原发性非黏液瘤性心脏心包肿瘤影像学诊断(附30例手术病理对照)

目的 分析原发性非黏液瘤性心脏心包肿瘤影像学特征,评估几种影像诊断方法的主要优势及其局限性。方法 搜集术前有完整的临床、X线平片及超声诊断资料并经手术病理证实的原发性非黏液瘤性心脏心包肿瘤30例,其中接受MRI检查者14例、电子束CT（EBCT）10例。结果 X线平征示异常17例,包括肺淤血5例、心缘不规则3例、“怪异形”3例、合并心包积液5例、钙化1例。超声心动图（UCG）诊断正确22例,其中腔内肿瘤11例全部诊断正确;心包肿瘤10例,诊断正确8例;壁在性肿瘤9例,诊断正确者仅3例。MRI和CT诊断均正确。结论 心脏肿瘤应采用影像学综合诊断。X线只用于初步检查;心腔或心包腔内的肿瘤应优先 选择UCG;壁在性肿瘤或腔 外侵犯需结合MRI或（和）EBCT,MRI还能够对脂肪瘤、纤维瘤和心包囊肿伴出血等作出初步的组织学定性诊断。     

原发性心脏肿瘤的MRI诊断

目的 评价原发性心脏肿瘤MRI诊断的价值.资料与方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的原发性心脏肿瘤42例,其中良性32例,恶性10例.所有病例均行MRI平扫及磁共振心脏电影(Cine MR)检查,12例行MR增强扫描.结果 4 2例共47个肿瘤,MRI全部检出,良恶性诊断正确41例,定性诊断准确27例(黏液瘤22例,脂肪瘤3例,血管瘤和纤维瘤各1例).结论 MRI对心脏肿瘤的定位、定性诊断准确率高,是综合评价心脏肿瘤的最佳影像学检查方法.     

原发性心脏心包肿瘤的MRI诊断

目的；评价MRI在原发性心脏心包肿瘤诊断中的价值。资料与方法：回顾分析14例经手术病理或临床证实的原发性心脏心包肿瘤的MRI表现，并与ICG检查结果比较。结果：除1例右心房粘液瘤漏诊，1例定位错误外，其余定位和良恶性定性均正确，10例术前组织学定性正确，与MRI比较，UCG另有3例定位定性错误，结论：MRI对心腔内肿瘤不仅定位准确，还多可定性；对肌壁肿瘤的良，恶性区别也有重要价值。对心包肿瘤多因其好发部位与特殊信号诊断不难，MRI是诊断和评价原发性心脏心包肿瘤重要的影像检查方法。     

MRI在心脏原发性非黏液瘤性肿瘤诊断中的价值

目的 探讨原发性非黏液瘤性心脏肿瘤的MRI特征并评价其在心脏肿瘤诊断中的价值. 资料与方法 1989年1月至2006年9月,对手术和病理证实的27例非黏液瘤性心脏原发肿瘤进行回顾性分析. 结果 MRI的肿瘤检出率为100%,其中9例(33.3%)MR做出了准确的病理学推断,具体为6例脂肪瘤、2例纤维瘤和1例囊肿;3例(11.11%)淋巴管瘤,MR做出初步的定性诊断;其他类型肿瘤缺乏特异性表现,MR无法做出准确的病理学推断,但为外科手术提供了准确的解剖信息. 结论 MRI能清楚显示心脏肿瘤及其周围结构(纵膈、肺等),对部分肿瘤可获得定性诊断.     

原发性心脏肿瘤（非粘液瘤）的影像学诊断

目的：研究与比较原发性心脏肿瘤的各种影像学特征性表现及其诊断价值。材料和方法：1957年至1994年间经手术病理证实原发性心脏肿瘤17例。良性11例(海绵状血管瘤2例、错构瘤2例、纤维瘤4例、纤维间皮瘤2例、脂肪组织浸润1例)．恶性6例(平滑肌肉瘤2例、血管肉瘤4例)。影像学检查有：胸片(正侧位）及UCG各17例：CT2例；MRI4例；ACG(电影或DSA)9例；冠状动脉造影3例。结果：X线平片检查无特征性表现，UCG征象为云絮状或团块状回声(敏感性100%)。MRI图像能显示肿块轮廓．大小、与心腔壁的关系及有无心包积液等．优于一般CT，ACG（DSA或Cine)能在动态下观察肿瘤对血液动力学的影响及与周围组织(如瓣膜、大血管等）的关系．结论：UCG及MRI对心脏肿瘤诊断敏感性高，且能同时显示心包及心肌的改变，能确诊．应作为首选和必需的检查方法。ACG在准备手术的病例中应用。不同性质肿瘤之间鉴别困难。     

原发性心脏心包肿瘤的MRI诊断分析

目的：分析原发性心脏心包肿瘤的ＭＲＩ所见，评价ＭＲＩ对本病诊断的意义。材料和方法：１４例原发性心脏心包肿瘤均经ＭＲ检查，男９例，女５例。年龄６个月～６４岁，平均４４岁，其中儿童２例。１４例中８例经手术病理证实６例经ＭＲ和超声诊断。所有病例ＭＲ扫描前均有Ｘ线平片检查。结果：１４例心脏心包肿瘤中心腔内肿瘤５例，证实为粘液瘤，４例位于左房，１例位于左室。肌壁肿瘤６例，１例证实为淋巴管瘤。心包肿瘤３例，２例证实为脂肪瘤和间皮肉瘤。结论：ＭＲ对心脏心包肿瘤具有诊断价值，更适于全面观察肿瘤对心肌的浸润和向腔内外扩散及其与心旁肿瘤的鉴别     

原发性胸壁肿瘤的影像学诊断(附35例分析)

目的探讨原发性胸壁肿瘤的影像学表现及其诊断价值. 资料与方法搜集原发性胸壁肿瘤病例35例,其中胸壁骨肿瘤11例,软组织肿瘤24例;良性25例,恶性10例.35例均摄有胸部正侧位片,17例行CT增强扫描,对全部病例影像学表现进行了回顾性分析. 结果胸壁肿瘤的影像学诊断步骤为(1)明确肿块是否来源于胸壁;(2)明确肿块来自于胸壁软组织抑或胸壁骨组织;(3)明确肿块是良性抑或恶性;(4)肿瘤组织学分类诊断.将该组疾病影像学表现分为Ⅵ型,分型对肿块的定位及定性诊断均有重要的临床价值. 结论综合分析X线与CT表现,不仅可对大多数胸壁肿瘤进行精确的定位及定性诊断,而且尚可对大部分胸壁脂肪瘤、神经源性肿瘤及血管瘤等作出组织学诊断.     

子宫平滑肌瘤病经静脉延伸至右侧心腔的影像学诊断

目的 探讨子宫平滑肌瘤病经静脉延伸至右侧心腔的影像学特点及诊断。方法 对5例子宫平滑肌瘤病经静脉延伸至右侧心腔的病例进行回顾分析，5例均行胸部X线平片、超声心动图，3例行电子束CT(EBCT)检查，2例行MRI和DSA检查。结果 3例行EBCT检查者中2例诊断为子宫平滑肌瘤(肉瘤可能)，肿瘤经静脉延伸至右侧心腔并侵及肺动脉(1例病理诊断为子宫平滑肌瘤病，1例未手术)，另1例诊断为子宫平滑肌瘤经静脉延伸至右侧心腔(未手术)；2例行MR和DSA检查诊断为子宫平滑肌瘤经静脉延伸至右侧心腔。5例患者中3例病理诊断为平滑肌瘤病。结论 子宫平滑肌肿瘤可以经静脉延伸至右侧心腔，罕见，称为子宫平滑肌瘤病，临床有一定特点。CT、MRI、DSA有相应的征象，影像学表现常呈生物学恶性征象，但积极手术治疗仍可得到良好临床效果。     

髓外硬膜下肿瘤的MRI诊断及鉴别诊断

目的:分析评价髓外硬膜下肿瘤的MRI表现及影像学特征,提高诊断与鉴别诊断水平。方法:收集经MRI检查手术病理证实的髓外硬膜下肿瘤58例,对其MRI表现及影像学特征进行回顾性分析。结果:58例髓外硬膜下肿瘤中,神经鞘瘤24例,神经纤维瘤18例,脊膜瘤8例,脂肪瘤5例,畸胎瘤3例,各种不同肿瘤的MRI征象,都各有其特征性。结论:髓外硬膜下肿瘤MRI检查是首选方法、定位、定性诊断及鉴别诊断均有重要价值。     

胸部脂肪瘤的影像学诊断(附14例报告)

目的探讨胸部脂肪瘤的影像学表现及检查方法优选. 资料与方法搜集胸部脂肪瘤14例资料,包括肺脂肪瘤2例,胸壁脂肪瘤4例,纵隔脂肪瘤3例,胸腺脂肪瘤3例,横膈脂肪瘤1例,右心房脂肪瘤1例,全部病例均有胸部正侧位片,12例进行了CT检查,1例进行了MRI检查,对全部患者的影像学表现进行分析. 结果胸部正侧位片病灶发现率78.6%,漏诊原因与肿瘤密度过低,肿瘤沿胸壁深部肌间隙浸润生长或肿瘤位于平片上较隐蔽的部位有关.CT检查不仅可进行精确的定位诊断和分类诊断,而且能作出定性诊断,但应常规摄脂肪窗片.MRI对这类肿瘤最敏感,它对病变的发现、定位、分类诊断及定性诊断有决定性意义. 结论胸部正侧位片是胸部脂肪瘤的首选检查方法,但病变的分类诊断与定性诊断需依赖胸部CT与MRI,其中MRI是该类疾病的最佳检查方法.     

心脏良性非粘液瘤性肿瘤的电子束CT诊断

目的：探讨电子束ＣＴ（ＥＢＣＴ）在心脏良性非粘液瘤性肿瘤诊断中的价值。方法：对１９９５－ ０７～１９９９－ ０２,经ＥＢＣＴ检查并手术、病理证实的７ 例心脏良性非粘液瘤性肿瘤的ＥＢＣＴ、超声心动图结果与手术、病理所见进行回顾性分析。７个病例,男性４例（５７．１％ ）,女性３例（４２．９％ ）,年龄从５个月至４２岁,平均２１．６岁。所有病例同时行单层增强和电影序列。结果：７例心脏非粘液性良性肿瘤,包括２例浸润性脂肪瘤,２ 例纤维瘤,１例横纹肌瘤,１例淋巴管瘤,１ 例间皮瘤,ＥＢＣＴ不但能够明确肿瘤的位置、附着、大小、范围、运动,而且以优良的密度分辨率,在６个病例显示肿瘤病理学特征,提示正确的病理学定性诊断,准确性为８５．７％ ;２ 个病例术后提示肺不张与胸腔积液。同组病例中,超声心动图无１例做出正确组织病理学定性。结论：ＥＢＣＴ具有优良的时间、空间和密度分辨率,在对超声心动图难以准确定性的良性非粘液瘤性肿瘤的诊断中具一定优势,同时可展示邻近病变情况     

Evaluation of cardiac tumors with magnetic resonance imaging

Primary cardiac neoplasms are rare, and are more commonly benign than malignant. However, metastases are by far the most common cardiac neoplasms. MRI allows evaluation of myocardial infiltration, pericardial involvement and/or extracardiac extension. MRI overcomes the usual limitations of echocardiography and assesses more accurately changes in cardiac function. Specific tumoral characterization is only possible in cases of myxoma, lipoma, fibroma and hemangioma. Suggestive features of malignancy are right side location, extracardiac extension, inhomogeneity in signal intensity of the tumor and pericardial effusion. The use of intravenous contrast material improves tumor characterization and depiction of tumor borders. MRI also allows differentiation of tumor from other nontumoral masses such as intracavitary tumors or fibromuscular elements of the posterior wall of the right atrium.     

Pericardial lipoma: ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings

Primary tumours of the heart and pericardium are extremely rare. Cardiac lipomas account for only 10% of all primary cardiac tumours. A case of surgically proven pericardial lipoma demonstrated by ultrasound, CT and MRI is presented here.     

Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the pericardium: anatomy and pathology.

The purpose of this article is to review the characteristics of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pericardium and pericardial diseases. Because patients with pericardial diseases usually present with nonspecific symptoms, these diseases may not be detected until they have reached an advanced stage. It is therefore important to distinguish between normal pericardial structure and disease. Multiplanar reconstruction images of CT and MRI are useful for evaluating faint changes of the pericardium. The specific pericardial diseases described in this article include pericardial cyst, constrictive pericarditis, pericarditis with radiation pericarditis, postoperative pericardial hematoma, and cardiac tamponade due to a paracardiac mass (lymphoma).     

跟骨病变的影像学诊断

目的评价跟骨病变的影像学表现。资料与方法回顾性分析经穿刺和手术病理证实的25例跟骨病变影像学表现,其中7例感染性病变(松毛虫感染1例,慢性骨髓炎3例,Reiter’s病1例,结核2例),14例良性肿瘤和肿瘤样病变(骨囊肿4例,动脉瘤样骨囊肿3例,成软骨细胞瘤、血管瘤、内生软骨瘤、软骨黏液样纤维瘤、巨细胞瘤、巨细胞瘤伴动脉瘤样骨囊肿和脂肪瘤各1例),4例恶性骨肿瘤(骨肉瘤和软骨肉瘤各2例)。25例均行X线平片检查,16例行CT检查,8例行MRI检查。结果14例良性肿瘤和肿瘤样病变中11例发生于跟距关节下方,部位较具特征性。感染性病变和良、恶性骨肿瘤影像表现各异,具有各自的相对特征性。结论结合病变部位和平片、CT及MRI综合表现可对跟骨病变进行比较准确的定性。     

Imaging the pericardium: appearances on ECG-gated 64-detector row cardiac computed tomography

Multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) with its high spatial and temporal resolution has now become an established and complementary method for cardiac imaging. It can now be used reliably to exclude significant coronary artery disease and delineate complex coronary artery anomalies, and has become a valuable problem-solving tool. Our experience with MDCT imaging suggests that it is clinically useful for imaging the pericardium. It is important to be aware of the normal anatomy of the pericardium and not mistake normal variations for pathology. The pericardial recesses are visible in up to 44% of non-electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated MDCT images. Abnormalities of the pericardium can now be identified with increasing certainty on 64-detector row CT; they may be the key to diagnosis and therefore must not be overlooked. This educational review of the pericardium will cover different imaging techniques, with a significant emphasis on MDCT. We have a large research and clinical experience of ECG-gated cardiac CT and will demonstrate examples of pericardial recesses, their variations and a wide variety of pericardial abnormalities and systemic conditions affecting the pericardium. We give a brief relevant background of the conditions and reinforce the key imaging features. We aim to provide a pictorial demonstration of the wide variety of abnormalities of the pericardium and the pitfalls in the diagnosis of pericardial disease.The rapid technological development of multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) with its greatly improved spatial and temporal resolution and sophisticated ECG-gated image acquisition software has led to the more widespread use of dedicated cardiac imaging. Not only does this technology enable assessment of the coronary arteries [1, 2], but the same acquired data set also provides imaging detail of the overall cardiac morphology including the normal and diseased pericardium, features of which may also be readily appreciated on the non-ECG-gated thoracic CT [3]. It is important for the general radiologist to be familiar with both normal and variant pericardial anatomy and with that of the pericardial recesses, which can mimic some pathological processes. Several disease processes, either primary or secondary, can affect the pericardium. This review aims to illustrate normal pericardial anatomy, diagnostic pitfalls, commonly encountered abnormalities (some of which may be quite subtle) and some more unusual entities.     

电子束CT在心脏肿瘤诊断中的临床价值

目的 研究电子束ＣＴ（ＥＢＣＴ）在心脏肿瘤诊断中的临床价值。方法 自１９９５年７月至１９９９年２月,行ＥＢＣＴ检查１２０２４例,共诊断心脏肿瘤４０例（占０．３３％）。本研究重点对有手术、尸检和临床随访结果的２２例进行回顾性分析。其中男１３例,女９例;年龄从５个月至７２岁,平均４１．９岁。１７例同时行单层增强和电影序列,３例单纯行单层增强,１例电影序列,１例单层平扫。结果 ２２个病例,ＥＢＣＴ均做出     

肾上腺少见肿瘤的CT、MRI评价

目的:探讨CT和MRI对肾上腺少见肿瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断价值。方法:对21例经手术和病理证实的肾上腺少见肿瘤的CT、MRI表现进行回顾性分析,包括囊肿8例、髓质脂肪瘤7例、神经节细胞瘤3例、神经纤维瘤、原发恶性淋巴瘤及恶性间皮瘤各1例。结果:14例(93%)肾上腺囊肿、髓质脂肪瘤有其特征性的CT、MRI表现而确诊,1例假性囊肿术前误诊为肿瘤;3例神经节细胞瘤中,1例为等密度肿块,轻度强化,1例大部囊变类似于假性囊肿,1例呈实性肿块,伴有囊变和钙化灶,明显不均匀强化;1例神经纤维瘤大部囊变;原发恶性淋巴瘤及恶性间皮瘤符合恶性肿瘤的影像学特征,但与常见的肾上腺恶性肿瘤鉴别困难。结论:CT、MRI对肾上腺少见肿瘤的诊断价值相似,后者有利于肿瘤的定位;大部分囊肿和髓质脂肪瘤可明确诊断,其它肾上腺少见肿瘤较难或不能与常见肿瘤鉴别,确诊仍需结合临床及组织学检查。