经尿道姑息性手术治疗晚期前列腺癌21例分析

目的:探讨前列腺癌致后尿道梗阻的治疗方法。方法:应用经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)治疗21例有后尿道梗阻的晚期前列腺癌,同时联合内分泌治疗。结果:全部患者主、客观症状,最大尿流率明显改善,前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)下降。结论:时晚期前列腺癌致后尿道梗阻TURP是安全可靠的姑息治疗方法,提高了患者的生存质量。     

经尿道前列腺汽化电切术治疗晚期前列腺癌致后尿道梗阻

目的:探讨经尿道前列腺汽化电切术对晚期前列腺癌致后尿道梗阻的治疗作用。方法:对22例晚期前列腺癌致后尿道梗阻患者采用经尿道前列腺汽化电切术(TUVP TURP)加双侧睾丸切除术和术后氟他胺口服治疗。结果:经尿道前列腺汽化电切术切除前列腺组织12~45 g,平均(23.23±6.90)g。术后均一次性解除后尿道梗阻,最大尿流率从术前(6.38±2.04)mL/s升至(14.15±1.95)mL/s,残余尿从术前平均125 mL减少至20 mL。国际前列腺症状评分从术前(29.54±3.19)分降至(8.54±1.58)分。生活质量评分从术前(5.35±0.63)分降至(1.15±0.37)分。术前后各参数值比较,P值均<0.05。结论:晚期前列腺癌致后尿道梗阻,在雄激素阻断治疗的同时,加用经尿道前列腺汽化电切术治疗,可有效、迅速改善后尿道梗阻症状,对提高患者生活质量有明显作用。     

经尿道前列腺电切术治疗晚期前列腺癌合并膀胱出口梗阻的疗效观察

目的探讨经尿道前列腺电切术（TURP）治疗晚期前列腺癌合并膀胱出口梗阻（BOO）的疗效。方法对24例前列腺癌合并BOO症状的患者采用经尿道前列腺电切术同时切除双侧睾丸,术后使用抗雄激素药物治疗,比较治疗前、后患者的临床症状、国际前列腺症状评分（IPSS）、前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）水平及最大尿流率（Qmax）的变化。结果手术后患者排尿困难、尿潴留、血尿等症状显著改善;与手术前比较,手术后患者IPSS评分和血清PSA水平均显著下降,最大尿流率明显增加（均P〈0．05）。结论经尿道前列腺电切术是治疗晚期前列腺癌合并B00的有效方法。     

经尿道电汽术治疗晚期前列腺癌（附43例报告）

目的：探讨经尿道前列腺电汽术（TVP）治疗晚期前列腺癌所致尿道梗阻的效果。方法：对43例晚期前列腺癌病人行经尿道前列腺电汽术（TVP）及去势术治疗。结果：切除前列腺组织15—42g，平均22．3g，同际前列腺症状评分（IPSS）由术前平均24．3分降至术后平均9．1分（P〈0．01，最大尿流率（MFR）由术前平均5．2mL／s升至术后平均14．4mL／s（P〈0．01），剩余尿由术前平均171mL降至术后平均37mL，生活质量评估（L）由术前平均4．9分降至术后平均1．8分。术后38例平均随访2．5年，4例癌性死亡。结论：TVP可有效减轻临床症状，提高生活质量。     

经尿道前列腺汽化电切术联合内分泌治疗晚期前列腺癌35例疗效分析

目的探讨晚期前列腺癌（PCa）伴尿道梗阻患者的治疗方法。方法对35例晚期前列腺癌致后尿道梗阻患者采用经尿道前列腺汽化电切术（TUVP）加双侧睾丸切除术和术后必卡他胺口服治疗。结果经治疗后,术后均一次性解除后尿道梗阻,最大尿流速度从术前（9．2±1．5）mL／s升至（17．4±2．6）ml／s,血清前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）从术前（42．1±3．2）μg/L降至（16．4±2．1）μg/L,残余尿从术前（71．3±4．2）ml减少至（13．2±3．1）ml,国际前列腺症状评分（IPSS）从术前（24．3±3．2）分降至（9．1±1．5）分,生活质量评分（QOL）从术前（5．1±1．3）分降至（1．3±0．8）分。手术前后各参数值比较,P值均〈0．05。随访6—36月,临床症状明显改善,排尿满意,全部带瘤存活。结论晚期前列腺癌致后尿道梗阻,在雄激素阻断治疗的同时,加用TUVP,可有效、迅速改善后尿道梗阻症状,明显提高患者生活质量。     

经尿道前列腺隧道式电切治疗前列腺癌近距离照射治疗术后尿潴留的临床应用（附8例报告）

目的探讨经尿道前列腺隧道式电切治疗前列腺癌近距离照射治疗术后尿潴留的适应证、手术时机及其对近距离照射治疗疗效的影响。方法2009年2月至2013年1月间,利用经尿道前列腺隧道式电切术治疗前列腺癌近距离照射治疗术后反复尿潴留患者共8例,回顾分析其临床资料。结果8例近距离照射治疗患者术后1．5～4．5个月,行经尿道前列腺隧道式电切,手术时间30～50min,取出粒子o～5颗。采用美国近距离治疗协会推荐分级表评估电切术后尿道症状,随访6～19个月,尿道症状0级2例,Ⅰ级6例,较术前（Ⅳ级）显著改善。前列腺特异抗原（prostate specific antigen,PsA）生化复发患者1例,加用内分泌治疗;其余患者PSA为（0．42±0．40）ng／ml,无PSA生化复发。结论前列腺癌近距离照射治疗术后反复尿潴留,早期行经尿道前列腺隧道式电切是安全有效的,且电切后对近距离照射治疗疗效无明显影响。     

KTP激光汽化术治疗232例高龄、高危良性前列腺增生症的围手术期处理

目的总结应用磷酸钛氧钾晶体（KTP）激光汽化术治疗232例良性前列腺增生症（BPH）患者的围手术期处理经验。方法对232例80岁以上高危BPH患者采用经尿道选择性绿激光前列腺汽化切除术,通过IPSS评分和最大尿流率（MFR）评价其疗效,探讨对高龄、高危BPH患者围手术期处理经验。结果平均手术时间62min,IPSS评分由术前25．6±3．6下降至术后3个月的13．1±1．7（P〈0．001）;MFR由术前7．8±2．1mL／s上升至术后3个月的15．4±4．4mL／s（P〈0．001）,术后并发尿道狭窄1例,继发出血6例,尿路感染5例,无真性尿失禁,无1例死亡。结论KTP激光汽化术是治疗该类BPH患者有效、安全的微创手术方法。对高龄、高危BPH患者做好围手术期处理,能有效减少相关并发症的发生,提高手术的安全性及成功率。     

经尿道前列腺电汽化治疗前列腺癌

目的:探讨经尿道电汽化前列腺切除术解除前列腺癌所致膀胱出口梗阻的治疗经验。方法:应用铲状汽化电极和电切襻共行前列腺切除术12例,结合双侧睾丸切除和内分泌治疗。结果:全部病例排尿通畅。切割获取前列腺组织平均19.8g。术后国际前列腺症状评分由(22.5±4.6)分降至(8.8±2.3)分,最大尿流率由(6.5±3.2)mL/s提高至(16.5±4.5)mL/s,术后1～3个月PSA降至最低,由术前(67.5±6.8)ng/mL降至(5.1±3.5)ng/mL。结论:经尿道电汽化前列腺切除术可解除前列腺癌所致膀胱出口梗阻,提高患者生存质量。尽可能多的切除前列腺组织,可延缓术后再次梗阻时间。     

经尿道前列腺电汽化联合电切术治疗前列腺增生3000例分析

目的探讨经尿道前列腺电汽化术＋电切（TUVP＋TURP）手术方法治疗前列腺增生症（BPH）进行分析研究。方法采用经尿道前列腺电汽化术（TUVP）＋电切术（TURP）联合治疗前列腺（BPH）患者3 000例。结果手术过程顺利,视野清晰,出血量少,疗效满意,未出现严重并发症。随访6个月~3 a平均最大尿流率（Qmax）由术前（7.2±3.0）ml/s上升至（18.88±3.27）ml/s,平均前列腺症状评分（Ipss）由术前（29.79±3.5）分降至术后（9.10±2.67）分,平均剩余尿量从70~650 ml下降至0~20 ml。结论经尿道前列腺电汽化术（TUVP）＋电切术（TURP）联合治疗前列腺（BPH）兼有两者优点,是治疗前列腺增生症（BPH）的有效方法 。     

经尿道部分汽化电切联合电切术治疗高危前列腺增生47例分析

目的：探讨经尿道前列腺部分汽化电切（TUVP）联合电切术（TURP）治疗高危前列腺增生（BPH）的安全性及疗效。方法：回顾分析47例高危BPH患者采用部分TUVP联合TURP治疗的临床资料,随访5～20个月。结果：47例手术时间30～90 m in,无电切综合征（TURS）,术后下尿路梗阻症状均缓解,自行排尿通畅;手术前后国际前列腺症状评分（IPSS）、生活质量评分（QOL）、残余尿量（PVR）、最大尿流率（M FR）比较,差异均有显著性（P〈0.01）。结论：高危BPH可采用经尿道前列腺部分TUVP联合TURP治疗,安全,疗效满意。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.