Clinical and cytogenomic studies in a case of infertility associated with a nonmosaic dicentric Y chromosome

In this study, a short stature male with infertility is reported. Semen analysis and serum concentrations of FSH, LH, T and PRL were estimated. Chromosome analysis was performed on lymphocytes obtained from both the male and his parents. Cytogenomic studies were performed by fluorescent in situ hybridisation and the CytoScan^? HD array analysis to detect Y chromosomal rearrangements and copy number mutations. Semen analysis showed severe oligozoospermia. Numerous spermatogenic cells were observed in the semen, and approximately 60% of the cells examined in semen were primary spermatocytes, showing spermatogenic arrest at the primary spermatocyte level. Cytogenomic studies of blood revealed his karyotype which was 46,X,i(Y) (p11.32) (Yqter→Yp11.32::Yp11.32→Yqter).ish (DYZ3++, SRY++, SHOX‐). array (PLCXD1→SHOX) ×1,(SRY →GOLGA2P3Y)×2, (DHRSX→ ASMT, SPRY3 →IL9R)×3. The rearrangement Y chromosome is de novo. This is the first case reported with a nonmosaic 46,X, i (Y) (p11.32), which will be useful to estimate the infertility phenotype–molecular karyotype correlation. Haploinsufficiency of short stature homeobox‐containing gene is primarily responsible for the short stature. Aberrations in pseudoautosomal region 1 on the rearranged Y chromosome may result in the deficiency of X‐Y pairing or recombination, ultimately lead to the spermatogenic failure.     

特发性无精子症和严重少精子症患者Y染色体基因微缺失分析

目的：研究Y染色体基因微缺失与特发性无精子症和严重少精子症的关系，并建立一个灵敏、操作简便的分子检测方法。方法：应用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)法对65例特发性无精子症患者、27例严重少精子症患者进行Y染色体YRRM1、DAZ、DYS1基因微缺失的检测。结果：65例特发性无精子症患者中，3例发生YRRM1基因微缺失，发生率为4．6％；5例发生DAZ基因微缺失，发生率为7．7％。27例严重少精子症患者中，1例发生YRRM1基因微缺失，发生率为3．7％；2例发生DAZ基因微缺失，发生率为7．4％。92例患者中均未发现DYS1基因微缺失。结论：YRRM1和DAZ基因位点的微缺失与特发性无精子症和严重少精子症有一定的相关性，DYS1基因缺失与男性生精障碍的相关性仍需进一步研究明确。应用荧光定量PCR法检测Y染色体微缺失具有灵敏、快速、操作简便的特点。     

Y染色体微缺失与无精子症少精子症关系的研究

目的 探讨Y染色体微缺失与无精子症、少精子症的关系.方法 应用多重聚合酶链反应技术(PCR)对127例无精子症(80例)和严重少精子症(47例)的不育患者及60例正常生育男性进行Y染色体AZF基因、DAZ外显子检测.结果 无精子和严重少精子患者Y染色体微缺失7例,缺失率5.51%.其中AZFc缺失2例,DAZ外显子缺失5例.少精子症组缺失率8.51%,无精子症组缺失率3.75%,小睾丸组的缺失率6.54%,正常睾丸组缺失率4.94%,正常生育男性AZF基因和DAZ外显子均未检测到缺失.结论 (1)AZF因子、DAZ外显子微缺失可导致无精子症、严重少精子症:(2)绝大部分无精子、严重少精子患者Y染色体AZF因子、DAZ外显子并没有微缺失,有必要再去寻找新的精子发生基因.     

Detection of chromosomal abnormality and Y chromosome microdeletion in patients with azoospermia and oligozoospermia

Objective:To investigate the chromosomal abnormality and Y chromosome microdeletion in patients with azoospermia and oligozoospermia.Methods:Cytogenetic karyotype analysis and multiplex PCR were used to detect chromosomal abnormality and Y chromosome microdeletion in 99 azoospermic and 57 oligospermic patients(total 156).45 fertile men were includ-ed as controls.Results:31 patients were found with chromosomal abnormalities in 156 cases(31/156,19.9 %),20 cases showed 47,XXY,2 cases showed 46,XY/47,XXY,7 cases had Y chromosome structural abnormalities and 2 had autosomal chromosome abnormalities.There were significant differences between the frequency of AZF microde-letion in 125 cases with normal karyotype and 45 controls(P<0.01).The frequency of AZF microdeletion in 68 azoospermic and 57 oligospermic patients were 14.7%(10/68)and 15.8%(9/57)respectively,the difference was not significant(P>0.05).AZFa,AZFb,AZFa+b,AZFb+c,AZFa+b+d and AZFb+c+d mierodeletions were found in azoospermic patients.AZFb,AZFc,AZFd,AZFb+c+d and AZFc+d microdeletions were found in oligo-spermic patients.Conxlusion:The frequency of chromosomal abnormality was 19.9% and the frequency of Y chromosome mi-crodeletion was 15.2% in patient with azoospermia and oligozoospermia.We should pay close attention to this prob-lem.     

Clinical management and molecular cytogenetic characterization in a 45,X/46,X,idic(Yp) patient with severe hypospadia

Cryptorchidism and proximal hypospadia in a newborn are highly suspicious for an intersex disorder, and proper investigations should be planned immediately after birth. In some hypospadic patients, the presence of a palpable gonad in the scrotum may induce to assign the male sex, whereas the anatomy of internal and external genitalia could be extremely complex, requiring an accurate evaluation before any definitive attribution of gender. The authors present a case of an infant, referred to the hospital for surgical treatment of a proximal hypospadia, who showed ambiguous external genitalia, absence of the right gonad, a partially dysgenetic left testis, and presence of both müllerian and wolffian structures. Cytogenetic analysis detected a mosaicism with a cell line showing an isodicentric Yp chromosome and a second one, a 45, X chromosomal complement. Because the baby had been assigned previously to male gender, he underwent a staged masculinizing correction of the genital anomalies. The authors discuss the necessity of a careful evaluation of these patients at birth by a multispecialistic team, for appropriate sex assignment and for the assessment of the risk of neoplastic degeneration.     

The prevalence of azoospermia factor microdeletion on the Y chromosome of Chinese infertile men detected by multi-analyte suspension array technology

Aim： To develop a high-throughput multiplex, fast and simple assay to scan azoospermia factor （AZF） region microdeletions on the Y chromosome and establish the prevalence of Y chromosomal microdeletions in Chinese infertile males with azoospermia or oligozoospermia. Methods： In total, 178 infertile patients with azoospermia （nonobstructed）, 134 infertile patients with oligozoospermia as well as 40 fertile man controls were included in the present study. The samples were screened for AZF microdeletion using optimized multi-analyte suspension array （MASA） technology. Results： Of the 312 patients, 36 （11.5%） were found to have deletions in the AZF region. The rnicrodeletion frequency was 14% （25/178） in the azoospermia group and 8.2% （11/134） in the oligospermia group. Among 36 patients with microdeletions, 19 had deletions in the AZFc region, seven had deletions in AZFa and six had deletions in AZFb. In addition, four patients had both AZFb and AZFc deletions. No deletion in the AZF region was found in the 40 fertile controls. Conclusion： There is a high prevalence of Y chromosomal microdeletions in Chinese infertile males with azoospermia or oligozoospermia. The MASA technology, which has been established in the present study, provides a sensitive and high-throughput method for detecting the deletion of the Y chromosome. And the results suggest that genetic screening should be advised to infertile men before starting assisted reproductive treatments.     

Frequency of Y chromosome microdeletions and chromosomal abnormalities in infertile Thai men with oligozoospermia and azoospermia

Aim： To investigate the possible causes of oligozoospermia and azoospermia in infertile Thai men, and to find the frequencies of Y chromosome microdeletions and cytogenetic abnormalities in this group. Methods： From June 2003 to November 2005, 50 azoospermic and 80 oligozoospermic men were enrolled in the study. A detailed history was taken for each man, followed by general and genital examinations. Y chromosome microdeletions were detected by multiplex polymerase chain reaction （PCR） using 11 gene-specific primers that covered all three regions of the azoospermic factor （AZFa, AZFb and AZFc）. Fifty men with normal semen analysis were also studied. Karyotyping was done with the standard G- and Q-banding. Serum concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone （FSH）, luteinizing hormone （LH）, prolactin （PRL） and testosterone were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassays （ECLIA）. Results： Azoospermia and oligozoospermia could be explained by previous orchitis in 22.3%, former bilateral cryptorchidism in 19.2%, abnormal karyotypes in 4.6% and Y chromosome microdeletions in 3.8% of the subjects. The most frequent deletions were in the AZFc region （50%）, followed by AZFb （33%） and AZFbc （17%）. No significant difference was detected in hormonal profiles of infertile men, with or without microdeletions. Conclusion： The frequencies of Y chromosome microdeletions and cytogenetic abnormalities in oligozoospermic and azoospermic Thai men are comparable with similarly infertile men from other Asian and Western countries.     

严重少精子症及非梗阻性无精子症患者Y染色体微缺失分析

目的探讨严重少精子症及非梗阻性无精子症与Y染色体长臂微缺失之间的关系。方法该病例对照研究包括216例严重少精子症、189例非梗阻性无精子症患者及100例精液参数正常的对照。采用多重PCR对Y染色体AZFa、AZFb、AZFc及AZFd区域进行检测。玷果在严重性少精子症患者中,AZF总缺失率为10．65％（23／216）,其中以AZFc区缺失最常见,占缺失的78．26％（18／23）;在非梗阻性无精子症患者中,AZF总缺失率为13．76％（26／189）,其中也以AZFc区缺失最常见,占缺失的57．69％（15／26）;在正常对照中发现1例AZFb缺失,两病例组AZF区缺失分别与对照组相比较均具有显著差异（X^2=9．066,P=0．003;X^2=10．74,P=0．001）。结论通过对Y染色体微缺失的检查可以从基因水平寻找生精障碍的原因以及为优生优育提供可靠的遗传信息依据。     

Y染色体上热休克转录因子在无、少精子症患者精液、睾丸中的缺失研究

目的 通过检测无、少精子症不育患者睾丸、精液基因组HSFY基因缺失情况,探讨其病因的基因诊断方法.方法 选择35例特发性无、少精子症患者作为研究对象,其中少精子症18例、严重少精子症12例、无精子症5例;10例正常已生育健康男性作为正常对照.应用PCR技术,检测每例患者睾丸、精液中精子基因组中的Y染色体上特异性序列标签位点(STS)的引物扩增了解基因缺失情况.结果 35例患者中5例表现睾丸、精液中精子基因组微缺失,其中少精子症2例,严重少精子症3例;其余30例患者和10例正常对照睾丸、精液中精子基因组未见基因微缺失.结论 AZFb区热休克转录因子基因的部分缺失将会使精子数量明显减少.     

Routine screening for classical azoospermia factor deletions of the Y chromosome in azoospermic patients with Klinefelter syndrome

Aim： To evaluate the occurrence of classical azoospermia factor （AZF） deletions of the Y chromosome as a routine examination in azoospermic subjects with Klinefelter syndrome （KS）. Methods： Blood samples were collected from 95 azoospermic subjects with KS （91 subjects had a 47,XXY karyotype and four subjects had a mosaic 47,XXY/46, XY karyotype） and a control group of 93 fertile men. The values of testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone （FSH） and luteinizing hormone （LH） were measured. To determine the presence of Y chromosome microdeletions, polymerase chain reaction （PCR） of five sequence-tagged site primers （sY84, sY 129, sY 134, sY254, sY255） spanning the AZF region, was performed on isolated genomic DNA. Results： Y chromosome microdeletions were not found in any of the 95 azoosperrnic subjects with KS. In addition, using similar conditions of PCR, no microdeletions were observed in the 93 fertile men evaluated. The level of FSH in KS subjects was higher than that in fertile men （38.2 ± 10.3 mIU/mL vs. 5.4 ±2.9 mIU/mL, P 〈 0.001） and the testosterone level was lower than that in the control group （1.7 ±0.3 ng/mL vs. 4.3 ± 1.3 ng/mL, P 〈 0.001）. Conclusion： Our data and review of the published literature suggest that classical AZF deletions might not play a role in predisposing genetic background for the phenotype of azoospermic KS subjects with a 47,XXY karyotype. In addition, routine screening for the classical AZF deletions might not be required for these subjects. Further studies including partial AZFc deletions （e.g. gr/gr or b2/b3） are necessary to establish other mechanism underlying severe spermatogenesis impairment in KS.     

A rare case of de novo balanced reciprocal Y:1 chromosomal translocation in patient presenting with azoospermia

Presence of chromosomal anomalies is well known to be associated with reproductive failures where the incidence of chromosomal translocations is higher. Y:1 chromosomal translocations are reported to be rare and may have variable phenotypic effects such as infertility amongst others. The patient presented with azoospermia and dyslipidemia and coronary arterial disease. Cytogenetic tests such as karyotyping revealed the translocation, and fluorescent in situ hybridisation was performed to investigate the presence or absence of SRY gene. The SRY gene was found to be located on the p arm of the derivative Y chromosome. The test for Y chromosome microdeletions was reported to be negative for the AZF gene regions tested. Here we report the first case of Y:1 chromosomal translocation involving the break points (q11.2;p21) from India.     

Clinical and pathological correlation of the microdeletion of Y chromosome for the 30 patients with azoospermia and severe oligoasthenospermia

Aim: To review the accumulated 30 patients with different area of Y chromosome microdeletions, focus-ing on their correlation with the clinical and pathological findings. Methods: A total of 334 consecutive infertile men with azoospermia (218 patients) and severe oligoasthenospermia (116 patients) were screened. Complete physical and endocrinological examinations, general chromosome study and multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay to evaluate the Y chromosome microdeletion were performed. Ten patients received testicular biopsy. Then the clinical and pathological findings were analyzed with reference to the areas of Y chromosome microdeletion. Results: There is a decline of the percentage of sperm appearing in semen in the group that the gene deletion region from AZFc to AZFb. The clinical evidence of the impairment (decreased testicular size and elevated serum FSH) is also relevantly aggravated in this group. However, the pathology of testicular biopsy specimen was poorly correlated with the different deletion areas of the Y chromosome, which may be due to the limited number of specimens. Conclusion:The clinical correlation of spermatogenic impairment to the different AZF deletion regions may provide the information for the infertile couples in pre-treatment counseling. (Asian JAndrol 2004 Dec; 6:369-375)     

特发性无精子症和严重少精子症患者无精子因子的检测及其意义

目的：探讨引起特发性无精子和严重少精子造成男性不育的遗传学原因和检测无精子因子(AZF)的临床意义。方法：对50例特发性男性不育患者(不育组)和50例正常生育者(对照组)的外周血标本．提取基因组DNA,通过多重聚合酶链反应检测Y染色体AZt?微缺失。结果：对照组均可见SRY、SY84、SY86、YRRM1(RBM1)和SY254(DAZ)扩增带。不育组6例(无精子症4例．严重少精子症2例)可见SRY扩增带．但未见SY254扩增带,其中2例同时未见YRRM。扩增带;1例仅未见YRRM。扩增带。结论：Y染色体AZF微缺失是引起无精子和严重少精子并造成男性不育的重要原因之一;AZF微缺失检测对男性不育症患者进行遗传学诊断与筛查有一定意义。     

Rare case of monocentric isochromosome Y with inversion duplication of p arm in patient diagnosed with azoospermia

A patient presenting with azoospermia was referred for genetic evaluation, and upon karyotyping, he was revealed to have two cell lines—mos46,X,ider(Y)(q10)inv(Y)(p11.3q11.1)/45,X. Further cytogenetic studies such as C banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization were performed, which revealed an inversion duplication of a segment of the Y chromosome; hence, the derivative chromosome contained two SRY genes but only one centromere. Y chromosome microdeletion studies were performed in select STS sequences of AZFa, AZFb and AZFc regions and found to be negative for microdeletions. For such a case of infertility, the couple was advised to undergo artificial reproductive techniques with the help of donor spermatozoa.     

Molecular characterisation of a case of dicentric Y presented as nonobstructive azoospermia with testicular early maturation arrest

The dicentric Y chromosome is the most common cytogenetically visible structural abnormality of Y chromosome. The sites of break and fusion of dicentric Y are variable, but break and fusion at Yq12 (proximal to the pseudoautosomal region 2/PAR 2) is very rare. Dicentric Y chromosome is unstable during cell division and likely to generate chromosomal mosaicism. Here, we report a case of infertile male with nonmosaic 46,XY where chromosome Y was dicentric with break and fusion at Yq12 (proximal to PAR 2). Clinical presentation of the case was nonobstructive azoospermia due to early maturation arrest at the primary spermatocyte stage. Various molecular techniques such as FISH, STS‐PCR and DNA microarray were carried out to characterise genetic defect leading to testicular maturation arrest in the patient. The break and fusion was found at Yq12 (proximal to PAR 2) and resulted in near total duplication of Y chromosome (excluding PAR 2). The reason for maturation arrest seems due to CNVs of PARs (gain in PAR 1 and loss of PAR 2) and azoospermia factors (gain).     

Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism in a patient with inv ins (2;4)

We report on a 30-year-old man with azoospermia, primary hypogonadism and minor dysmorphic features who carried a balanced insertional chromosome translocation inv ins (2p24;4q28.3q31.22) de novo . Molecular cytogenetic analyses of the chromosome breakpoints revealed the localization of the breakpoint in 4q28.3 between BACs RP11-143E9 and RP11-285A15, an interval that harbours the PCDH10 gene. In 4q31.22, a breakpoint-spanning clone (RP11-6L6) was identified which contains the genes LSM6 and SLC10A7 . On chromosome 2, BACs RP11-531P14 and RP11-360O18 flank the breakpoint in 2p24, a region void of known genes. In conclusion, the chromosome aberration of this patient suggests a gene locus for primary hypogonadism in 2p24, 4q28.3 or 4q31.2, and three possible candidate genes ( LSM6 , SLC10A7 and PCDH10 ) were identified by breakpoint analyses.     

Associations of homologous RNA-binding motif gene on the X chromosome （RBMX） and its like sequence on chromosome 9 （RBMXL9） with non-obstructive azoospermia

Aim： To investigate the associations of autosomal and X-chromosome homologs of the RNA-binding-motif （RNAbinding-motif on the Y chromosome, RBMY） gene with non-obstructive azoospermia （NOA）, as genetic factors for NOA may map to chromosomes other than the Y chromosome. Methods： Genomic DNA was extracted using a salting-out procedure after treatment of peripheral blood leukocytes with proteinase K from Japanese patients with NOA （n = 67） and normal fertile volunteers （n = 105）. The DNA were analyzed for RBMX by expressed sequence tag （EST） deletion and for the like sequence on chromosome 9 （RBMXL9） by microsatellite polymorphism. Results： We examined six ESTs in and around RBMX and found a deletion of SHGC31764 in one patient with NOA and a deletion of DXS7491 in one other patient with NOA. No deletions were detected in control subjects. The association study with nine microsatellite markers near RBMXL9 revealed that D9S319 was less prevalent in patients than in control subjects, whereas D9S1853 was detected more frequently in patients than that in control subjects. Conclusion： We provide evidence that deletions in or around RBMX may be involved in NOA. In addition, analyses of markers in the vicinity of RBMXL9 on chromosome 9 suggest the possibility that variants of this gene may be associated with NOA. Although further studies are necessary, this is the first report of the association between RBMX and RBMXL9 with NOA. （Asian J Andro12006 Mar; 8： 213-218）     

肾病综合征儿童矮身材的机制与治疗

原发性肾病综合征(PNS)是儿童常见肾脏病。糖皮质激素及其他免疫抑制剂的广泛应用使肾病综合征的治愈率及生存率得到了显著的提高。但肾病综合征自身复杂的病理生理机制及糖皮质激素等免疫抑制剂的长期使用导致了肾病综合征患儿生长发育迟缓问题越显突出,而儿童时期生长发育对成年后的身高具有重要影响。对于PNS儿童矮身材的防治目前尚无系统的成熟的方案,应用重组人生长激素治疗矮身材儿童是目前的主要手段,但其安全性及有效性仍需要进一步的研究给予证实。     

无精症患者的遗传因素与性激素水平的临床分析

目的:探讨无精症患者的遗传因素与性激素水平的关系。方法:选取本院2015年7月至2019年9月被确诊为无精症的113例患者作为试验组,30例精子数量正常人作为对照组,分别进行外周血染色体核型、Y染色体AZF微缺失以及性激素检测。结果:在113例无精症患者中检出染色体异常核型36例(31.9%),异常核型具体如下：47,...     

大鼠垂体瘤模型下丘脑中神经肽Y及其受体的表达变化

目的观察神经肽Y（NPY）及其受体在垂体腺瘤模型大鼠下丘脑中的表达，探讨下丘脑中NPY表达变化与垂体腺瘤形成的关系。方法雌性Wistar大鼠40只，摘除双侧卵巢后，通过腹腔注射雌激素的方法建立大鼠垂体腺瘤模型，在此基础上采用免疫组织化学和逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）的方法，研究大鼠下丘脑中NPY及其受体的表达。结果实验组大鼠符合垂体腺瘤的诊断标准；免疫组织化学和RT—PCR研究结果表明，在实验组大鼠下丘脑中NPY及其Y1受体（Y1R）的表达水平明显低于对照组。Y2受体（Y2R）在两组之间的表达水平差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论通过雌激素诱导Wistar大鼠，可以成功建立垂体腺瘤动物模型；实验组大鼠下丘脑中NPY及其Y1R表达下调可能与肿瘤发生有关。