adults aged 18–30 years. Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m² and overweight as BMI > 25 kg/m². Distribution of BMI by socio-demographic characteristics was determined.

Results

Of the 683 participants, 50.5% were female and 53.2% were from Kampala. The overall prevalence of obesity and overweight was 2.3% and 10.4%, respectively. The prevalence of obesity was 4.4% in Kampala and 0% in Kamuli while the prevalence of overweight was 10.2% and 10.6% in Kampala and Kamuli, respectively. Compared to males, females were more likely to be obese (2.9% vs. 1.8%) or overweight (17.4% vs. 3.3%). Residing in the city, alcohol consumption, smoking, non-engagement in sports activities, commuting to school by taxi or private vehicle and being from a rich family were the main factors significantly associated (P<0.05) with obesity. Being female (p = 0.0001) and not engaging in any sports activities (P = 0.002) were two factors significantly associated with being overweight.

Conclusion

We observed significant gender differences in the prevalence of obesity among young adults in Uganda. Contrary to expectation, we did not observe significant rural-urban differences in the prevalence of overweight.     

Computer knowledge amongst clinical year medical students in a resource poor setting

Objective

To study the computer knowledge and desires of clinical year medical students at one of the oldest and largest medical schools in Nigeria.

Design

A survey using validated structured questionnaires.

Setting

Medical school of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

Subjects

Two hundred and thirty seven clinical year (4^th, 5^th and 6^th years) medical students.

Outcome measures

Computer knowledge, mode of acquiring computer knowledge, regular access to computer, desire for inclusion of computer training in curriculum.

Results

One hundred twenty (50.6%) students had knowledge of computer technology and it use. Of these, 108 (90%) had no regular access to a computer and none owned a computer; only 32 (26.7%) were sufficiently familiar with computer tools to perform advanced tasks, but 72 (60%) were comfortable with word processing. Seventy two of the 120 students acquired their computer knowledge through self-learning efforts while 45 (37.5%) attended short periods of formal training. Overall, 45.7% of males and 64.5% of females had computer knowledge. The main reason for lack of computer knowledge was lack of time and lack of access to a computer. Eighty percent of all students would like computer education to be included in medical school curriculum.

Conclusion

Knowledge and use of computers amongst clinical year medical students in this setting is low. It is important that computer education be taught to the students to enhance their ability to use electronic information and communicate more effectively using computer resources.     

Knowledge and attitudes of infection prevention and control among health sciences students at University of Namibia

Background

Health Sciences students are exposed early to hospitals and to activities which increase their risk of acquiring infections. Infection control practices are geared towards reduction of occurrence and transmission of infectious diseases.

Objective

To evaluate knowledge and attitudes of infection prevention and control among Health Science students at University of Namibia.

Methods

To assess students'' knowledge and attitudes regarding infection prevention and control and their sources of information, a self-administered questionnaire was used to look at standard precautions especially hands hygiene.

Results

One hundred sixty two students participated in this study of which 31 were medical, 17 were radiography and 114 were nursing students. Medical students had better overall scores (73%) compared to nursing students (66%) and radiology students (61%). There was no significant difference in scores between sexes or location of the high school being either in rural or urban setting.

Conclusion

Serious efforts are needed to improve or review curriculum so that health sciences students'' knowledge on infection prevention and control is imparted early before they are introduced to the wards.     

Sexual behavior of medical students: A single institutional survey

Objective

We investigated the sexual practices of medical students as they are positioned to serve as peer educators in the fight against HIV/AIDS.

Methods

This was a cross sectional study, where self- administered questionnaires were distributed to consenting 4^th to 6^th year medical students in Jos, Nigeria with a view of elucidating information regarding sexual practices and condom utilization. Safe sex practice was defined as the use of condoms and being in a monogamous relationship.

Results

Of a total of 400 questionnaires distributed, 365 respondents (249 males and 116 females) had adequate data for analysis. A large proportion (62%) of our students have never had sex before and less than 30% of them are sexually active. Only 6.1% had multiple sexual partners and homosexuality was uncommon (1.9%). Condom utilization amongst the sexually active was high (65%) and similar among male and female students (71.3% vs. 51.9% respectively, p = 0.08).

Conclusion

There exists safe sexual practice among medical students in our setting. This group could be recruited as peer educators in the war against HIV/AIDS.     

Presleep Arousal and Sleep Disturbances in Children

Study Objectives:

To determine if associations between presleep arousal and sleep disturbance reported in adults are also characteristic of children.

Design:

Linear regression analyses examined whether somatic and cognitive presleep arousal predicted sleep disturbances.

Setting:

Two inner city schools, London, UK.

Participants:

One hundred twenty-three children aged 8 to 10 years, 49% boys, from ethnically diverse backgrounds.

Interventions:

N/A

Measurements and Results:

Children completed the Sleep Self-Report and the Pre-sleep Arousal Scale (comprising somatic and cognitive subscales). Parents completed the Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire. In separate models, both somatic (~ = 0.44, P < 0.001, R² = 0.19) and cognitive (~ = 0.48, P < 0.001, R² = 0.23) presleep arousal predicted the Sleep Self-Report total score. Somatic (~ = 0.28, P <.01, R² = 0.08) and cognitive (~ = 0.37, P < 0.001, R² = 0.14) arousal also predicted Sleep Self-Report insomnia items in separate models. These results were partially replicated when using the parent report of the Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire. When somatic and cognitive items were included in the same models, cognitive but not somatic arousal significantly predicted (most definitions of) sleep disturbance.

Conclusions:

Cognitive, and to a lesser extent somatic, presleep arousal appears to be associated with sleep disturbances in children. This suggests that further research into cognitive aspects of sleep disturbance in children is warranted—as incorporating this information into treatments may eventually prove fruitful.

Citation:

Gregory AM; Willis TA; Wiggs L; Harvey AG. Presleep arousal and sleep disturbances in children. SLEEP 2008;31(12):1745–1747.     

Religiosity for HIV prevention in Uganda: a case study among Christian youth in Wakiso district

Background

Utilization of religious institutions is one of the strategies for HIV prevention in Uganda. There is limited data on the association between religiosity and HIV infection rates.

Objective

To determine the association between religiosity and HIV prevalence rates among Christians.

Methods

An unmatched case-control study was done. Data from 106 HIV positive cases and 424 HIV negative controls between 15– 24 years were analyzed.

Results

Lower religiosity was associated with higher HIV infection rates when the following dimensions were analyzed: feeling guided by God in daily activities (odds ratio 1.90, 95%CI 1.03–3.50, p=0.035), feeling thankful for God''s blessings (odds ratio 1.76, 95%CI 1.01–3.11, p=0.042), praying privately (odds ratio 2.02, 95%CI 1.30–3.11, p=0.001), trying hard to be patient in life (odds ratio1.74, 95%CI 1.07–2.84, p=0.024) and trying hard to love God (odds ratio 1.57, 95%CI 1.01–2.42, p=0.039).Higher HIV infection rates were associated with having multiple life-time sexual partners (odds ratio 5.37, 95%CI 1.86–15.47, p<0.001), ever drinking alcohol (odds ratio 2.28, 95%CI 1.43–3.65, p<0.001) and ever using narcotics for recreation (odds ratio 2.49, 95%CI 1.14–5.44, p=0.018).

Conclusion

Lower levels of several dimensions religiosity are significantly associated with higher HIV infection rates. This data supports strengthening religiosity in HIV prevention strategies.     

Correlates of misperceptions in HIV knowledge and attitude towards People Living With HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs) among in-school and out-of-school adolescents in Ghana

Background

A quarter century into the HIV pandemic, knowledge about sexual transmission and sharing of needles remain high just as misperceptions relating to casual contact.

Objectives

To assess HIV knowledge, misperceptions, and attitude towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs) among adolescents.

Methods

A cross sectional quantitative and qualitative study was conducted among adolescents aged 10–19 (n = 483; mean age, 16.6) in the Ashanti region of Ghana.

Results

Knowledge score ranged 0 to 38 (mean = 26.64; sd ± 6.74). To prevent AIDS, 78.1% mentioned sexual abstinence, condom use (72.7%), fidelity to partner (72.5%), not sharing needles (76.4%), and reducing sexual partners (56.7%). Statistically significant associations were found in high misperception scores and having negative attitude towards PLWHAs (0.001 < p < 0.009). Out-of-school adolescents were less likely to be willing to take care of HIV/AIDS relatives (p = 0.004); allow PLWHAs conceal their status (p < 0.001); allow PLWHAs to work with others (p = 0.007); more likely to let PLWHAs have less healthcare (p = 0.026); and indicate that PLWHAs should be isolated (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Out-of-school adolescents constitute hard-to-reach population and mechanisms should be developed to reach them to reduce misperceptions which may fuel stigma and discrimination.     

A Web-Based Sexual Violence Bystander Intervention for Male College Students: Randomized Controlled Trial

Background

Bystander intervention approaches offer promise for reducing rates of sexual violence on college campuses. Most interventions are in-person small-group formats, which limit their reach and reduce their overall public health impact.

Objective

This study evaluated the efficacy of RealConsent, a Web-based bystander approach to sexual violence prevention, in enhancing prosocial intervening behaviors and preventing sexual violence perpetration.

Methods

A random probability sample of 743 male undergraduate students (aged 18 to 24 years) attending a large, urban university located in the southeastern United States was recruited online and randomized to either RealConsent (n=376) or a Web-based general health promotion program (n=367). Participants were surveyed online at baseline, postintervention, and 6-months postintervention. RealConsent was delivered via a password-protected Web portal that contained six 30-minute media-based and interactive modules covering knowledge of informed consent, communication skills regarding sex, the role of alcohol and male socialization in sexual violence, empathy for rape victims, and bystander education. Primary outcomes were self-reported prosocial intervening behaviors and sexual violence perpetration. Secondary outcomes were theoretical mediators (eg, knowledge, attitudes).

Results

At 6-month follow-up RealConsent participants intervened more often (P=.04) and engaged in less sexual violence perpetration (P=.04) compared to controls. In addition, RealConsent participants reported greater legal knowledge of sexual assault (P<.001), greater knowledge of effective consent (P<.001), less rape myths (P<.001), greater empathy for rape victims (P<.001), less negative date rape attitudes (P<.001), less hostility toward women (P=.01), greater intentions to intervene (P=.04), less hyper-gender ideology (P<.001), less positive outcome expectancies for nonconsensual sex (P=.03), more positive outcome expectancies for intervening (P<.001), and less comfort with other men’s inappropriate behaviors (P<.001).

Conclusions

Our results support the efficacy of RealConsent. Due to its Web-based format, RealConsent has potential for broad-based dissemination thereby increasing its overall public health impact on sexual violence.

Trial Registration

Clinicaltrials.gov: {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01903876","term_id":"NCT01903876"}}NCT01903876; http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01903876","term_id":"NCT01903876"}}NCT01903876 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6S1PXxWKt).     

Educating Adolescents About Healthy Sleep: Experimental Study of Effectiveness of Educational Leaflet

Aim

To evaluate how exposure to educational leaflet about healthy sleep affects knowledge about sleep in adolescents.

Methods

The study included students aged 15-18 years from 12 high schools (1209 participants; 85% of eligible study population). Multistage sampling was used and the selected schools were randomly assigned into two intervention groups and two control groups, according to the Solomon experimental design. Intervention groups received educational leaflets and control groups did not. In one of the intervention groups and one of the control groups, pre-testing of knowledge about sleep was performed. Students answered the Sleep Knowledge Test, which was constructed in accordance with the information on the leaflet. Data were analyzed by four-way ANOVA and additional analyses of simple main effects were performed.

Results

Positive effect of educational leaflet was found in students aged 15 (F = 28.46; P < 0.001), 16 (F = 5.74; P = 0.017), and 17 (F = 17.17; P < 0.001), but there was no effect in students aged 18 (P = 0.467). In male students, positive effect of the leaflet was found only in the group that had not been pre-tested (F = 6.29; P = 0.012), while in female students, it was found in both pre-tested (F = 26.24; P < 0.001) and not pre-tested group (F = 17.36; P < 0.001), with greater effect in pre-tested group (F = 5.70; P = 0.017). Female students generally showed better knowledge about sleep than male students (F = 95.95; P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Educational leaflets can be an effective first step in educating younger high school students about healthy sleep, with the method being more effective in female adolescents.Sleep education has been used as a method of primary and secondary prevention of sleep problems in all age groups (1-3). An especially vulnerable age group are adolescents who frequently have poor sleep habits and suffer from sleep deprivation (4-6). In adolescents, insufficient sleep, inadequate sleep quality, and irregular sleep patterns are associated with daytime sleepiness, negative moods, increased likelihood of stimulant use, higher levels of risk-taking behavior, poor school performance, and increased risk of unintentional injuries (7-10). As an US study has shown, sleepiness was the major causal factor in many traffic accidents and more than 50% of sleep-related crashes involved drivers aged 25 or younger (11).Having in mind that adolescence is not only a period when sleep problems arise, but also a period when many life habits are established, adolescent education about healthy sleep becomes an important task. Different educational programs and public educational campaigns have been organized to increase the knowledge about healthy sleep and consequences of sleepiness in adolescents and their parents and teachers (12-14). The effects of such educational programs on adolescents’ sleep knowledge and characteristics have been described by several studies (2,12).Another way to increase knowledge about sleep and to foster positive behavioral changes regarding sleep in adolescents are public education campaigns. In order to achieve these goals, effective educational methods need to be developed and a systematic evaluation of their effectiveness performed. In this study, we evaluated the effect of our educational effort to increase adolescents’ knowledge about sleep. The method we used was exposure to leaflets, which is a commonly used method in public health campaigns. Since some studies have shown sex differences in school performance (15,16), we expected that sleep education would have a different effect on knowledge about sleep in boys than in girls. The effect of age on sleep education may also be expected because of possible differences in the basic knowledge about sleep in students of different age.     

Effect of sex education programme on at-risk sexual behaviour of school-going adolescents in Ilorin, Nigeria

Background

Adolescents display sexual behaviours and developmental characteristics that place them at risk for Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs). Because young people experiment sexually and because of the consequences of indiscriminate sexual activities on the youth, there is the need to mount sex education programmes that are geared towards enlightenment and appropriate education about sex and sexuality.

Objective

To determine whether Sex Education Intervention Programme would reduce at-risk sexual behaviours of school-going adolescents.

Design

Pre-test, post-test control group quasi-experimental design

Setting

A randomly selected co-educational school in Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria

Participants

24 school-going adolescents aged 13–19 years

Intervention

Sex Education Programme (treatment group) versus Control programme (placebo)

Main Outcome Measures

Self-reported exposure to sexually transmitted diseases, multiple sex partners, anal sex, oral sex, non use of condom.

Result

When the treatment (intervention) group was compared with the control group in an intention to treat analysis, there were significant differences in at-risk sexual behaviours of the two groups. Those in the intervention group reported less at-risk sexual behaviours than their counterparts in the control group. The treatment group evaluated the intervention programme positively and their knowledge of sexual health improved. Lack of behavioural effect on the control group could be linked to differential quality of delivery of intervention.

Conclusion

Compared with the control group, this specially designed intervention sex education programme reduced at-risk sexual behaviour in adolescents. Based on this finding, it was recommended that sex education be introduced into the curriculum of secondary school education in Nigeria.     

Social Support Patterns of Collegiate Athletes Before and After Injury

Context:

Social support has been identified as an important factor in facilitating recovery from injury. However, no previous authors have prospectively assessed the change in social support patterns before and after injury.

Objective:

To examine the preinjury and postinjury social support patterns among male and female collegiate athletes.

Design:

Prospective observational study.

Setting:

A Big Ten Conference university.

Patients or Other Participants:

A total of 256 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I male and female collegiate athletes aged 18 or older from 13 sports teams.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Injury incidence was identified using the Sports Injury Monitoring System. Social support was measured using the 6-item Social Support Questionnaire. Data on preinjury and postinjury social support patterns were compared.

Results:

Male athletes reported more sources of social support than female athletes, whereas female athletes had greater satisfaction with the support they received. Athletes'' social support patterns changed after they became injured. Injured athletes reported relying more on coaches (P  =  .003), athletic trainers (P < .0001), and physicians (P  =  .003) for social support after they became injured. Athletes also reported greater postinjury satisfaction with social support received from friends (P  =  .019), coaches (P  =  .001), athletic trainers (P < .0001), and physicians (P  =  .003).

Conclusions:

Our findings identify an urgent need to better define the psychosocial needs of injured athletes and also strongly suggest that athletic trainers have a critical role in meeting these needs.     

Condom use amongst out of school youths in a local government area in Nigeria

Background

Reported low condom use amongst out of school requires studying the context in which condom use occurs.

Methods

A cross sectional study of 350 out-of-school youth aged 15–24 years in a local government area of Nigeria was enrolled using cluster sampling.

Results

Those who had ever had sexual intercourse were 74.9%. Of these, 56.5% used no protection while 29.0% used condoms. Up to 78.6% have had sex within the preceding 12 months with 38.9% condom use. The commonest reason for non-condom use was that it reduces sexual enjoyment. Those who believed a single unprotected sexual exposure may result in HIV infection reported more condom use than those who believed otherwise (42% vs 27.2%, P<0.05). Those who had prior discussion with their partners on HIV/AIDS reported more condom use compared to those who had not (50% vs 25%, P<0.05). Also, those who had sexual intercourse occurring as a spontaneous event reported less condom use compared to those who have previously discussed about the possibility of having sex (68.0% vs 51.8%, P<0.05).

Conclusion

Condom use is likely to occur within relationships where opportunity exists for discussion on sexual matters. Thus, further studies are needed on communication and condom use within sexual partnerships.     

Family communication about HIV/AIDS and sexual behaviour among senior secondary school students in Accra,Ghana

Background

Sexually active adolescents in Ghana are increasingly at risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. As a primary agent of socialization, the family can exert a strong influence on adolescent sexual behaviour. Therefore, to aid in the design and implementation of effective prevention programmes, it is important to understand the role of the family in influencing sexual behaviour among school-going adolescents.

Objectives

To evaluate the relationship between family communications about HIV/AIDS and sexual activity and condom use among school-going adolescents in Accra, Ghana.

Method

A sample of 894 students (56.9% girls, 43.1% boys; mean age = 17.4 years, SD = 1.40) at two senior secondary schools in Accra completed a modified version of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) questionnaire, a self-administered instrument developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Analytical techniques utilized included logistic regression and chisquare.

Results

Twenty-five percent of the participants reported being sexually experienced, and 73.6% had talked about HIV/AIDS with parents or other family members. Of the sexually experienced students, 64.7% initiated first sexual intercourse by age 16; and 55.7% did not use a condom at last sexual intercourse. Bivariate analysis showed significant gender differences in sexual activity, condom use, and family communication about HIV/AIDS. Logistic regression analysis showed that student-family communication about HIV/AIDS was not associated with sexual activity. However, communication about HIV/AIDS between students and parents or other family members increased the odds of using a condom at last sexual intercourse.

Conclusions

The findings of this study suggest that prevention programmes that seek to educate Ghanaian school-going adolescents about sexual risk behaviour must strongly encourage communication about HIV/AIDS between students and family members.     

E-learning program for medical students in dermatology

INTRODUCTION:

Dermatological disorders are common in medical practice. In medical school, however, the time devoted to teaching dermatology is usually very limited. Therefore, online educational systems have increasingly been used in medical education settings to enhance exposure to dermatology.

OBJECTIVE:

The present study was designed to develop an e-learning program for medical students in dermatology and evaluate the impact of this program on learning.

METHODS:

This prospective study included second year medical students at the University of Technology and Science, Salvador, Brazil. All students attended discussion seminars and practical activities, and half of the students had adjunct online seminars (blended learning). Tests were given to all students before and after the courses, and test scores were evaluated.

RESULTS:

Students who participated in online discussions associated with face-to-face activities (blended learning) had significantly higher posttest scores (9.0±0.8) than those who only participated in classes (7.75±1.8, p <0.01).

CONCLUSIONS:

The results indicate that an associated online course might improve the learning of medical students in dermatology.     

Living with parents and risky sexual behaviors among preparatory school students in Jimma zone,South west Ethiopia

Background

Risky sexual behavior is any behavior that increases the probability of negative consequences associated with sexual contact. Family environment, peer influence, community factors and school attachment seem an important factor affecting sexual risk behavior and decision of in-school youths.

Objective

To assess sexual risk behaviors and associated factors among students living with parents in Jimma zone preparatory schools.

Methods

A cross sectional study designs both qualitative and quantitative approaches was conducted in 5 randomly selected preparatory schools. A total of 273 students were randomly selected. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to identify the independent predictor of risk sexual behavior.

Result

One hundred fiten (42.1%) students had sexual risk bahivor. Thirty six (30.8%) student''s reports they had two or more sexual partners in their lifetime. Out of 117 students, 13 (11.2%) students used condom always. One hundred one (37%) students were consumed alcohol. Higher likelihood of risky sexual behavior significantly associated with higher levels of alcohol consumption and low frequency of religious visit.

Conclusion

Alcohol consumption and religious visit were the major predictors of risky sexual behaviors. Therefore, Behavior change communication should consider family environment and other factors which predict risk sexual behaviors.