Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and respiratory disease

Abstract An epidemiological survey showed that respiratory symptoms with gastro-oesophageal reflux (GER) were twice as high as those without GER symptoms. In 46 cases of unknown chronic cough or asthma, 67% had positive oesophageal pH monitoring. Of 34 patients with snoring and reflux symptoms, 16 (47.1%) were confirmed as positive for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and GER. Anti-reflux therapy significantly improved both GER and OSA.     

Rheumatoid arthritis,periodontal disease and coronary artery disease

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), periodontal disease (PD), and coronary artery disease (CAD) are common chronic inflammatory diseases. RA is associated with accelerated vascular risk resulting in an increased prevalence of CAD with attendant early mortality and excess morbidity. RA and PD have a common pathobiology. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between RA, PD, and CAD and the influence of systemic inflammatory factors. A total of 100 active RA patients of which 50 had established CAD and 50 had no CAD were assessed for PD. All subjects underwent a clinical, cardiac, dental, laboratory, and radiological evaluation. Blood samples were obtained, and the level of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), total white blood counts (WBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), fibrinogen and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, total cholesterol (TC), and high density lipoprotein (HDL) were assayed. The findings of this study demonstrated an association between RA, PD, and CAD. The RA patients with CAD had significantly more PD than RA patients without CAD. The inflammatory markers, hsCRP, ESR, WBC, fibrinogen, and TNF-α, were raised in all patients but were significantly higher in RA patients with CAD who also had PD. HDL levels were lower in RA patients with CAD when compared to RA patients without CAD. Evidence from this study shows an association between RA, PD, CAD, and systemic levels of the inflammatory mediators. The implication is that inflammation may be the central link between the chronic inflammatory, autoimmune disorders, and atherosclerosis. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are two diseases that are common in the general population. To date, many studies have been conducted and demonstrate a direct link between NAFLD and CVD, but the exact mechanisms for this complex relationship are not well established. A systematic search of the PubMed database revealed that several common mechanisms are involved in many of the local and systemic manifestations of NAFLD and lead to an increased cardiovascular risk. The possible mechanisms linking NAFLD and CVD include inflammation, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, ectopic adipose tissue distribution, dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, and adiponectin, among others. The clinical implication is that patients with NAFLD are at an increased risk of CVD and should undergo periodic cardiovascular risk assessment.     

非酒精性脂肪肝和心血管疾病

非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)是临床慢性肝脏疾病,包括单纯的肝细胞脂肪变、脂肪性肝炎(NASH)、肝脏纤维化甚至肝硬化等,是临床隐原性肝硬化最常见的病因。胰岛素抵抗(IR)和中央性肥胖是NAFLD的重要发病机制。同时由中央性肥胖、2型糖尿病、胰岛素抵抗、高血压及血脂异常等组成的代谢综合征(MS)是心血管疾病(CVD)的高危险因素。现在,越来越多的研究认为NAFLD是MS在肝脏系统的表现,NAFLD的出现可能不仅仅是CVD发生的标志,甚至是CVD的早期中间状态。     

Castleman's病合并糖尿病Graves病1例

1病历资料患者女,53岁。主因Castleman s病6年,糖尿病5年,烦热伴消瘦明显6个月,咳嗽伴发热2 d入院。患者自     

合并还是模拟:当Castleman病与结缔组织病共存时

目的探讨Castleman病与CTD共存时的关系,减少误诊误治。方法回顾性分析2001年1月至2017年5月北京协和医院收治的疑诊CTD最终诊断Castleman病患者的临床及实验室资料。结果①Castleman病合并或模拟CTD 11例,占同期Castleman病患者的5.7%(11/194),发病平均年龄(51±17)岁,男性6例,女性5例;②常见的临床表现依次为多发浅表淋巴结肿大(10/11)、发热(8/11)、浆膜腔积液(6/11)、关节肿痛(5/11)、脱发(2/11)、雷诺现象(1/11)、光过敏(1/11);③实验室检查表现为ESR增快(11/11)、低白蛋白血症(11/11)、hs-CRP升高(10/11)、IgG升高(7/11)、蛋白尿(5/11)、镜下血尿(5/11)、ANA阳性(5/11);④疑诊的CTD包括SLE 5例,IgG4相关性疾病2例,成人Still病2例;合并SS 2例;⑤11例均由活检病理明确诊断为多中心型Castleman病,浆细胞型10例,混合型1例。结论Castleman病可出现发热、多浆膜腔积液、关节肿痛、蛋白尿等合并或模拟CTD的表现,诊断和治疗需谨慎,必要时行淋巴结或肿物活检,减少误诊误治。     

脂肪性肝病与胃食管反流病的相关性研究

目的评估脂肪性肝病(FLD)与胃食管反流病GERD之间的关系。方法选取2 000例受试者,采用较简便的胃食管反流病问卷(GerdQ)作为初筛GERD诊断标准,对入选者均进行腹部超声波等检查,分析FLD与GERD关系。结果对2 000例患者利用GerdQ评估GERD诊断情况,有176例(8.8%)诊断为GERD,女68人(38.64%),男108人(61.36%);脂肪肝患者760例,患病率38.0%,在脂肪肝组中,男女性GERD症状的GerdQ阳性率分别为13.77%和12.24%,两者无明显差异(P>0.05)。脂肪肝人群发生GERD症状的患病率与对照组存在统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论脂肪肝与GERD显著相关,控制脂肪肝发展可以降低GERD发病率。     

慢性阻塞性肺病与胃食管反流病

目的：了解慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)患者中胃食管反流病(GERD)的发生率及探讨GERD与COPD的关系。方法：从医院门诊收集89例COPD患者[第1秒用力呼气量(FEV_1)=1．37±0．53],同时选取88例非COPD患者为对照组,所有病例完成反流性疾病诊断问卷、慢性黏液高分泌症(CMH)问卷和肺功能检查。结果：COPD组中GERD发生率为18%,对照组为16%。气道阻塞严重(根据肺功能判断)的COPD患者没有更高的GERD发生率,各不同严重程度的COPD患者的GERD发生率分别为11%(轻度)、24%(中度)、11%(重度)和19%(极重度)。气促程度严重的COPD患者中GERD发生率较气促程度轻者升高(29%比15%,P=0．19)。有CMH的患者中27%表现GERD,而无CMH患者中仅8%表现GERD(P＜0．05)。结论：本研究发现COPD患者中GERD的发生率没有明显增高,但气促症状严重的患者表现较高的GERD发病率。CMH与GERD有显著的相关性,提示CMH的潜在作用及在治疗有CMH的COPD患者时需考虑GERD影响。     

Report: Association of coronary artery disease and valvular heart disease in chile

This study analyzes the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) among patients with rheumatic valvular heart disease (VHD) in Chile. Coronary angiography was performed in all patients referred to cardiac catheterization with VHD who were over age 50 years and who had angina or ECG signs of ischemia. A total of 100 patients entered the study. Significant CAD (greater than 50% obstruction) was found in 14% of the cases: 7% in patients with mitral valve disease (MVD), 18% in aortic valve disease (AVD), and 21% in combined mitral and aortic valve disease (MAVD). Angina was present in 14% of the patients with MVD, 63% with AVD, and 53% with MAVD. Only 57% of patients with CAD had angina pectoris; 20% with angina had CAD. Hemodynamic parameters and left ventricular ejection fraction were not correlated with the presence or absence of CAD. We conclude that in patients with valvular heart disease, the incidence of CAD is lower in Chile than previously reported in the English literature. We confirmed the fact that angina is often not associated with CAD, and that CAD is often present in the absence of angina.     

Cholangiocarcinoma and Crohn's disease

Summary Cholangiocarcinoma is an infrequent complication of inflammatory bowel disease. Although increasing numbers of cholangiocarcinomas are being reported in association with ulcerative colitis, the occurrence of this disease in patients with Crohn's disease is rare. To understand this complication better, we have reported the case of a patient with Crohn's disease in whom cholangiocarcinoma subsequently developed and reviewed the literature.     

Clinical differences between alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are serious health problems worldwide. These two diseases have similar pathological spectra, ranging from simple hepatic steatosis to steatohepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although most subjects with excessive alcohol or food intake experience simple hepatic steatosis, a small percentage of individuals will develop progressive liver disease. Notably, both ALD and NAFLD are frequently accompanied by extrahepatic complications, including cardiovascular disease and malignancy. The survival of patients with ALD and NAFLD depends on various disease-associated conditions. This review delineates the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with ALD and NAFLD by comparing their epidemiology, the factors associated with disease susceptibility and progression, and the predictors and characteristics of outcomes. A comprehensive understanding of the characteristics and outcomes of ALD and NAFLD is imperative in the management of these chronic liver diseases.     

打鼾与脑血管病关系的调查

对1987年江苏城乡两个社区524例脑血管病与打鼾关系的病例对照研究,结果提示,打鼾是CVD的危险因素,OR为1.51(95％CI1.05～2.16)。研究还显示,打鼾与高血压、体质指数高度相关,OR分别为11.66、4.78,其结果与以往的报道相似。本资料为脑血管病研究的拓展提供了又一线索和依据。     

Significant association between score of periodontal disease and coronary artery disease

Recently, several researchers have demonstrated the association between periodontal disease and coronary artery disease (CAD). Therefore, we herein investigate the association between periodontal diseases and the existence of CAD among the study population who received both coronary angiography and dental examination. A total of 174 consecutive patients with dental examination including radiography and coronary angiography in the same hospitalization were recruited (64.5 ± 10.3 years, M/F: 94/80). A dentist assessed severity of periodontal status markers (bleeding on probing, probing depth ≥6 mm, teeth lost, alveolar bone resorption >half of root length by radiography and smoking status). We divided these patients into two groups according to whether they had CAD (CAD group, n = 99) or not (non-CAD group, n = 75) according to the results of coronary angiography. The composite periodontal risk scores calculated from periodontal status markers were higher in the CAD group than in the non-CAD group (P = 0.02). The composite periodontal scores were higher in the CAD group of age <60 years old population (P = 0.03) and in the CAD group of patients with normal glucose tolerance (P = 0.04). However, the difference was not significant in the age ≥60 years old population or those with diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance. In all populations, hypertension, glucose tolerance, statin therapy, and composite of periodontal risk scores were associated with CAD. Multivariate analyses revealed statin therapy, glucose tolerance, and periodontal risk scores were independent and significant risk factors for CAD. Composite periodontal risk scores were independent and significant predictive factors for CAD.     

Refractory celiac disease and sprue-like intestinal disease

Celiac disease is a gluten-dependent small intestinal mucosal disorder that causes malabsorption, often with diarrhea and weight loss. Diagnosis is based on detection of typical biopsy changes in the proximal small bowel, followed by evidence for an unequivocal response to a gluten-free diet. Refractoriness in celiac disease may be due to poor diet compliance, sometimes intentional, or consumption of ubiquitious sources of gluten. Alternatively, the original diagnosis may not be correct （eg., duodenal Crohn＇s disease）, or a second cause for symptoms may be present （eg., collagenous colitis, functional bowel disorder）. In some with recurrent symptoms, a complication may be present （eg., collagenous sprue, small bowel carcinoma, lymphoma）. In some, a response to a gluten-free diet can not be unequivocally defined, and more precise historical terms have been used including ＂sprue-like intestinal disease＂ or ＂unclassified sprue＂. Although a ＂wastebasket diagnosis＂, these likely represent a heterogeneous group, and some, but not all, may develop lymphoma. Precise definition will be critical in the future as an array of new treatments, including biological agents, may emerge.     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病与心血管疾病相关性研究进展与现状

随着非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)的深入研究,近几年来发现与心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)密切相关.现已证明,NAFLD是CVD发生的重要危险因素,也是年青人动脉硬化、冠心病、高血压发病的重要机制.本文就NAFLD对动脉粥样硬化和CVD的影响、发病机制进行综述,以提高肝病和CVD医师的认识水平,为做好防治提供资源.     

冠状动脉硬化性心脏病和老年性痴呆

弄清冠状动脉硬化性心脏病是否与老年性痴呆有关联,有助于老年性痴呆的防治。我们从共同的危险因素载脂蛋白E4基因型以及二者的临床、病理的相关性方面,综述了冠状动脉硬化性心脏病与老年性痴呆的关系。其机制有待进一步研究。     

帕金森病痴呆与阿尔茨海默病认知障碍特点分析

目的 分析帕金森病痴呆(PDD)与阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者的认知障碍特点.方法 采用语义流畅性、语音流畅性、动作流畅性测验与物品和动作命名测验评定PDD组(30例)、AD组(30例)与对照组(60例)患者临床情况.结果 PDD组语义流畅性测验总分(9.33±2.78)分、语音流畅性测验总分(6.17±1.67)分、动作流畅性测验总分(7.03±2.34)分,AD组分别为(6.90±2.47)分、(7.87±2.01)分、(8.30±3.17)分;PDD组物件命名测验总分(36.33±3.39)分、动作命名测验总分(17.63±2.17)分,AD组分别为(33.23±3.56)分与(22.33±2.37)分.与对照组比较,PDD与AD患者三项言语流畅性与物品和动作命名均受损(P＜0.01).其中,PDD患者以语音流畅性、动作流畅性与动作命名损害为重,而AD患者以语义流畅性与物件损害为重(P＜0.01).结论 PDD与AD患者均存在执行功能障碍与命名损害,PDD是一种伴有皮质功能损害以额叶皮质下功能障碍为主要特点的认知损害性疾病,而AD亦存在皮质下功能障碍.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the characterization of cognitive function in Parkinson's disease with dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Methods Cognitive function was examined in Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD) patients ( n = 30) , Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients ( n = 30) and healthy elderly control subjects ( n = 60) . Neuropsychological evaluation contained semantic fluency test, phonemic fluency test, action fluency test, objective and action naming tests. Results In PDD group , the score of semantic fluency test is 9. 33 ±2. 78, 6. 17 ± 1.67 of phonemic fluency test and 7.03 ±2. 34 of action fluency test,it is 6.90 ±2.47, 7.87±2.01,8.30±3. 17 of AD group. The score of objective and action naming tests is 36.33 ±3.39, 17.63 ±2. 17 in PDD group,while AD patients is 33.23 ±3.56 and 22.33 ±2.37. The verbal fluency tests and naming tests were impaired in PDD and AD patients compared with the healthy elderly control group (P ＜ 0. 01 ), phonemic fluency, action fluency and action naming were more impaired in PDD patients compared with the AD group , while semantic fluency and objective naming were more impaired in AD patients (P ＜ 0. 01 ). Conclusions Executive function deficit and naming impairment are found in PDD and AD patients, it shows that PDD is characterized by the addition of cortical dysfunction upon a predominant and progressive fronto-subcortical impairment. There is subcortical dysfunction in AD patients.     

Chronic kidney disease,lipids and apolipoproteins,and coronary heart disease: The ARIC Study

Background

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with elevated apolipoprotein B to A-1 ratio (ApoB/A1). It is not known whether these markers are more strongly associated with the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in CKD compared to traditionally measured lipids and lipoprotein cholesterol ratios.

Methods

We studied the association of lipids and apolipoproteins including non-HDL-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol ratio (NonHDLc/HDLc) and ApoB/A1 with incident CHD in 10,137 individuals free of CHD at baseline (visit four) in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. An estimated glomerular filtration rate of 15 to <60 ml/min/1.73 m² based on a cystatin C measurement was used to define CKD (Stage 3–4). Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to determine the association of lipids and apolipoprotein measurements with the risk of CHD in those with and without CKD after adjustment for demographic and known clinical cardiovascular risk factors.

Results

CKD was present in 1217 (12%) individuals free of CHD at baseline. The median follow-up time was 11.1 years. A CHD event developed in 498 out of 8920 individuals without CKD (incidence rate: 5.2 events per 1000 person-years) and in 138 out of 1217 individuals with CKD (incidence rate: 12.0 events per 1000 person–years; P < 0.001). Those with CKD had a lower concentration of ApoA1: median (in g/L) and interquartile range (IQR) = 1.40 (1.38–1.42) vs. 1.48 (1.47–1.49) P < 0.001; and a higher ApoB/A1 = 0.75 (0.73–0.77) vs. 0.71 (0.70–0.72) P < 0.001; than those without CKD (eGFR ≥ 60 ml/min/1.73 m²). Among individuals with CKD, ApoB/A1 and NonHDLc/HDLc were both associated with the risk of CHD: hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) per one standard deviation increase = 1.22 (1.02–1.46) for ApoB/A1 and 1.30 (1.07–1.57) for NonHDLc/HDLc with no significant differences detected (P for interaction >0.1) when comparing these estimates to those of participants without CKD.

Conclusions

Although CKD is associated with a lower ApoA1 concentration and with a higher ApoB/A1, we found no evidence that these apolipoproteins are more strongly associated with CHD incidence in CKD compared to NonHDLc/HDLc.     

P选择素与炎症性肠病

炎症性肠病(IBD)包括溃疡性结肠炎(UC)和克罗恩病(CD),目前认为血小板功能异常在其发病机制及发展过程中起着重要作用.P选择素是细胞黏附分子中选择素家族成员,介导血小板活化及炎症反应等.研究表明P选择素在炎症性肠病的病理过程中起重要作用.