99Tcm标记新型RGD环肽在神经胶质瘤动物模型的实验研究

Objective (1) To evaluate the effect of insertion of two 15-amino-4,7,10,13-tetraoxapentadecanoic (2 PEG4 ) linkers into cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) Dimer E [c(RGDfK)]2 on receptor binding in vitro, (2) to assess its biodistribution in vivo and (3) to investigate the value of 99Tcm labeled 2PEG4-Dimer for integrin αvβ3-positive tumors imaging.Methods The expression of U87 human glioma cells and integrin αv β3 was determined by immunofluorescence staining.The half-inhibition concentrations (IC50) for 125 I-cyclo (Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Tyr-Lys) (c(RGDyK) ) of c ( RGDyK ), hydrazinonictinamide ( HYNIC )-Dimer and HYNIC-2PEG4-Dimer binding to integrin αvβ3 were measured.99Tcm-HYNIC-Dimer and 99Tcm-HYNIC-2PEG4-Dimer were synthesized using non-SnCl2 formulation.Biodistribution and imaging studies were performed in nude mice bearing human glioma xenografts.The unpaired t test was used for statistical analysis.Results The labeling yield of the two radiotracers was more than 95%, and the radiochemical purity was more than 99% through Sep-Pek C18 cartridge.HYNIC-2PEG4-Dimer had significantly higher binding affinity of integrin αvβ3 than c(RGDyK) and HYNIC-Dimer (IC50 = 0.8 nmol/L, 27 nmol/L and 2.4 nmol/L, respectively).Biodistribution study showed that 99Tcm-HYNIC-2PEG4-Dimer was mainly excreted via the kidney.The tumor uptake of 99Tcm-HYNIC-2PEG4-Dimer was higher than that of 99Tcm-HYNIC-Dimer at 2h post injection ((5.71 ±0.96) and (2.10 ±0.50) % ID/g, t =4.80, P＜0.05).The xenografted tumors were visible at 0.5 h post injection and the image contrast increased with time due to the tracer clearance of the background tissue.Conclusion 99 Tcm-HYNIC-2PEG4-Dimer is a promising radiotracer for integrin αvβ3-positive tumor imaging.     

99Tcm标记新型RGD环肽在神经胶质瘤动物模型的实验研究

Objective (1) To evaluate the effect of insertion of two 15-amino-4,7,10,13-tetraoxapentadecanoic (2 PEG4 ) linkers into cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) Dimer E [c(RGDfK)]2 on receptor binding in vitro, (2) to assess its biodistribution in vivo and (3) to investigate the value of 99Tcm labeled 2PEG4-Dimer for integrin αvβ3-positive tumors imaging.Methods The expression of U87 human glioma cells and integrin αv β3 was determined by immunofluorescence staining.The half-inhibition concentrations (IC50) for 125 I-cyclo (Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Tyr-Lys) (c(RGDyK) ) of c ( RGDyK ), hydrazinonictinamide ( HYNIC )-Dimer and HYNIC-2PEG4-Dimer binding to integrin αvβ3 were measured.99Tcm-HYNIC-Dimer and 99Tcm-HYNIC-2PEG4-Dimer were synthesized using non-SnCl2 formulation.Biodistribution and imaging studies were performed in nude mice bearing human glioma xenografts.The unpaired t test was used for statistical analysis.Results The labeling yield of the two radiotracers was more than 95%, and the radiochemical purity was more than 99% through Sep-Pek C18 cartridge.HYNIC-2PEG4-Dimer had significantly higher binding affinity of integrin αvβ3 than c(RGDyK) and HYNIC-Dimer (IC50 = 0.8 nmol/L, 27 nmol/L and 2.4 nmol/L, respectively).Biodistribution study showed that 99Tcm-HYNIC-2PEG4-Dimer was mainly excreted via the kidney.The tumor uptake of 99Tcm-HYNIC-2PEG4-Dimer was higher than that of 99Tcm-HYNIC-Dimer at 2h post injection ((5.71 ±0.96) and (2.10 ±0.50) % ID/g, t =4.80, P＜0.05).The xenografted tumors were visible at 0.5 h post injection and the image contrast increased with time due to the tracer clearance of the background tissue.Conclusion 99 Tcm-HYNIC-2PEG4-Dimer is a promising radiotracer for integrin αvβ3-positive tumor imaging.     

99Tcm标记RGD环肽二聚体人神经胶质瘤显像及重组人血管内皮细胞抑制素对其影响的实验研究

目的 研究新型含RGD的环肽二聚体探针99Tcm-HYNIC-2聚乙二醇(PEG)4-Dimer { Dimer:E-[c(RGDfK)2]}作为整合素αvβ3受体显像剂的可行性,并观察重组人血管内皮细胞抑制素注射液(恩度)对标记探针在荷瘤裸鼠体内生物学分布及γ显像的影响.方法 选取整合素αvβ3受体表达阳性的人神经胶质瘤细胞株U87MG,免疫荧光检测U87MG经恩度处理后的整合素αvβ3受体表达情况.制备99Tcm-HYNIC-2PEG4-Dimer.建立荷U87MG神经胶质瘤裸鼠模型,并按简单随机法将其分为2组,恩度组给予200μl(1 mg)恩度,对照组给予同等体积的生理盐水,6h后注射99Tcm-HYNIC-2PEG4-Dimer,评价探针在2组荷瘤裸鼠体内的生物学分布.另取荷瘤裸鼠16只,分为恩度处理组和生理盐水组,分别按体质量给予20 mg/kg恩度和同等体积的生理盐水,给药后行γ显像.采用两样本t检验对实验数据进行统计分析.结果 99 Tcm-HYNIC-2PEG4-Dimer的放化纯大于95％.U87MG细胞高表达整合素αvβ3受体,经恩度处理后整合素αvβ3受体表达逐渐减低,恩度质量浓度为400 μg/ml时,表达程度最低.荷瘤裸鼠注射99Tcm-HYNIC-2PEG4-Dimer后90 min,肿瘤组织有较高摄取,给予恩度后肿瘤摄取减低,恩度组和对照组肿瘤摄取分别为(1.50±0.08) ％ID/g和(6.27±0.33) ％ID/g(t=40.23,P＜0.05);γ显像示2组T/NT比值分别为1.02±0.11和2.58±0.36(t=10.25,P＜0.05);免疫组织化学检查结果显示2组整合素αvβ3受体阳性表达率分别为(33.1±2.7)％与(81.5±3.2)％(t=32.60,P＜0.05).结论 99Tcm-HYNIC-2PEG4-Dimer可用于整合素αvβ3受体阳性肿瘤的显像,并可用于监测恩度疗效,有望用于筛选恩度治疗病例.     

99Tcm标记RGD环肽四聚体在神经胶质瘤裸鼠模型中的显像研究

目的 制备99Tcm标记的含有精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸(Arg-Gly-Asp,RGD)序列的环肽四聚体99Tcm-联肼尼克酰胺(HYNIC)-E{E[c(RGDfK)]2}2,评价其在整合素αvβ3表达阳性的荷人神经胶质瘤裸鼠模型的生物分布和显像.方法 以HYNIC为双功能螫合剂,以三羟甲基甘氨酸(tricine)和三苯基膦三磺酸钠(TPfffS)为协同配体,采用两步法制备99Tcm-HYNIC-E{E[c(RGDfK)2}2.通过体外受体竞争结合实验比较e(RGDyK)单体、HYNIC-E[c(RGDfK)2二聚体和HYNIC-E{E[c(RGDfK)]2}2四聚体与整合素αvβ3亲和力.生物分布实验数据显示,99Tcm-HYNIC-E{E[c(RGDtK)]2}2主要经肾排泄;注射后1h,肿瘤对99Tcm-HYNIC-E{E[c(RGDfK)]2}2的摄取为99Tcm-HYNIC-E[c(RG-DfK)]2的2倍,分别为(10.32±0．07)％ID／g和(5.15±O.52)％ID／g,与体外受体竞争结合实验数据相一致;注射后4h,肿瘤对99Tcm-HYNIC-E{E[c(RGDfK)]2}2的摄取仍达(9.35.4±1.35)％ID／g,表明标记物在肿瘤中的滞留时间足够长.r显像结果显示,注射后1h肿瘤清晰可见.注射后4h显像效果更佳.结论 99Tcm-HYNIC-E{E[c(RGDfK)]2}2具有较高的肿瘤摄取和较长的肿瘤滞留时间,可以用于整合素αvβ3表达阳性肿瘤的显像;放射性核素(如90Y)标记的RGD环肽四聚体可用于整合素(αvβ3表达阳性肿瘤的治疗.     

99Tcm-RGD环肽二聚体的制备及其体内外评价

目的评价^99Tc^m标记的精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸（RGD）环肽二聚体E[c（RGDfK）]：的体内外特性及其用于整合素α，B，阳性肿瘤显像的可行性。方法以三羟甲基甘氨酸（tricine）和三苯基膦三磺酸钠（TPPTS）作为协同配体，以联肼尼克酰胺（HYNIC）作为双功能连接剂，采用无亚锡一步法制备^99Tc^m-HYNIC—E[c（RGDfK）]：，通过U87人神经胶质瘤细胞测定其半数抑制浓度（IC50），观察其体外与整合素α，B，受体的结合解离动力学、细胞内化及外化，评价其在荷人神经胶质瘤裸鼠的生物分布。结果^99Tc^m-HYNIC-E[c（RGDfK）]，的标记率〉95％，经Sep-PekC18柱纯化后其放化纯〉99％。与RGD环肽单体C（RGDyK）相比，HYNIC偶联的E[C（RGDfK）]：二聚体具有更高的整合素α，β3亲和力，IC50分别为80．0和9．07nmol／L。细胞实验显示，^99Tc^m-HYNIC—E[C（RGDfK）]：与整合素α，β，结合较快，并迅速被受体介导内化。生物分布实验显示，^99Tc^m -HYNIC—E[C（RGDfK）]：主要经肾脏排泄，在注射后0．5和4h，标记物在肿瘤的每克组织百分注射剂量率（％ID／g）分别为（2．46±0．66）和（3．10±0．35）％ID／g，标记物在肿瘤中的滞留时间足够长。1显像示注射后1h肿瘤清晰可见，注射后4h显像效果更佳。结论^99 Tc^mHYNIC-E[C（RGDfK）]：是一种有前景的用于整合素α，β3，阳性肿瘤显像的显像剂。     

新型αvβ3和Neuropilin-1双靶点正电子成像探针18F-FAl-NOTA-RGD-ATWLPPR用于脑胶质瘤的PET显像研究

目的构建可靶向αvβ3和血管内皮生长因子受体Neuropilin-1（NRP-1）双受体的正电子成像探针,并验证双靶点融合肽探针较之单靶点探针的优越性。方法采用18F-氟化铝（18F-FAl）配合物的方法实现分子探针的18F标记。在人神经胶质瘤U87MG细胞中,检测αvβ3和NRP-1的表达水平,测定分子探针精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸（RGD）-丙氨酸-苏氨酸-色氨酸-亮氨酸-脯氨酸-脯氨酸-精氨酸（ATWLPPR）与αvβ3/NRP-1的受体-配体亲和力。在U87MG荷瘤裸鼠模型中,测定18F标记RGD-ATWLPPR的体内肿瘤micro-PET显像特性,并且与其对应单体进行比较分析。采用方差分析和t检验对结果进行统计学分析。结果αvβ3及NRP-1在U87MG肿瘤细胞、肿瘤组织及肿瘤新生血管中均有较高水平的表达。受体-配体亲和力测定的实验结果显示,18F-FAl-NOTA-RGD-ATWLPPR双靶点融合肽与αvβ3及NRP-1的亲和力并未明显优于其单体,但融合肽在U87MG细胞中的摄取高于相应的单体肽。Micro-PET显像结果显示,融合肽较其单体肽RGD[（4.86±0.48）% ID/g vs.（3.33±0.15）% ID/g,t=10.21,P < 0.05]和ATWLPPR[（4.86±0.48）% ID/g vs.（2.28±0.41）% ID/g,t=32.16,P < 0.05]表现出了更好的显像效果,且融合肽在αvβ3、NRP-1任一受体被未标记“冷”肽阻断的情况下仍能获得肿瘤的阳性显像结果。结论18F-FAl-NOTA-RGD-ATWLPPR可以灵敏地对整合素αvβ3和NRP-1中任何一个受体高表达的肿瘤进行显像,并且较其单体具有更高的肿瘤摄取,但该融合肽的受体-配体亲和力还有待进一步提高。     

荷瘤裸鼠整合素αv β3受体显像的实验研究

目的探讨99Tcm标记精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸（RGD）小分子多肽（GY11）作为肿瘤显像剂的可能性.方法利用SnCl2直接还原法进行GY11的^99Tcm标记.建立荷人黑色素瘤A375、肺癌H460和宫颈癌HeLa BALB/c裸鼠肿瘤模型,分别进行体内分布和肿瘤显像研究.结果GY11的^99Tcm标记率为80%.黑色素瘤A375荷瘤裸鼠体内分布显示,^99Tcm-GY11主要经肾脏快速从血液中清除,注射后2 h肿瘤摄取量为3.13%ID/g,肿瘤/血和肿瘤/骨骼肌比值随时间的推移而增加,注射后1和6 h比值分别为3.0、4.3和8.1、15.1.对于黑色素瘤A375和肺癌H460荷瘤裸鼠,^99Tcm-GY11静脉注射后2 h肿瘤均能清楚显示,24 h后显像更清晰;2 h后宫颈癌HeLa肿瘤能显影,但6 h后肿瘤放射性基本清除.结论^99Tcm-GY11有望成为肿瘤αvβ3受体显像剂.     

喉和鼻咽鳞状细胞癌整合素αvβ3放射性核素显像实验研究

目的 研究99Tcm标记的聚乙二醇(PEG)4修饰的环状RGD二聚体(99Tcm-3P-RGD2)显像用于检测人喉和鼻咽鳞状细胞癌(简称鳞癌)整合素αvβ3表达的可靠性.方法 对荷人HEP-2喉鳞癌、荷人CNE-1鼻咽鳞癌裸鼠各6只进行99Tcm-3P-RGD2平面显像,采用勾画ROI技术计算T/NT.显像结束后,测量99Tcm-3P-RGD2在荷瘤鼠体内的放射性分布,计算肿瘤与各组织器官的％ID/g.取肿瘤组织,行整合素αvβ3免疫组织化学染色,并参照Fromowitz法进行半定量分析.两组间比较采用独立样本t检验,相关性分析采用线性相关法.结果 荷HEP-2、CNE-1裸鼠2h显像时T/NT 分别为2.08±0.04与1.54±0.10.体内放射性分布示:HEP-2肿瘤2h放射性摄取值为(4.56±0.67)％ID/g,肿瘤与血液、肌肉的T/NT分别为6.37±0.68与4.44±0.42;CNE-1肿瘤2h放射性摄取值为(1.69 ±0.18) ％ID/g,肿瘤与血液、肌肉的T/NT分别为2.49±0.09与1.86±0.07.HEP-2、CNE-1肿瘤αvβ3免疫组织化学染色Fromowitz评分分别为4.97±0.37与2.60±0.36.荷HEP-2裸鼠2h显像时T/NT、％ID/g及免疫组织化学染色Fromowitz评分均显著高于荷CNE-1裸鼠(t值分别为11.83、7.17和11.31,P均＜0.05).2种荷瘤鼠2h显像时T/NT与免疫组织化学染色Fromowitz评分的相关性均较好(HEP-2:r2h =0.97,P＜0.05;CNE-1:r'2h =0.97,P＜0.05).结论 99Tcm-3P-RGD2显像有望成为检测喉和鼻咽鳞癌αvβ3表达的无创和有效方法.     

放射性核素标记RGD序列多肽与整合素αvβ3受体显像的研究进展

整合素主要介导细胞与细胞、细胞与细胞外基质(ECM)之间的相互黏附,对细胞的黏附、增殖、分化、转移、凋亡起到重要的调控作用,在肿瘤的侵袭转移中发挥重要作用.成熟血管内皮细胞和绝大多数正常器官系统中,整合素αvβ3受体表达缺乏或几乎不能被探及,但其在新生血管内皮细胞中有强烈表达,精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸(RGD)肽是整合素αvβ3受体的特异性识别位点,因此,将放射性核素标记到含有RGD序列的肽类化合物上,用于整合素αvβ3受体显像,对于肿瘤早期和高特异性定位、定量诊断及治疗都具有重要意义.近年来国内外对RGD肽的标记方法和αvβ3受体显像进行了研究.     

99Tcm-3P-RGD2用于肺癌整合素αv β3表达水平检测的实验研究

目的 采用99Tcm-3聚乙二醇4-RGD2(3P-RGD2)评估小细胞肺癌和肺腺癌细胞荷瘤鼠动物模型中整合素αvβ3表达水平.方法 按试剂盒说明书制备99Tcm-3P-RGD2.选取H446人小细胞肺癌细胞进行受体竞争抑制实验,检测3P-RGD2与整合素αvβ3的特异亲和性.通过细胞摄取实验检测H446和A549人肺腺癌细胞对99Tcm-3P-RGD2的摄取情况,以流式细胞术和免疫荧光染色测定2种细胞中整合素αvβ3的表达.观察99Tcm-3P-RGD2在H446和A549肺癌荷裸鼠模型(各6只)的microSPECT/CT显像情况.显像后断颈处死裸鼠,取部分肿瘤组织制备单细胞悬液,以流式细胞术检测细胞整合素αvβ3表达;部分组织制成切片,以免疫组织化学法检测肿瘤组织整合素αvβ3的表达.采用配对t检验对实验数据进行统计学分析.结果 99Tcm-3P-RGD2标记率为(97.0±2.0)％,4h时后放化纯仍高达95％.3P-RGD2与整合素αvβ3特异性结合的半数抑制浓度(IC5o)为8.759 nmol/L.H446细胞对99Tcm-3P-RGD2的亲和性高于A549细胞,摄取率均于120 min达峰值,分别为(5.75±0.50)％和(3.35±0.28)％(t=9.324,P＜0.05).H446和A549肺癌细胞均表达整合素αvβ3,且H446高于A549[(18.01±2.83)％和(5.77±0.64)％,t=7.488,P＜0.05].免疫荧光染色示H446细胞整合素信号明显高于A549细胞.MicroSPECT/CT显像示注射99Tcm-3P-RGD2后3 h T/NT达最大值,H446荷瘤鼠T/NT比值为6.39±1.29,高于A549荷瘤鼠(3.62±0.33,t=6.869,P＜0.05).H446和A549肿瘤组织经流式细胞术检测,整合素αvβ3表达水平分别为(22.89±3.63)％和(10.23±1.94)％(t=13.967,P＜0.05).免疫组织化学检测结果示H446和A549肿瘤组织和新生血管内皮细胞均有整合素αvβ3表达.结论 99Tcm-3P-RGD2可用于整合素αvβ3阳性肺癌的显像,并可无创评估不同肺癌组织整合素αvβ3的表达水平.     

Design and biological evaluation of 99mTc-N2S2-Tat(49–57)-c(RGDyK): A hybrid radiopharmaceutical for tumors expressing α(v)β(3) integrins

The α(ν)β(3) integrin is over-expressed in the tumor neovasculature and the tumor cells of glioblastomas. The HIV Tat-derived peptide has been used to deliver various cargos into cells. The aim of this research was to synthesize and assess the in vitro and in vivo uptake of ^99mTc-N₂S₂-Tat(49–57)-c(RGDyK) (^99mTc-Tat-RGD) in α(ν)β(3) integrin positive cancer cells and compare it to that of a conventional ^99mTc-RGD peptide (^99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-E-[c(RGDfK)]₂). Methods: The c(RGDyK) peptide was conjugated to a maleimidopropionyl (MP) moiety through Lys, and the MP group was used as the branch position to form a thioether with the Cys¹² side chain of the Tat(49–57)-spacer-N₂S₂ peptide. ^99mTc-Tat-RGD was prepared, and stability studies were carried out by size exclusion HPLC analyses in human serum. The in vitro affinity for α(v)β(3) integrin was determined by a competitive binding assay. In vitro internalization was determined using glioblastoma C6 cells. Biodistribution studies were accomplished in athymic mice with C6 induced tumors that had blocked and unblocked receptors. Images were obtained using a micro-SPECT/CT. Results: ^99mTc-Tat-RGD was obtained with a radiochemical purity higher than 95%, as determined by radio-HPLC and ITLC-SG analyses. Protein binding was 15.7% for ^99mTc-Tat-RGD and 5.6% for ^99mTc-RGD. The IC₅₀ values were 6.7 nM (^99mTc-Tat-RGD) and 4.6 nM (^99mTc-RGD). Internalization in C6 cells was higher in ^99mTc-Tat-RGD (37.5%) than in ^99mTc-RGD (10%). Biodistribution studies and in vivo micro-SPECT/CT images in mice showed higher tumor uptake for ^99mTc-Tat-RGD (6.98% ± 1.34% ID/g at 3 h) than that of ^99mTc-RGD (3.72% ± 0.52% ID/g at 3 h) with specific recognition for α(v)β(3) integrins. Conclusions: Because of the significant cell internalization (Auger and internal conversion electrons) and specific recognition for α(v)β(3) integrins, the hybrid ^99mTc-N₂S₂-Tat(49–57)-c(RGDyK) radiopharmaceutical is potentially useful for the imaging and possible therapy of tumors expressing α(v)β(3) integrins.     

Preparation of a promising angiogenesis PET imaging agent: 68Ga-labeled c(RGDyK)-isothiocyanatobenzyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid and feasibility studies in mice.

Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) derivatives have been labeled with various radioisotopes for the imaging of angiogenesis in ischemic tissue, in which alpha(v)beta(3) integrin plays an important role. In this study, cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Tyr-Lys [c(RGDyK)] was conjugated with 2-(p-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (SCN-Bz-NOTA) and then labeled with (68)Ga. The labeled RGD so produced was subjected to an in vitro binding assay and in vivo biodistribution and PET studies. METHODS: A mixture of SCN-Bz-NOTA (660 nmol) and c(RGDyK) (600 nmol) in 0.1 M sodium carbonate buffer (pH 9.5) was allowed to react for 20 h at room temperature in the dark for thiourea bond formation. The conjugate obtained was purified by semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The purified c(RGDyK)-SCN-Bz-NOTA (NOTA-RGD) was then labeled with (68)Ga from a (68)Ge/(68)Ga generator and purified by semipreparative HPLC. A competitive binding assay for c(RGDyK) and NOTA-RGD was performed with (125)I-c(RGDyK) as a radioligand and alpha(v)beta(3) integrin-coated plates as a solid phase. (68)Ga-NOTA-RGD (0.222 MBq/100 microL) was injected, through a tail vein, into mice with hind limb ischemia and into mice bearing human colon cancer SNU-C4 xenografts. Biodistribution and imaging studies were performed at 1 and 2 h after injection. RESULTS: The labeling of NOTA-RGD with (68)Ga was straightforward. The K(i) values of c(RGDyK) and NOTA-RGD were 1.3 and 1.9 nM, respectively. In the biodistribution study, the mean +/- SD uptake of (68)Ga-NOTA-RGD by ischemic muscles was 1.6+/-0.2 percentage injected dose per gram (%ID/g); this uptake was significantly blocked by cold c(RGDyK) to 0.6+/-0.3 %ID/g (P<0.01). Tumor uptake was 5.1+/-1.0 %ID/g, and the tumor-to-blood ratio was 10.3+/-4.8. Small-animal PET revealed rapid excretion through the urine and high levels of tumor and kidney uptake. CONCLUSION: Stable (68)Ga-NOTA-RGD was obtained in a straightforward manner at a high yield and showed a high affinity for alpha(v)beta(3) integrin, specific uptake by angiogenic muscles, a high level of uptake by tumors, and rapid renal excretion. (68)Ga-NOTA-RGD was found to be a promising radioligand for the imaging of angiogenesis.     

99Tcm-（HYNIC-[Lys3]-BBS）（tricine）（tricine）的制备及对胰腺癌荷瘤鼠显像研究

目的制备99Tcm-（联肼尼克酰胺-蛙皮素类似肽）（N-三羟甲基甘氨酸）（三苯基膦三间磺酸钠盐）[（HYNIC-[Lys3]-BBS）（tricine）（TPPTS）]三重配位化合物,评价其在正常小鼠及胰腺癌荷瘤裸小鼠的生物分布。方法双功能螯合剂HYNIC与[Lys3]-BBS偶联（pH值9．0）,以SnCl2为还原剂,tricine和TPPTS为协同配体,进行99Tcm-标记,合成三重配位化合物99Tcm-（HYNIC-[Lys。]-BBS）（tricine）（TPPTS）。用Sep-PakC18cartridge和HPLC对其纯化和分析,测定其标记率和放化纯,研究其在人血清中的稳定性,并进行正常小鼠体内的生物分布研究以及胰腺癌荷瘤裸小鼠活体显像。结果99Tcm-（HYNIC_[Lys3]-BBS）（tricine）（TPPTS）标记率为（90±2）％,放化纯〉95％,在人血清中放置4h其放化纯仍大于85％。正常小鼠体内分布结果表明,99Tcm-（HYNIC-[Lys3]-BBS）（tricine）（TPPTS）血液清除迅速,2h血液中放射性为（0．07±0．01）％ID／g,主要经。肾排泄,肝、胃肠道摄取较少,2h时肝放射性为（0．27±0．03）％ID／g,胃为（0．06±0．03）％ID／g,肠为（0．04±0．00）％ID／g。胰腺癌荷瘤裸小鼠吖显像可见肿瘤部位有放射性浓聚影,2h后肿瘤与对侧正常肌肉的T／NT比值最高达3．71±0．57。结论99Tcm-（HYNIC-[Lys3]-BBS）（tricine）（TPPTS）三重配位化合物制备成功,所用标记方法可行,标记物稳定性较好,标记率和放化纯较高,生物分布特性良好,有望用于胰腺癌的显像研究。     

microPET of tumor integrin alphavbeta3 expression using 18F-labeled PEGylated tetrameric RGD peptide (18F-FPRGD4).

In vivo imaging of alpha(v)beta(3) expression has important diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Multimeric cyclic RGD peptides are capable of improving the integrin alpha(v)beta(3)-binding affinity due to the polyvalency effect. Here we report an example of (18)F-labeled tetrameric RGD peptide for PET of alpha(v)beta(3) expression in both xenograft and spontaneous tumor models. METHODS: The tetrameric RGD peptide E{E[c(RGDyK)](2)}(2) was derived with amino-3,6,9-trioxaundecanoic acid (mini-PEG; PEG is poly(ethylene glycol)) linker through the glutamate alpha-amino group. NH(2)-mini-PEG-E{E[c(RGDyK)](2)}(2) (PRGD4) was labeled with (18)F via the N-succinimidyl-4-(18)F-fluorobenzoate ((18)F-SFB) prosthetic group. The receptor-binding characteristics of the tetrameric RGD peptide tracer (18)F-FPRGD4 were evaluated in vitro by a cell-binding assay and in vivo by quantitative microPET imaging studies. RESULTS: The decay-corrected radiochemical yield for (18)F-FPRGD4 was about 15%, with a total reaction time of 180 min starting from (18)F-F(-). The PEGylation had minimal effect on integrin-binding affinity of the RGD peptide. (18)F-FPRGD4 has significantly higher tumor uptake compared with monomeric and dimeric RGD peptide tracer analogs. The receptor specificity of (18)F-FPRGD4 in vivo was confirmed by effective blocking of the uptake in both tumors and normal organs or tissues with excess c(RGDyK). CONCLUSION: The tetrameric RGD peptide tracer (18)F-FPRGD4 possessing high integrin-binding affinity and favorable biokinetics is a promising tracer for PET of integrin alpha(v)beta(3) expression in cancer and other angiogenesis related diseases.     

Comparison of two new angiogenesis PET tracers 68Ga-NODAGA-E[c(RGDyK)]2 and 64Cu-NODAGA-E[c(RGDyK)]2; in vivo imaging studies in human xenograft tumors

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to synthesize and perform a side-by-side comparison of two new tumor-angiogenesis PET tracers ⁶⁸Ga-NODAGA-E[c(RGDyK)]₂ and ⁶⁴Cu-NODAGA-E[c(RGDyK)]₂ in vivo using human xenograft tumors in mice. Human radiation burden was estimated to evaluate potential for future use as clinical PET tracers for imaging of neo-angiogenesis.MethodsA ⁶⁸Ge/⁶⁸Ga generator was used for the synthesis of ⁶⁸Ga-NODAGA-E[c(RGDyK)]₂. ⁶⁸Ga and ⁶⁴Cu labeled NODAGA-E[c(RGDyK)]₂ tracers were administrated in nude mice bearing either human glioblastoma (U87MG) or human neuroendocrine (H727) xenograft tumors. PET/CT scans at 3 time points were used for calculating the tracer uptake in tumors (%ID/g), integrin α_Vβ₃ target specificity was shown by blocking with cold NODAGA-E[c(RGDyK)]₂, and biodistribution in normal organs were also examined. From biodistribution data in mice human radiation-absorbed doses were estimated using OLINDA/EXM software.Results⁶⁸Ga-NODAGA-E[c(RGDyK)]₂ was synthesized with a radiochemical purity of 89%–99% and a specific activity (SA) of 16–153 MBq/nmol. ⁶⁴Cu-NODAGA-E[c(RGDyK)]₂ had a purity of 92%–99% and an SA of 64–78 MBq/nmol.Both tracers showed similar uptake in xenograft tumors 1 h after injection (U87MG: 2.23 vs. 2.31%ID/g; H727: 1.53 vs. 1.48%ID/g). Both RGD dimers showed similar tracer uptake in non-tumoral tissues and a human radiation burden of less than 10 mSv with an administered dose of 200 MBq was estimated.Conclusion⁶⁸Ga-NODAGA-E[c(RGDyK)]₂ and ⁶⁴Cu-NODAGA-E[c(RGDyK)]₂ can be easily synthesized and are both promising candidates for PET imaging of integrin α_Vβ₃ positive tumor cells. ⁶⁸Ga-NODAGA-E[c(RGDyK)]₂ showed slightly more stable tumor retention. With the advantage of in-house commercially ⁶⁸Ge/⁶⁸Ga generators, ⁶⁸Ga-NODAGA-E[c(RGDyK)]₂ may be the best choice for future clinical PET imaging in humans.     

<Superscript>68</Superscript>Ga-labeled multimeric RGD peptides for microPET imaging of integrin α<Subscript>v</Subscript>β<Subscript>3</Subscript> expression

PURPOSE: We and others have reported that (18)F- and (64)Cu-labeled arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) peptides allow positron emission tomography (PET) quantification of integrin alpha(v)beta(3) expression in vivo. However, clinical translation of these radiotracers is partially hindered by the necessity of cyclotron facility to produce the PET isotopes. Generator-based PET isotope (68)Ga, with a half-life of 68 min and 89% positron emission, deserves special attention because of its independence of an onsite cyclotron. The goal of this study was to investigate the feasibility of (68)Ga-labeled RGD peptides for tumor imaging. METHODS: Three cyclic RGD peptides, c(RGDyK) (RGD1), E[c(RGDyK)](2) (RGD2), and E{E[c(RGDyK)](2)}(2) (RGD4), were conjugated with macrocyclic chelator 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (NOTA) and labeled with (68)Ga. Integrin affinity and specificity of the peptide conjugates were assessed by cell-based receptor binding assay, and the tumor targeting efficacy of (68)Ga-labeled RGD peptides was evaluated in a subcutaneous U87MG glioblastoma xenograft model. RESULTS: U87MG cell-based receptor binding assay using (125)I-echistatin as radioligand showed that integrin affinity followed the order of NOTA-RGD4 > NOTA-RGD2 > NOTA-RGD1. All three NOTA conjugates allowed nearly quantitative (68)Ga-labeling within 10 min (12-17 MBq/nmol). Quantitative microPET imaging studies showed that (68)Ga-NOTA-RGD4 had the highest tumor uptake but also prominent activity accumulation in the kidneys. (68)Ga-NOTA-RGD2 had higher tumor uptake (e.g., 2.8 +/- 0.1%ID/g at 1 h postinjection) and similar pharmacokinetics (4.4 +/- 0.4 tumor/muscle ratio, 2.0 +/- 0.1 tumor/liver ratio, and 1.1 +/- 0.1 tumor/kidney ratio) compared with (68)Ga-NOTA-RGD1. CONCLUSIONS: The dimeric RGD peptide tracer (68)Ga-NOTA-RGD2 with good tumor uptake and favorable pharmacokinetics warrants further investigation for potential clinical translation to image integrin alpha(v)beta(3).     

64Cu-Labeled CB-TE2A and diamsar-conjugated RGD peptide analogs for targeting angiogenesis: comparison of their biological activity

ObjectivesThe α_vβ₃ integrin is a cell adhesion molecule known to be involved in stages of angiogenesis and metastasis. In this study, the chelators CB-TE2A and diamsar were conjugated to cyclic RGDyK and RGDfD and the biological properties of ⁶⁴Cu-labeled peptides were compared.MethodsCB-TE2A-c(RGDyK) and diamsar-c(RGDfD) were labeled with ⁶⁴Cu in 0.1 M NH₄OAc (pH=8) at 95°C and 25°C, respectively. PET and biodistribution studies were carried out on M21 (α_vβ₃-positive) and M21L (α_v-negative) melanoma-bearing mice. Binding affinity of the Cu-chelator–RGD peptides to α_vβ₃ integrins was determined by a competitive binding affinity assay.ResultsBiological studies showed higher concentration of ⁶⁴Cu-CB-TE2A-c(RGDyK) in M21 tumor compared to M21L tumor at 1 and 4 h pi. Tumor concentration of ⁶⁴Cu-CB-TE2A-c(RGDyK) was higher than that of ⁶⁴Cu-diamsar-c(RGDfD). The difference is not due to differing binding affinities, since similar values were obtained for the agents. Compared to ⁶⁴Cu-diamsar-c(RGDfD), there is more rapid liver and blood clearance of ⁶⁴Cu-CB-TE2A-c(RGDyK), resulting in a lower liver and blood concentration at 24 h pi. Both ⁶⁴Cu-labeled RGD peptides show similar binding affinities to α_vβ₃. The differences in their biodistribution properties are likely related to different linkers, charges and lipophilicities. The M21 tumor is clearly visualized with ⁶⁴Cu-CB-TE2A-c(RGDyK) by microPET imaging. Administration of c(RGDyK) as a block significantly reduced the tumor concentration; however, the radioactivity background was also decreased by the blocking dose.ConclusionsBoth ⁶⁴Cu-CB-TE2A-c(RGDyK) and ⁶⁴Cu-diamsar-c(RGDfD) are potential candidates for imaging tumor angiogenesis. For diamsar-c(RGDfD), a linker may be needed between the Cu-chelator moiety and the RGD peptide to achieve optimal in vivo tumor concentration and clearance from nontarget organs.     

18F-labeled BBN-RGD heterodimer for prostate cancer imaging.

Both bombesin (BBN) analogs and cyclic RGD peptides have been suitably radiolabeled for prostate cancer imaging. However, the limited expression of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) and integrin alpha(v)beta(3) as well as unfavorable in vivo kinetics limited further applications of these imaging agents. We hypothesize that a peptide ligand recognizing both GRPR and integrin will be advantageous because of its dual-receptor-targeting ability. METHODS: A BBN-RGD heterodimer was synthesized from bombesin(7-14) and c(RGDyK) through a glutamate linker and then labeled with (18)F via the N-succinimidyl-4-(18)F-fluorobenzoate ((18)F-SFB) prosthetic group. The receptor-binding characteristics and tumor-targeting efficacy of (18)F-FB-BBN-RGD were tested in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: FB-BBN-RGD had comparable integrin alpha(v)beta(3)-binding affinity with c(RGDyK) and comparable GRPR-binding affinity with BBN(7-14). (18)F-FB-BBN-RGD had significantly higher tumor uptake compared with monomeric RGD and monomeric BBN peptide tracer analogs at all time points examined. The PC-3 tumor uptake of (18)F-FB-BBN-RGD was inhibited only partially in the presence of an excess amount of unlabeled BBN(7-14) or c(RGDyK) but was blocked completely in the presence of both BBN(7-14) and c(RGDyK). Compared with (18)F-FB-BBN and (18)F-FB-RGD, (18)F-FB-BBN-RGD also had improved pharmacokinetics, resulting in a significantly higher imaging quality. CONCLUSION: Dual integrin alpha(v)beta(3) and GRPR recognition showed significantly improved tumor-targeting efficacy and pharmacokinetics compared with (18)F-labeled RGD and BBN analogs. The same heterodimeric ligand design may also be applicable to other receptor system combinations and other imaging modalities.