Metformin decreases testicular damages following ischaemia/reperfusion injury in rats

The effects of metformin on a testicular torsion injury in adolescent rat testis after I/R were evaluated in the present study. Forty adolescent rats were divided into five groups with eight rats per group: a control group; a sham-operated group; an ischaemia group, where torsion was applied for 4 hr and testis was examined immediately after detorsion; an I/R group, where torsion was applied for 4 hr and the testis was examined 4 hr after detorsion; and an I/R + M group, where the metformin (300 mg/kg) administration was added to the identical procedures used for the I/R group. Spermatogenesis, basal membrane integrity and cleaved caspase-3 expression were assessed. The I/R + M group had a significantly higher Johnsen score than the I/R group (7.9 ± 0.1 vs. 7.5 ± 0.2; p < .001; F-value = 14.2). Failure of basal membrane integrity was highest in the ischaemia group (45 ± 5) compared to the other groups (control group, 20 ± 5; sham-operated group, 16.6 ± 2.8), but not different between the I/R + M (31.6 ± 12.5) and the I/R groups (25 ± 3.5). Cleaved caspase-3 expression was highest in the ischaemia group (73.5 ± 0.7), and significantly lower in the I/R + M group (33.4 ± 0.9) than the I/R group (58.5 ± 0.2; p < .05; F-value = 7.6). Metformin decreases testicular damage by exerting protection against the harmful effects of I/R on spermatogenesis and alleviating apoptosis in adolescent rat testis.     

Protective effects of Urtica dioica L. on experimental testicular ischaemia reperfusion injury in rats

In this study, it was aimed to examine the effects of Urtica dioica L. (UD) that has antioxidant feature in the experimental testicular I/R model in rats in terms of anti‐apoptotic and antioxidative effects. In our study, 24 male rats were divided into three groups: control group, I/R group and I/R + UD (2 mg kg^?1) group. Seminiferous tubule calibre measurement, Johnson score, haematoxylin–eosin staining, proliferative cell nucleus antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemical staining and TUNEL as histopathological have been conducted. The structural deterioration in the testicular on I/R group has reduced after the treatment of UD. Our data indicate a significant reduction in the activity of in situ identification of apoptosis using terminal dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL), and there was a rise in the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in testis tissues of UD‐treated rats in the I/R group. The I/R + UD group showed a decrease in malondialdehyde levels and an increase in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in comparison with the I/R group. It could be concluded that protective effects of UD on the I/R testicles are via reduction of histological damage, apoptosis, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation.     

Protective effect of liraglutide on experimental testicular ischaemia reperfusion in rats

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of liraglutide on experimental testicular ischaemia reperfusion in rats in terms of biochemistry, histopathology and immunohistochemistry. A total of 28 male Wistar-Albino rats were divided randomly into 4 groups: control (7), sham (7), ischaemia-reperfusion (7) and ischaemia-reperfusion + liraglutide (7). Biochemically, Nitric Oxide, Malondialdehyde, Superoxide dismutase, Glutathione peroxidase and Catalase levels were measured in the testis. Apoptosis protease activating factor-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity were evaluated immunohistochemically as well. Statistical analyses were made via the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests. In the reperfusion group, CAT and SOD values were increased (p > .05), NO and MDA values were decreased (p < .05) after administration of liraglutide. In addition, GPx values were significantly increased in ischaemia reperfusion + liraglutide administered group compared to reperfusion group (p < .05). Apaf-1 and iNOS activity were significantly decreased with the addition of liraglutide treatment to the ischaemia-reperfusion group (p < .05). First of all, we would like to say that liraglutide treatment is moderately preventive against I/R injury in testicular torsion. The anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties of liraglutide are create a moderately protective effect as we show in this study.     

Effects of amlodipine on ischaemia/reperfusion injury in the rat testis

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of amlodipine (AML) in rat testicular torsion/detorsion damage. In this study, rats were divided into eight groups: (i) sham; (ii) testicular ischaemia, 2 h of ischaemia; (iii) testicular ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R), 2 h of ischaemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion; (iv) ischaemia + AML (5 mg kg^?1) administered 30 min before ischaemia; (v) ischaemia + AML (10 mg kg^?1) administered 30 min before ischaemia; (vi) and (vii) I/R + AML (5 mg kg^?1) and I/R + AML (10 mg kg^?1) administered 1.5 h after the induction of ischaemia, respectively, and at the end of a 2‐h ischaemia period and a 2‐h reperfusion period applied; and (viii) sham + AML (10 mg kg^?1). Significant decreases in levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione were observed in ischaemia and reperfusion groups when compared with healthy controls. These antioxidant levels increased in AML groups while malondialdehyde levels significantly decreased. While increases in tumour necrosis factor‐alpha and transforming growth factor‐beta levels were found in the torsion and detorsion groups, significant decreases in the levels of these inflammatory cytokines were observed in the treatment groups. These results demonstrate that AML significantly produced protective effects on testis tissue damage that occurs in the torsion/detorsion model via biochemical, histopathological and molecular pathways.     

Protective effects of Stevia rebaudiana aqueous extract on experimental unilateral testicular ischaemia/reperfusion injury in rats

This project aimed to examine Stevia rebaudiana aqueous extract protective effects on testicular ischaemia/reperfusion injury of rats. Forty rats were randomly divided into five groups: (1) sham group, (2) torsion/detorsion group, (3 and 4) low and high doses treatment groups received S. rebaudiana extract intraperitoneally 30 min before detorsion by 500 and 1,000 mg/kg respectively, and (5) healthy group received the extract by 1,000 mg/kg. In this study, left testes were rotated 2 hr, reperfusion period took long 5 hr, and then orchiectomy was performed. Histopathological and biochemical evaluations of testicular tissue samples were performed. Histopathologically, sham and healthy groups exhibited normal seminiferous tubules. Germinal cell necrosis, interstitial oedema, haemorrhage and congestion were seen in torsion/detorsion group. Testicular tissues of both treatment groups revealed lower histopathological alterations. Significant higher malondialdehyde level was observed in torsion/detorsion group than sham and healthy groups (p < .05). Compared with torsion/detorsion group, S. rebaudiana extract significantly reduced malondialdehyde level in treatment groups (p < .05). Torsion/detorsion group had significantly lower glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities than sham and healthy groups, and these parameters showed significant increase in treatment groups compared with torsion/detorsion group (p < .05). The results revealed S. rebaudiana has this potential to protect the testes from ischaemia/reperfusion injury.     

Sitagliptin protects male albino rats with testicular ischaemia/reperfusion damage: Modulation of VCAM-1 and VEGF-A

Twisting of the spermatic cord is considered a popular problem in the urological field, which may lead to testicular necrosis and male infertility. Sitagliptin, a glucose-lowering agent, proved to have a vindicatory function in myocardial and renal ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R), but its role in testicular I/R has not yet been studied. The current work investigates its capability to recover the testicular I/R injury with shedding more light on the mechanism of its action. Four groups were used: sham, sham pretreated with sitagliptin, I/R and sitagliptin/I/R-pretreated groups. The outcomes proved that I/R significantly decreased the serum testosterone, with a major increase in oxidative, inflammatory and nitrosative stress, along with a reduction in testicular vascular endothelial growth factor-A level with marked germinal cell apoptosis. However, pretreatment with sitagliptin significantly reversed the profound testicular I/R damaging effects, on the basis of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities with the ability of recuperation of the testicular vascularity.     

Rabbit anti‐rat thymocyte immunoglobulin preserves renal function during ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat kidney transplantation

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is an important cause of renal graft dysfunction in humans. Increases in cold and warm ischemia times lead to a higher risk of early post‐transplant complications including delayed graft function and acute rejection. Moreover, prolonged cold ischemia is a predictor of long‐term kidney graft loss. The protective effect of rabbit anti‐rat thymocyte immunoglobulin (rATG) was evaluated in a rat model of I/R injury following syngeneic kidney transplantation. Serum creatinine concentration was evaluated at 16 h and 24 h post‐transplant. Animals were sacrificed 24 h post‐transplant for evaluation of histology, infiltrating leukocytes, nitrotyrosine staining, and apoptosis. rATG was effective in preventing renal function impairment, tissue damage and tubular apoptosis associated with I/R only when was given 2 h before transplantation but not at the time of reperfusion. Pretransplant rATG treatment of recipient animals effectively reduced the amount of macrophages, CD4⁺, CD8⁺ T cells and LFA‐1⁺ cells infiltrating renal graft subjected to cold ischemia as well as granzyme‐B expression within ischemic kidney. On the other hand, granulocyte infiltration and oxidative stress were not modified by rATG. If these results will be translated into the clinical setting, pretransplant administration of Thymoglobuline^® could offer the additional advantage over peri‐transplant administration of limiting I/R‐mediated kidney graft damage.     

Effects of erythropoietin on ischaemia/reperfusion injury in a controlled nonheart beating donor kidney model.

Erythropoietin (EPO) has been shown to have an anti-apoptotic action and has the potential to protect against ischaemia/reperfusion injury. This study investigated the effect of high dose EPO (5000 U), administered as a bolus at the onset of reperfusion and at the onset of cold storage in a model of controlled nonheart beating donors kidneys. Porcine kidneys(n = 6) were subjected to 10min warm ischaemia and preserved as follows: Group 1:16 h Cold storage +2 h Normothermic perfusion (16 h CS + 2 h NP) Group 2:16 h CS + 2 h NP + EPO given at the onset of reperfusion Group 3:18 h CS (static hypothermic storage) Group 4:18 h CS + EPO given at the onset of cold storage Haemodynamic and functional parameters were assessed during 3-h reperfusion using autologous blood. Renal blood flow improved in Groups 1 and 2 vs. Groups 3 and 4 though no difference was noted between Groups 3 and 4 (563 +/- 119 vs. 491 +/- 95 vs. 325 +/- 70 vs. 418 +/- 112, respectively; P = 0.012). Total urine output showed no difference between Groups (271 +/- 172 vs. 359 +/- 184 vs. 302 +/- 21 vs. 421 +/- 88; P = 0.576). Percentage serum creatinine fall at 3 h was significantly better in Groups 1 and 2 vs. Group 3 (64 +/- 17 vs. 60 +/- 11 vs. 44 +/- 13 vs. 52 +/- 8; P = 0.04). Fractional-excretion of sodium was significantly lower for Groups 1 and 2 vs. Group 3 and 4 (17 +/- 14 vs. 18 +/- 9 vs. 49 +/- 21 vs. 45 +/- 16 respectively; P = 0.002). There was significant improvement in oxygen consumption in Groups 2 vs. Groups 3 and 4 (P = 0.037) (39 +/- 10 vs. 46 +/- 10 vs. 24 +/- 12 vs. 24 +/- 7 respectively). EPO added at the time of reperfusion improved oxygen consumption when added to NP in comparison to static hypothermic storage but did not exert any other major benefits.     

Serine/threonine kinase, Cot/Tpl2, regulates renal cell apoptosis in ischaemia/reperfusion injury

Aim: Cot/Tpl2, a serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) protein kinase, has been classified as a member of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, and is known to have a pleiotropic role. Many studies have reported the involvement of Cot/Tpl2, mainly as a member of the Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 4 signalling pathway in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) production. At the same time, it is also related to the caspase‐dependent apoptotic pathway. Thus, the role of Cot/Tpl2 in ischaemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) in which TNF‐α and apoptosis are the major pathogenetic factors was studied. Methods: IRI was induced in wild type (Cot/Tpl2^+/+) mice and in Cot/Tpl2‐deficient (Cot/Tpl2^?/?) mice. The extent of tubular injury and renal function were studied. TNF‐α production, neutrophil infiltration and apoptosis were also compared between the two groups. Results: Cot/Tpl2^?/? mice had preserved renal function compared with wild type mice in IRI. Although Cot/Tpl2 was phosphorylated in IRI and in the cultured tubular epithelial cells (TEC) after stimulation with LPS and hydrogen peroxide, there were no significant differences in terms of TNF‐α production, neutrophil infiltration or MAPK activation between Cot/Tpl2^+/+ and Cot/Tpl2^?/? mice. In contrast, Cot/Tpl2^?/? mice showed obviously reduced terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end labelling positive cells and cleaved caspase‐3 positive cells. Furthermore, Cot/Tpl2‐deficient TECs demonstrated significantly less caspase‐3 activation after hydrogen peroxide stimulation with comparable caspase‐9 activation to wild type TEC. Conclusion: Cot/Tpl2 did not function as a member of MAPK family, but as a promoter of apoptosis in IRI. These results suggest that Cot/Tpl2 could be a possible therapeutic target in IRI.     

Pretreatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor attenuated renal ischaemia and reperfusion injury via activation of PI3/Akt signal pathway

Aim: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been shown to exert protective effects in various tissues and experimental models of ischaemia-induced injury. However, the mechanism of renoprotective action in ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) renal injury of G-CSF was unknown. Methods: Male C57BL/6J mice, subjected to renal ischaemia for 45 min, 48 h and 7 days reperfusion, were administered either saline, wortmannin, G-CSF, and G-CSF plus wortmannin 3 days prior to I/R. Saline-treated group served as the control. At 48 h and 7 days of reperfusion, the mice were killed. Results: Significantly, renal dysfunction and morphological injury were identified at 48 h and 7 days after I/R. Wortmannin pretreatment worsened the renal injury significantly. However, G-CSF pretreatment significantly attenuated renal injury, reduced the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling-positive ratio of renal tubular epithelial cells and inflammation cytokine expression in the kidney. Moreover, G-CSF pretreatment inhibited the expression of Bax and increased the expression of bcl-2 and p-Akt in the kidney. Wortmannin blunted the beneficial effects of G-CSF. Conclusion: The cytoprotective action of G-CSF against I/R injury seems to be associated with its anti-apoptotic action mediated by upregulation of p-Akt signal pathway.     

Protective effects of thymoquinone on experimental testicular ischaemia–reperfusion injury: an apoptotic,proliferative and biochemical study

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of thymoquinone (TQ), which has antioxidant properties in the experimental testicular I/R model in rats in terms of its anti‐apoptotic, proliferative and biochemical attributes. In our study, 24 male rats were divided into three groups: control group, I/R group and I/R+TQ group. Testicular torsion was created by rotating the left testis 720° in a clockwise direction. The ischaemia period was 4 h, and an orchiectomy was performed after 4 h of detorsion. Spermatogenesis and the mean seminiferous tubule diameter were significantly decreased in the I/R groups compared to the control group. Furthermore, TQ‐treated animals displayed an improved histological appearance in the I/R group. It was also observed that treatment with TQ increased the activity of PCNA, which decreased as a result of I/R, and this treatment also reduced the number of TUNEL‐positive cells. The I/R+TQ group showed a decrease in malondialdehyde levels and an increase in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in comparison with the I/R group. It could be concluded that cytoprotective effects of TQ on the I/R testicles are via reduction of apoptosis, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation.     

Effect of amrinone on mucosal permeability in experimental intestinal ischaemia/reperfusion injury

BACKGROUND: The preventive effect of amrinone on ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury has been shown in the medical literature. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the preventive effect of amrinone on I/R injury of the small bowel of the rat. METHODS: Thirty-two Wistar albino rats (140-180 g) were divided into four groups (n = 8). In all groups except the sham group the superior mesenteric artery was clamped for 30 min. At the beginning of reperfusion, 1 mL of 2405 Bq/mL 51Cr-ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) was administered into the prepared ileal segment. Following 30 min of reperfusion, 1 mL of blood was obtained from the portal vein. After the rats were killed, the small intestine was removed for histopathological studies. A total of 5 mg/kg amrinone was administered to the rats in group 1 before ischaemia and in group 2 before reperfusion, whereas only saline was administered to the rats in the control group. Statistical analysis was carried out with Kruskal-Wallis and chi2 test, P < 0.01 was considered significant. RESULTS: Both the blood 51Cr-EDTA measurements (mean +/- SD) and mucosal injury grades (MIG) were highest in the control group (3.95 +/- 0.71 c.p.m.; MIG, 3-5) followed by group 2 (0.50 +/- 0.35 c.p.m.; MIG, 1-3), group 1 (0.47 +/- 0.34 c.p.m. MIG, 0-3), and sham group (0.12 +/- 0.05 c.p.m.; MIG, 0). The difference between groups 1 and 2 and the control group were statistically significant (P < 0.01 for each comparison). The results of group 1 and 2 were similar statistically (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Amrinone was found to be effective in preventing intestinal I/R injury.     

Protective effects of sumatriptan on ischaemia/reperfusion injury following torsion/detorsion in ipsilateral and contralateral testes of rat

This study was planned to evaluate the effects of sumatriptan, 5‐HT1B/1D receptors agonist, on ischaemia/reperfusion injury in bilateral testes after unilateral testicular torsion/detorsion in rats. Male Wistar rats (n = 42) were allocated into a sham‐operated group, a control group and treatment groups which were injected sumatriptan (0.1, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg), GR‐127935 (0.01 mg/kg)—5‐HT1B/1D receptors antagonist—and sumatriptan (0.1 mg/kg) + GR‐127935 (0.01 mg/kg). Torsion was induced for 1 hr by rotating right testis 720⁰ in the clockwise direction, and after 7 days of detorsion, bilateral orchiectomy was conducted. While the level of TNF‐α rose in testicular tissue after inducing torsion/detorsion, sumatriptan injection notably lowered TNF‐α level in ipsilateral (torted) and contralateral (nontorted) testes (p < 0.001). Moreover, after inducing testicular torsion/detorsion, SOD activity was decreased, whereas administration of sumatriptan significantly increased SOD activity in bilateral testes (p < 0.001). After induction of torsion/detorsion, macroscopic and histological analyses also showed severe damages which were improved by sumatriptan injection. Interestingly, co‐administration of sumatriptan with GR‐127935 reversed the beneficial impacts of sumatriptan on macroscopic appearance, microscopic pattern and biochemical markers. It is concluded that sumatriptan presumably via stimulation of 5‐HT_1B/1D receptors decreased inflammation, oxidative stress and deteriorations induced by ischaemia/reperfusion injury following testicular torsion/detorsion.     

Curcumin and dexmedetomidine prevents oxidative stress and renal injury in hind limb ischemia/reperfusion injury in a rat model

Curcumin and dexmedetomidine have been shown to have protective effects in ischemia–reperfusion injury on various organs. However, their protective effects on kidney tissue against ischemia–reperfusion injury remain unclear. We aimed to determine whether curcumin or dexmedetomidine prevents renal tissue from injury that was induced by hind limb ischemia–reperfusion in rats. Fifty rats were divided into five groups: sham, control, curcumin (CUR) group (200?mg/kg curcumin, n?=?10), dexmedetomidine (DEX) group (25?μg/kg dexmedetomidine, n?=?10), and curcumin–dexmedetomidine (CUR–DEX) group (200?mg/kg curcumin and 25?μg/kg dexmedetomidine). Curcumin and dexmedetomidine were administered intraperitoneally immediately after the end of 4?h ischemia, just 5?min before reperfusion. The extremity re-perfused for 2?h and then blood samples were taken and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidative status (TOS) levels, and oxidative stress index (OSI) were measured, and renal tissue samples were histopathologically examined. The TAC activity levels in blood samples were significantly lower in the control than the other groups (p?0.01 for all comparisons). The TOS activity levels in blood samples were significantly higher in Control group and than the other groups (p??0.01 for all comparison). The OSI were found to be significantly increased in the control group compared to others groups (p?0.001 for all comparisons). Histopathological examination revealed less severe lesions in the sham, CUR, DEX, and CUR–DEX groups, compared with the control group (p?< 0.01). Rat hind limb ischemia–reperfusion causes histopathological changes in the kidneys. Curcumin and dexmedetomidine administered intraperitoneally was effective in reducing oxidative stress and renal histopathologic injury in an acute hind limb I/R rat model.     

Simultaneous increase in germ cell apoptosis and oxidative stress under acute unilateral testicular ischaemia in rats

Ischaemia induced germ cell apoptosis in rat testis was studied in detail to find out (i) spermatogenic stage or seminiferous epithelium region specific involvement of germ cells in apoptosis, (ii) preferential specificity of a particular germ cell type to become apoptotic and (iii) the ratio of live and dead testicular cells isolated in vitro after various period of ischaemic induction. Cell apoptosis, as observed in histological sections increased from 1 to 24 h of ischaemia. Apoptosis was not restricted to any specific germ cell type but was observed simultaneously in all the cell types in the initial hours (1-6 h) of ischaemia. No spermatogenic stage specific preference in apoptotic induction was also observed. However, as the duration of ischaemia progressed, the cell types observed to be most affected in number and morphology were the spermatids followed by spermatocytes. Centrally located tubules of testis were affected first than those located in the periphery. Overexpression of Bax staining was limited to few germ cell nuclei only. More than 95% of the germ cells in the control testis that earlier showed trypan blue dye exclusion were found stained after 12 h of ischaemia. Starting from early hours (1 h), lipid peroxidation rose proportionally with the duration of ischaemia while superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities were found decreased. Significant (p < 0.05) increase in the activities of glutathion-s-transferase and levels of hydrogen peroxide were observed after 6 h of ischaemia. These findings indicate that the physiological processes of oxidative stress have a direct linkage to the extent of germ cell apoptosis in the seminiferous epithelium.     

Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) usage attenuates testicular injury induced by testicular ischemia/reperfusion in rats

Introduction  We investigated the effect of ginkgo biloba on testicular ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Materials and methods  Thirty-two Wistar Albino rats were randomly assigned into four groups. Torsion/detorsion (T/D) performed to the rats in group 1, group 2 received ginkgo biloba (50 mg/day) for a month before T/D, group 3 received only gingko biloba (50 mg/day) for a month and group 4 was defined as sham group. After 1 month the testes were removed. Results  Mean testicular malondialdehyde, nitrate and nitrite levels were significantly increased in group 1 compared to groups 2, 3 and 4 (P < 0.05). The rats in group 3 provided basal histological appearance. In group 1, edema, congestion and hemorrhage between seminiferous tubules were predominant. In group 2, histopathologic features were markedly less than group 1. Conclusions  Malondialdehyde, nitrate and nitrite levels were increased after unilateral testicular torsion. EGb 761 has a protective effect on testicular injury induced by IR.     

Role of protein synthesis in the protection conferred by ozone-oxidative-preconditioning in hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion

The liver is damaged by sustained ischaemia during liver transplantation, and the reperfusion after ischaemia results in further functional impairment. Ozone oxidative preconditioning (OzoneOP) protected the liver against ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury through different mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the inhibition of protein synthesis on the protective actions conferred by OzoneOP in hepatic I/R. Rats were treated with cycloheximide (CHX) in order to promote protein synthesis inhibition after OzoneOP treatment. Plasma transaminases, malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxyalkenals and morphological characteristics were measured as an index of hepatocellular damage; Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), Mn-SOD, catalase, total hydroperoxides and glutathione levels as markers of endogenous antioxidant system. OzoneOP increased Mn-SOD isoform and ameliorated mitochondrial damage. CHX abrogated the protection conferred by OzonoOP and decreased Mn-SOD activity. Cellular redox balance disappeared when CHX was introduced. Protein synthesis is involved in the protective mechanisms mediated by OzoneOP. Ozone treatment preserved mitochondrial functions and cellular redox balance.     

Sinapic acid reduces ischemia/reperfusion injury due to testicular torsion/detorsion in rats

This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of sinapic acid (SA) on biochemical and histopathological changes in an experimental testicular torsion-detorsion rat model. Twenty-four rats were randomised into four groups: sham group, ischemia/reperfusion (IR) group subjected to testicular torsion for 2 hr and then detorsion for 4 hr, and two groups treated with SA1 and SA2 (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg, by single intraperitoneal injection, 30 min before reperfusion). Serum testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured by an autoanalyzer, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), and nitric oxide (NO) oxidative stress parameters by spectrophotometric methods, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) parameters by the Elisa method. In addition, immunohistochemical and histopathological examinations were performed on testicular tissues. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of serum testosterone, FSH and LH levels (p > .05). SA significantly reduced increased testicular damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, cell death and also restored decreased antioxidant enzyme activities (p < .05). Pre-treatment of rats with SA reduced testicular dysfunction and morphological changes IRI. SA's antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties were found to be protective against testicular IR.