固化污泥作为垃圾填埋场覆土材料的适用性研究

以2种固化污泥为研究对象,对其作为垃圾填埋场覆土材料的可行性进行了研究。一种是使用碱性固化剂形成的固化污泥（A固化污泥）,另一种是中性固化剂形成的固化污泥（N固化污泥）。研究表明N固化污泥更适合作为垃圾填埋场覆盖材料。     

垃圾BDM分析及其应用

建立一种操作简单的垃圾BDM（生物可降解物）分析方法，并将其应用填埋场垃圾稳定化研究。结果表明填埋场垃圾BDM含量变化能较好的反映其降解规律。     

垃圾填埋场中汞和甲基汞环境行为研究展望

汞（Hg）是一种高毒性的重金属污染物,也被世界卫生组织列为优先控制污染物。甲基汞（MeHg是毒性最强的Hg化合物,具有高神经毒性、致癌性、生殖毒性和免疫系统毒性。大量含Hg废物随固体废物进入垃圾填埋场并随着固体废物降解进行演化,使垃圾填埋场成为Hg的重要污染源,对Hg和MeHg在填埋场的环境行为研究对于垃圾填埋场Hg污染防治至关重要。目前,Hg和MeHg在水稻土及湿地等环境介质中的转化途径和机制、环境归趋及其相关影响因素等方面是全球研究热点,但其在垃圾填埋场中鲜有研究,而垃圾填埋场具有理想的Hg生物甲基化条件（厌氧环境、多样性的Hg甲基化微生物及富含有机物等）。总结了垃圾填埋场中Hg的转化途径和机制,以及MeHg在填埋场的研究现状,讨论了厌氧环境下Hg生物甲基化的微生物群落结构和功能（Hg的甲基化基因hgc AB）,前瞻了填埋场Hg生物甲基化的潜力,最后对填埋场中Hg和MeHg的环境行为研究提出了建议。     

大型带水生活垃圾填埋场大气污染对学龄儿童健康影响的调查

通过大型带水生活垃圾填埋场大气污染以学龄儿童健康影响的调查。结果表明：学龄儿童调查组全学期因病平均缺课学时、感冒及总发病率均明显高于学龄儿童对照组，有非常显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０１）；７￣１１岁儿童的肺活量及各年龄组儿童的胸围均值均低于对照组儿童，有显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０５）。揭示大型带水生活垃圾填埋场大气污染对龄儿童健康已造成影响。     

垃圾填埋场气体横向迁移数学模型

分析填埋场气体（LFG）在土壤中横向迁移的机理，根据过渡扩散理论和达西定律建立了相应的数学模型及其解算方法。     

用地理信息系统评价垃圾填埋场选址的研究

目的 利用地理信息系统通过空间智能选点，对填埋场的布局提出合理选址，减少垃圾填埋场的垃圾对周围环境特别是水的污染。方法 随机选择6个正在使用的生活垃圾填埋场，1个为大型填埋场(为省辖市)，2个为中型填埋场(为县级市)，3个为小型填埋场(农村乡镇)，GPS定位仪对每个填埋场进行现场标定，采集这些填埋场污水进行实验室检测。用地理信息系统来分析6个正在使用的生活垃圾填埋场选址的合理性。结果 有5个非常接近太湖或长江水系，l-3km的缓冲区显示，2个填埋场在3km范围内，1个距太湖仅4km左右，1个距太湖稍远，但处于太湖水系中；长江北岸边的填埋场在缓冲区的2km范围内。污水CODcr值分别为4426．25mg／L、226．30mg／L、925．18mg／L、3760．64m∥L、2296．32mg／L、582．00mg／L，BOD5值分别为390mg／L、73mg／L、330m/L、1100mg／L、210mg／L、3720rag／L。结论 本次研究的6个填埋场是靠人工方法选址，其中5个填埋场的选址并不适宜。     

苏州市垃圾填埋场总产气量的估计与实验

垃圾在填埋场中的总产气量是一个重要的基础数据。苏州市城市垃圾在填埋场中的产气量和发达国家的垃圾相近。利用化学平衡法估计每ｔ干垃圾可产３５０ｍ＾３的气体，在实验中进行了１２００ｄ（天）的生物降解法实验，每ｔ干垃圾产了１２７ｍ＾３的气体。     

渗滤液膜处理浓缩液的蒸发处理技术

膜处理技术可使填埋场渗滤液处理出水达到《生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准》（GB16889—1997）一／二级标准，但同时留有富集有机物和盐类的浓缩液需要进一步处置。清华大学研究开发了具有自主知识产权的二阶段浸没燃烧蒸发技术，在节省填埋气体用量的同时，有效地解决了渗滤液蒸发过程中挥发性污染物干扰的问题，已实际应用于北神树填埋场反渗透浓缩液的处理，处理效果稳定。     

试论中国生活垃圾卫生填埋场填埋气体的管理

受技术和资金限制，以及缺乏相应的法律法规和技术标准，我国生活垃圾填埋场填埋气体基本直接排空。填埋气体主要成分为CO2和CH4，是造成全球变暖的主要因素之一。在《京都议定书》及其相应机制下，当前我国许多城市都在开展填埋气体清洁发展机制（CDM）项目，将填埋气体回收利用（包括发电和供热等），CH4转化成CO2排放，减小温室效应，并获得可再生能源发电补贴收入和温室气体减排（CER）交易收入。本文着重分析我国填埋气体回收利用的鼓励政策、项目实施和运行效果，分析开发CDM项目时需要注意的关键问题，供同行参考。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧灰渣的资源化利用

以国外城市生活垃圾焚烧灰渣资源化利用现状为基础，讨论了灰渣利用的主要途径：（1）石油沥青路面的替代骨料；（2）水泥或混凝土的替代骨料；（3）填埋场覆盖材料；（4）路堤、路基等的填充材料，已有的工程实践证明，只要控制处理得当，这些灰渣资料化利用可以不对人类健康和环境产生不利的影响，此外，也对灰渣资源化利用在环境标准和工程性质要求方面的规定及其采取的处理方法作了简单的分析。底灰经预处理后资源化利用，而飞灰经稳定化处理后填埋，是今后比较适合我国国情的灰渣管理策略。     

Health-related behavior of adolescents: change over time

A longitudinal study of the changes in health-related behavior in Israeli adolescents was undertaken in a large, comprehensive secondary school. The incidence of starting to smoke and its relationship to the development of sexual behavior was assessed. Smoking, use of drugs, sexual behavior, and drinking of alcoholic beverages at the age of 16 years was related to dropout from secondary school during the 2-year study period. The possibility of developing a model of adolescent risk behavior and its relevance to planning of health and educational services is discussed.     

Chapter 15: HPV vaccine use in the developing world

Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related morbidity and mortality from cervical cancer primarily occurs in the developing world, where, unfortunately, access to vaccines in general, and expensive newer vaccines in particular, is often more limited than in the industrialized world. In addition, secondary prevention methods such as HPV screening, Pap testing, or visual inspection are uncommon in the developing world. The HPV vaccine will be first introduced into the industrialized countries and it will then, over the course of time, become used in the developing countries. HPV vaccine should be introduced in the framework of comprehensive cervical cancer control, and offers an opportunity to bring together a wide range of constituents who have not to date worked closely on vaccination. Ultimately, the decision of whether and when a vaccine will be introduced will depend on individual countries. To prepare for decisions on HPV vaccine use, the sexual and reproductive health (SRH; including adolescent health), immunization, and cancer control communities need to work together to analyze the appropriate data and build international and national consensus. The timeframe for other newer vaccines, such as hepatitis B and Hib, has been measured in decades, and the challenge to the public sector is to greatly shorten the time needed to make HPV vaccines available and affordable for the developing world, where their impact will be greatest.     

The role of training in STD prevention and control

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 340 million new cases of curable sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) (excluding HIV and herpes simplex virus) occurred in 1995. The level of infection with STDs is especially troubling in developing countries, where they cause considerable morbidity. The consequences of infection with STDs can be personal, social, and economic. STD control programs are based upon the principles of primary and secondary prevention. Primary prevention strategies involve preventing the occurrence of new infections, while secondary prevention strategies aim to improve the management of STDs, and thereby to reduce their transmission and subsequent associated morbidity and mortality. Both primary and secondary prevention strategies require the dissemination of information from health workers to the at-risk population at a grassroots level, usually in primary health care centers. Health workers must therefore have a comprehensive and up-to-date knowledge of the many aspects of STDs, and be confident in their ability to communicate that information to others. A study in Tanzania determined that improvement in primary health care, including the provision of worker training, resulted in a 40% reduction in the incidence of HIV. The Wellcome Trust's new Topics in International Health series provides information on STDs on an interactive CD-ROM covering the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical features, and treatment of the major STDs, except HIV, which is the subject of a separate CD-ROM. The CD-ROM was designed to be used in training programs for medical students and health care workers.     

The impact of tobacco advertising bans on consumption in developing countries

Tobacco advertising bans have become commonplace in developed nations but are less prevalent in developing countries. The importance of advertising bans as part of comprehensive tobacco control strategies has been emphasised by the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control which calls for comprehensive bans on tobacco advertising. The empirical literature suggests that comprehensive advertising bans have played a role in reducing consumption in developed countries but that limited policies have not. This paper extends this analysis to include 30 developing countries and finds that bans do play an important role in reducing tobacco consumption in these countries. It finds that both comprehensive as well as limited policies are effective in reducing consumption although comprehensive bans have a far greater impact than limited ones. Furthermore, it finds that advertising bans may be even more effective in the developing world than they are in the developed world.     

Effectiveness of two strategies for dissemination of sun–protection policy in New South Wales primary and secondary schools

Abstract: With rising rates of skin cancer in Australia, there is a need to examine strategies to reduce sun exposure among children. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a multifaceted dissemination strategy compared with a simple mail–out strategy in promoting the adoption of comprehensive SunSmart skin protection policies and practices in primary and secondary schools in New South Wales. It also aimed to examine characteristics of the primary and secondary schools that adopted a comprehensive SunSmart policy before and after the intervention. Four hundred randomly selected primary schools and all 381 high schools in New South Wales were randomised to one of two intervention groups. Pretest and post–test surveys of principals were undertaken in 1991 and 1992. Intervention 1 was a simple mail–out of a sample sun–protection policy kit. Intervention 2 comprised the mail–out of the policy kit and a follow–up mail–out of a staff development module. There was a strong intervention effect on adoption of a comprehensive sun–protection policy in primary schools (21 per cent for the 'mail' group compared with 44 per cent for 'mail and staff support' group) but not in high schools (6 per cent and 11 per cent). There was little relationship between adoption of a comprehensive sun–protection policy and sun–protection practices in primary or secondary schools. Further research is needed to determine the most effective ways of ensuring that adoption of a comprehensive sun–protection policy results in effective implementation of sun–protection practices in schools.     

肿瘤早期检测技术研究现状及最新进展

围绕CTC和肿瘤标记物,对肿瘤细胞最新检测方法研究以及未来的发展趋势进行了综述。特别剖析了基于肿瘤细胞不同物理特性进行分离、计数、检测的方法,评估了各自的优缺点,探讨了未来肿瘤早期检测的目标,并阐述了多模式综合检测这一重要发展方向。     

Developing a process-evaluation plan for assessing health promotion program implementation: a how-to guide

Process evaluation is used to monitor and document program implementation and can aid in understanding the relationship between specific program elements and program outcomes. The scope and implementation of process evaluation has grown in complexity as its importance and utility have become more widely recognized. Several practical frameworks and models are available to practitioners to guide the development of a comprehensive evaluation plan, including process evaluation for collaborative community initiatives. However, frameworks for developing a comprehensive process-evaluation plan for targeted programs are less common. Building from previous frameworks, the authors present a comprehensive and systematic approach for developing a process-evaluation plan to assess the implementation of a targeted health promotion intervention. Suggested elements for process-evaluation plans include fidelity, dose (delivered and received), reach, recruitment, and context. The purpose of this article is to describe and illustrate the steps involved in developing a process evaluation plan for any health promotion program.     

创伤骨科两种绩效二次分配方案比较研究

目的通过比较创伤骨科两种绩效二次分配方案,探索更能体现临床医师工作绩效的分配方案,为医院绩效改革提供借鉴。方法对6名带组医师通过现行绩效二次分配方案（以二次分配系数为原则）确定绩效系数;基于DRG指标从3个维度6项指标采用综合指数法进行评价。对比两种方案下医师绩效排名。结果科室绩效二次分配结果排名在两种不同方案中结果差异明显。基于DRG的综合绩效评价法更加科学、合理、公平。结论医院在绩效二次分配中引入DRG需完善三级医师分组体系,提高病案首页质量,加强医院信息化建设,确保DRG指标的可获得性。     

广东省公立医院资源分析

目的了解广东省公立医院的医疗资源配置情况及近5年来发展趋势。方法通过整群抽样选取广东省21个地级市254家公立医院采用统一设计的调查表进行函调。结果广东省公立医院规模不断发展,人员、床位、设备、业务用房等增长明显,三级医院和设区的市、区属二级医院发展速度最快。结论广东省公立医院资源规模不断增长,但地区发展不平衡,非珠三角地区设区的市、区属二级医院发展前景堪忧。     

成都市综合社区卫生发展模式推广可行性探讨

成都市是我国最早进行社区卫生服务试点工作的城市之一,经过了8年发展,取得了明显成效,并形成了综合发展模式.文章着重对社区卫生服务发展的政策、网络建设、服务内容和运行机制等进行了深入剖析,提出了在其他中等发达地区推广的可行性建议.