Ecological and health risk assessment of heavy metals in the Hattar industrial estate,Pakistan

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the heavy metals (HMs) contaminations in soil of the Hattar industrial estate (HIE), Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. For this purpose, various types of soils were collected in HIE and analyzed for the HMs concentrations. The HMs showed highest contamination levels in wastewater irrigated agriculture soil (WWIAS), followed by waste dump site soil (WDSS), and the lowest in range land soil (RLS). Determined HMs concentrations were used for pollution quantification factors, including contamination factors (CFs), pollution load index (PLI), ecological risk factor (ER), and potential health risk assessment, including chronic or non-cancer and cancer risk levels.     

Distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in the economic fish of the Southern Fujian Province

The distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cr, Zn, Cd, As and Hg) in the economic fish of the Southern Fujian Province was acquired. The Cd content was below the detection limit. 53.5% of As and 26.7% of Hg were lightly polluted, but the indices of P_in (Nemero comprehensive pollution index) and MPI (metal pollution index) both indicated no pollution. The indices of EDI (estimated daily intake) and THQ (target hazard quotient) both indicated no non-carcinogenic risk of HMs. The index of R_i (average annual cancer risk) verified no carcinogenic risk for Pb and acceptable risk for As. Furthermore, molecular docking results revealed As may have significant reproductive toxicity to humans. Our findings serve to heighten an awareness of economic fish consumption and provide a reference for marine environmental management and food security in study area.     

17种中药材中重金属污染分析与健康风险评估

目的 对17种中药材中残留的5种重金属进行污染程度评价和健康风险评估,为中药材快速检验方法的开发提供理论依据和数据支持。方法 电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定17种中药材中的重金属残留量,采用超标率、单因子污染指数法、内梅罗污染综合指数法进行重金属污染程度评价,采用每日最大可耐受摄入量( estimated daily intake, EDI )、靶向危害系数( target hazard quotients, THQ )、累计目标危害系数( total target hazard quotient, TTHQ )进行健康风险评估。结果 17种中药材按总超标率大小排序为干姜>独活>柴胡>细辛>白附子>川芎>天麻>沉香>板蓝根>菊花>阳春砂>栀子>芡实>白芷>金银花>广藿香>苍术;Hg超标最普遍,涉及14种药材,以干姜中Hg超标最严重,导致干姜的单项和综合污染指数评价均为重度污染级,3种污染评价结果基本一致;有13种药材还存在多种重金属同时超标现象,如白附子存在Cd、Pb、Hg和As4种重金属超标;17种中药材的健康评估风险均无明显的健康风险危害。结论 17种药材均存在不同程度的重金属超标现象,污染现象普遍,形势严峻,虽然无明显健康危害,但重金属累积风险的加重,势必会影响中药材质量,进而危害人体健康,因此,要对中药材重金属污染问题加以重视,并采取有利的监测手段加以控制。     

Evaluation of heavy metals in cosmetic products and their health risk assessment

Heavy metals’ contamination in cosmetic products is a serious threat. Present study was conducted to evaluate the concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) in various brands of cosmetic products with special emphasis on their health risk assessment. Five heavy metals including Cd, Cr, Fe, Ni and Pb were quantified in different brands of lotions, foundations, whitening creams, lipsticks, hair dyes and sunblock creams using atomic absorption spectrometry. Risk to the consumer’s health was determined using systemic exposure dosage (SED), margin of safety (MoS), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI) and lifetime cancer risk (LCR).On comparative basis, different brands of sunblock creams depicted highest concentration of Ni, Pb and Cr (7.99 ± 0.36, 6.37 ± 0.05 and 0.43 ± 0.01 mg/kg, respectively), whereas lipsticks had elevated levels of Fe at 12.0 ± 1.8 mg/kg, and Cd was maximum in lotions (0.26 ± 0.02 mg/kg). Multivariate analysis revealed strong associations among Cr, Ni and Pb, while Cd and Fe showed disparity in distribution and sources of contamination. MoS, HQ and HI values were within the permissible limit apart from for lotions and sunblock creams, while LCR value was higher than the permissible limit in all cosmetic products except lipsticks. Regular use of these products can cause serious threat to human health, particularly skin cancer on long time exposure. Therefore, continuous monitoring of cosmetic products, particularly with reference to HMs adulteration should be adopted to ensure the human safety and security.     

Non-carcinogenic risk assessment induced by heavy metals content of the bottled water in Iran

Recently, the exposure to heavy metals from bottled waters raised huge concerns. In this context, for the first time the risk of non-carcinogenic exposure by the heavy metals in Iranian drinking water was assessed. Therefore, by using the obtained data in our previous published study, the target hazard quotient (THQ) and total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) by considering to the sexuality of consumers were calculated. THQ in females were determined as significantly higher (p??Pb?>?Hg?>?Cd?>?Cu, respectively. The minimum and maximum of THQ for the males were observed in age groups of?+65 and 1–3?years, respectively. The minimum and maximum of THQ for females were noted in age groups of 11–14 and 1–3?years, respectively. Since TTHQ for all ages were less than 1 (p?相似文献   

Assessment of bioavailability and human health exposure risk to heavy metals in surface soils (Klang district,Malaysia)

In urban area surface soil the heavy metal concentrations followed the order: Pb (76.15?mg/kg) >?Fe (12.96?mg/kg)?>?Cu (11.58?mg/kg)?>?Al (10.3?mg/kg)?>?Zn (6.42?mg/kg)?>?Co (0.21?mg/kg) >?Cd (0.18?mg/kg)?>?Cr (0.07?mg/kg). For the industrial area surface soil, heavy metal concentrations followed the sequence: Pb (55.28?mg/kg)?>?Al (15.5?mg/kg)?>?Fe (14.73?mg/kg)>?Cu (14.68?mg/kg) >?Zn (4.48?mg/kg) >?Co (0.26?mg/kg) >?Cr (0.11?mg/kg)?>?Cd (0.11?mg/kg). PCA output showed that the first and second principal components are attributed due to the presence of “urban metals” in the urban areas while third principal component reflects the anthropogenic factor in the industrial areas. Total Cancer Risk values are more than the incremental lifetime (1.0E???05), showing the likelihood of a cancer threat for adults and children. For non-carcinogenic risks, Hazard Index values <1 one indicating no potential risks.     

Appraisal of contamination of heavy metals and health risk in agricultural soil of Jhansi city,India

The accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) in soil is presently a significant threat to the environment. The Cu, Mn, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, and Co concentrations were assessed in the agricultural soil samples. The results of various contamination indices including contamination factor, geo-accumulation indices, and ecological risk indices revealed that Cd is responsible for moderate to high contamination of soil. The multivariate statistical analyses including PCA, HCA, and correlation matrix suggested the mixed origin of HMs in the soil. Ingestion was found to be a primary route of exposure while dermal and inhalation exposure was negligible. Overall, the non-carcinogenic health risks were well within the safe limit to human health. However, healthwise, children were likely to be at greater risk compared with adults, due to their generally increased exposure to toxic agents through hand/mouth ingestion. Moreover, no carcinogenic risks were determined through the inhalation exposure of Cd, Ni, and Co.     

Health risk assessment of eight heavy metals in nine varieties of edible vegetable oils consumed in China

Eight heavy metals, namely Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd, Ni, Pb and As, in nine varieties of edible vegetable oils collected from China were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) after microwave digestion. The accuracy of procedure was confirmed by certified reference materials (GBW10018 and GBW08551). The relative standard deviations were found below 10%. The concentrations for copper, zinc, iron, manganese, nickel, lead and arsenic were observed in the range of 0.214–0.875, 0.742–2.56, 16.2–45.3, 0.113–0.556, 0.026–0.075, 0.009–0.018 and 0.009–0.019 μg g⁻¹, respectively. Cadmium was found to be 2.64–8.43 μg/kg. In general, iron content was higher than other metals in the investigated edible vegetable oils. Comparing with safety intake levels for these heavy metals recommended by Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (IOM), US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), the dietary intakes of the eight heavy metals from weekly consumption of 175 g of edible vegetable oils or daily consumption 25 g of edible vegetable oils for a 70 kg individual should pose no risk to human health.     

氨基酸、多肽脱除重金属研究进展

重金属是目前生物毒性极大的"致癌、致畸、致突变"污染物之一,寻找去除率高、生物安全性好且无二次污染的重金属脱除方法是研究学者的一致目标.由于吸附法具有操作简便、高效环保、经济节约的特点逐渐被认可,活性炭、纤维素等吸附材料被广泛应用,纳米吸附材料、磁性氧化铁等新型吸附材料应运而生,而已被应用于医药领域的氨基酸因存在羟基、...     

Prediction and risk assessment of five heavy metals in maize and peanut: A case study of Guangxi,China

To assess the contamination levels and health risk of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) to human beings, the concentrations of these heavy metals in soil were surveyed and the concentrations in maize and peanut grains were estimated by models. The geo-accumulation index (I _geo) was calculated, and chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) were estimated. Results indicated that the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn in the soil samples exceeded the limit set by authorities in China. However, the concentrations in maize and peanut grains were rarely higher than the allowable concentrations suggested by the Ministry of Health of China (MHC). In accordance with geo-accumulation, these heavy metals in soil samples were polluted to different extents. Prediction models were developed to effectively assess the health risk of using TOC, Mn, pH, and CaO to human beings. Therefore, the concentrations of these heavy metals in the grains could be decreased by changing their levels in soil. The CDI, HQ, and HI were estimated by estimating concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in maize grains, indicating that these metals exhibited a slight health risk to adult residents.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定鼻炎康片中重金属含量

目的：建立电感耦合等离子体质谱（ ICP-MS）法测定鼻炎康片中铅、砷、汞、镉、铜5种重金属含量的方法。方法样品经微波消解,采用ICP-MS同时测定上述元素,选择内标法以消除基体效应,以标准曲线进行定量。结果对于所测元素,线性关系良好（相关系数r≥0.9997）,检测限为0.81～66.64ng· g^-1,进样精密度RSD为0.8％～1.4％,回收率为88.79％～109.36％。结论本文建立的方法具有简便、快速、准确、灵敏度高的优点,可用于测定鼻炎康片的重金属含量测定。     

Evidence for between-generation effects in carabids exposed to heavy metals pollution

This work represents one of very few studies showing intergenerational effects of terrestrial pollution with heavy metals in a terrestrial predatory invertebrate. We demonstrate that carabid beetles Pterostichus oblongopunctatus (Coleoptera, Carabidae) inhabiting metal polluted environment have altered life-history parameters in comparison to those from reference area populations. We observed decreased hatchability of eggs in field collected animals fed with uncontaminated food, which suggests that carabids from heavily polluted sites are not able to fully avoid the risk of secondary poisoning via contaminated prey. The adult fresh body mass of young imagines from the first laboratory generation reared in uncontaminated conditions was affected by pollution level at the sites of beetles’ origin. However, we did not observe any effects of site contamination in the second laboratory generation. Therefore, we conclude that although genetic adaptation has not occurred in the populations chronically exposed to toxic metal concentrations, there is evidence of intergenerational maternal effects of metal pollution.     

Gail风险评估模型预测珠三角广佛地区女性散发性乳腺癌风险的适用性研究

目的 评估Gail风险评估模型预测珠三角广佛地区女性散发性乳腺癌风险的适用性及其临床效能。方 法 回顾性分析416例乳腺癌患者及170例乳腺良性增生患者5年前的临床资料,比较2组患者年龄、体质量指数 （BMI）、月经初潮年龄、初产年龄、绝经年龄、足月产次数、乳腺良性疾病手术史、雌激素替代治疗、乳房周期性疼痛、 乳腺癌家族病史、被动吸烟史、乳腺活检情况、种族等资料的差异。应用Gail乳腺癌风险评估模型测评工具评估5年 乳腺癌发病风险。结果 与乳腺良性增生组相比,乳腺癌组患者年龄偏大,BMI较高,月经初潮年龄延迟、初产年龄 和绝经年龄提前,绝经患者和乳房周期性疼痛患者的比例较高（均P＜0.05）。586例患者经Gail模型评估高风险为 247例（42.2%）,平均风险值（2.17±0.63）%;低风险者339例（57.8%）,平均风险值（1.25±0.36）%。Gail模型预测乳腺 癌患癌风险的敏感度45.4%,特异度65.8%,阳性预测值76.5%,阴性预测值33.9%,约登指数0.112。结论 Gail风险 评估模型对珠三角广佛地区女性散发性乳腺癌患病风险的评估尚不充分,大范围推广应用证据不足。     

Semi-volatile organic compounds and trace elements in the Yangtze River source of drinking water

Determination of 24 semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and 24 trace elements in water samples was conducted in order to investigate the quality of the Nanjing source of drinking water taken from Yangtze River. The total concentrations of SVOCs and trace elements were in the range of 1,951–11,098 ng/l and 51,274–72,384 μg/l, respectively. No significant seasonal changes were found for the pollutants’ concentrations. A primary health risk assessment was carried out to evaluate potential health effects. Risk quotients involving carcinogenic effects for benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and arsenic were >1 under the worst-case scenario. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of further studies on the environmental health effects of exposure to the source water.     

Potential ecological risk of heavy metals and metalloid in the sediments of Wuyuer River basin,Heilongjiang Province,China

The spatial distribution, sources, and potential ecological risk of heavy metals and metalloid were evaluated in sediments of the Wuyuer River and its tributaries. Metal and metalloid concentrations and chemical speciation (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd, As, Zn and Hg) in 187 surface sediment samples were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Metals and metalloid in the sediments of the Wuyuer River were greater than the background values of the Songnen Plain, and mean heavy metal concentrations were greater in downstream segments of the river than in upstream segments. Speciation results indicated that Cd was chemically mobile and Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, and Ni were potentially bioavailable. Mercury and As existed mainly in the residual fraction. Hakanson’s potential risk index indicated that the total potential ecological risk of these elements was moderate in the Wuyuer River. Among the selected metals and metalloid, Hg and Cd were the most potentially toxic and mainly distributed near the cities of Keshan, Yi’an and Fuyü. Because the speciation of Cd in the river sediments is highly bioavailable, the concentrations of Cd should be closely monitored. This research provides managers with information needed to better regulate the environment of the Wuyuer River.     

Teratogenic effects of organic extracts from the Pearl River sediments on Xenopus laevis embryos

Toxicity of organic extracts from the Pearl River sediments was investigated with Xenopus laevis embryos. The effects of sediment organic extracts on the mortality, body length and malformation of X. laevis embryos were tested by the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX). The 96-h LC₅₀ values for X. laevis embryos ranged from 62 to 137 g/L (g extracted sediment per L), and the toxicity effect on body length of larvae was not significant under 20 g/L. However, the teratogenic effects produced by sediment organic extracts were diverse, including edema, hypopigmentation, cardiac and ocular malformations, abdomen recurved and curved spine. The percentage of malformations increased with increasing sediment organic extracts, and even reached almost 100% at 10 and 20 g/L in Guangzhou district. A gradient of pollution in the Pearl River sediments was discerned from the teratogenic toxicity. Guangzhou district showed higher teratogenic toxicity compared with Panyu and Nansha districts as a possible consequence of high levels of PAHs, PCBs, OCPs and NP in the sediments. The teratogenic effects of organic extracts from the Pearl River sediments were successfully assessed which indicated the feasibility of teratogenic potential studies of sediments using X. laevis embryos.     

Advances in biological methods for the sequestration of heavy metals from water bodies: A review

Pollution is a major concern of the modern era as it affects all the principal aspects of the environment, especially the hydrosphere. Pollution with heavy metals has unequivocally threatened aquatic bodies and organisms as these metals are persistent, non-biodegradable, and toxic. Heavy metals tend to accumulate in the environment and eventually in humans, which makes their efficient removal a topic of paramount importance. Treatment of metal-contaminated water can be done both via chemical and biological methods. Where remediation through conventional methods is expensive and generates a large amount of sludge, biological methods are favoured over older and prevalent chemical purification processes because they are cheaper and environment friendly. The present review attempts to summarise effective methods for the remediation of water contaminated with heavy metals. We concluded that in biological techniques, bio-sorption is among the most employed and successful mechanisms because of its high efficacy and eco-friendly nature.     

Health risk assessment of heavy metals via dietary intake of foodstuffs from the wastewater irrigated site of a dry tropical area of India

The present study was conducted to assess the risk to human health by heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni and Cr) through the intake of locally grown vegetables, cereal crops and milk from wastewater irrigated site. Milk is not directly contaminated due to wastewater irrigation, but is an important route of food chain transfer of heavy metals from grass to animals. Heavy metal concentrations were several fold higher in all the collected samples from wastewater irrigated site compared to clean water irrigated ones. Cd, Pb and Ni concentrations were above the ‘safe’ limits of Indian and WHO/FAO standards in all the vegetables and cereals, but within the permissible limits in milk samples. The higher values of metal pollution index and health risk index indicated heavy metal contamination in the wastewater irrigated site that presented a significant threat of negative impact on human health. Rice and wheat grains contained less heavy metals as compared to the vegetables, but health risk was greater due to higher contribution of cereals in the diet. The study suggests that wastewater irrigation led to accumulation of heavy metals in food stuff causing potential health risks to consumers.     

Potential risk assessment of trace metals accumulation in food,water and edible tissue of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farmed in Haraz River,northern Iran

This study focuses on the extent of Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd and Pb bioaccumulation in water, fish feed and the muscles of 40 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from four farmsalong Haraz River, Mazandaran Province, north of Iran. The dependence of bioaccumulation with food chain and environmental heavy metals concentration was specifically addressed. The potential human health risks due to consumption of rainbow trout have been assessed by estimated daily intake (EDI) and target hazard quotient (THQ) of aforementioned metals. The detected concentration ranges of the elements in the muscles, reported as μg.g^?1?dry weight, were as following: Zn (13.92–15.92), Cu (0.54–0.74), Ni (0.12–0.26), Cd (0.008–0.01) and Pb (0.25–0.57). The rank order of the levels of the heavy metals was: in edible tissue Zn?>?Cu?>?Pb?>?Ni?>?Cd; in water Pb?>?Zn?>?Cu?>?Ni?>?Cd; in fish feed Pb?>?Zn?>?Ni?>?Cu?>?Cd. In general, the concentrations of all target metals were positively correlated with fish feed contents, whereas negative correlations were observed between the metal concentrations and water. Risk assessments suggested that there isn’t potential ecological and human health risk.     

ICP-MS法测定板蓝根颗粒中重金属及有害元素的含量并分析其来源

目的测定板蓝根颗粒中砷、镉、汞、铅、铬、铜、锰、钼、镍、钯、铂、钒、锇、铑、钌、铱等重金属及有害元素的含量并探究其来源。方法以密闭高压微波消解技术处理样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法以全定量的方式测定As、Cd、Hg、Pb的含量,以半定量的方式测定其余12种重金属及有害元素的含量。结果板蓝根颗粒中As、Cd、Hg和Pb的加样回收率为96.2%～109.5%,RSD低于2.6%,检出限为2.1×10-4～0.017μg.g-1。板蓝根颗粒中除砷含量较高外,其余15种元素含量均远低于限度值。通过测定板蓝根、制剂中间体及板蓝根颗粒中的砷含量,确定成品中的砷来源于板蓝根药材。结论所用方法准确、灵敏、简便,适用于板蓝根颗粒中重金属及有害元素的含量分析。