孕妇和新生儿脐血中铅、镉、砷、汞、锰、硒含量及胎盘通透性研究

目的了解孕妇和新生儿脐血中铅、镉、砷、汞、锰和硒元素的含量,分析其胎盘通透性。方法于2010年9月至2013年12月在山东省渤海莱州湾某二甲医院,招募符合标准的孕妇及其新生儿为研究对象。共纳入773对孕妇及其新生儿。根据所测定元素的种类,分为汞测定组(595对)、铅测定组(534对)和镉、砷、锰、硒测定组(244对)。问卷调查获得孕妇及新生儿的人口学信息,检测母血和脐血中铅、镉、砷、汞、锰和硒的浓度,并计算各元素的胎盘通透性(某元素脐血浓度/母血浓度);采用Spearman秩相关分析母血和脐血中各元素的相关性。结果773名母亲年龄为(28.34±4.50)岁,孕周为(39.47±1.39)周;773名新生儿出生体重为(3419.47±497.39)g。母血和脐血中铅、镉、砷、汞、锰和硒各元素的中位数浓度分别为31.12和30.02、1.19和0.47、8.05和6.03、0.69和1.26、100.70和105.55、127.25和115.00μg/L。铅、镉、砷、汞、锰和硒的胎盘通透性分别为0.98、0.41、0.73、1.73、0.96和0.91。铅、镉、汞、锰和硒在母血和脐血中均呈正相关,Spearman相关系数分别为0.397、0.298、0.698、0.555和0.285(P值均<0.001)。结论铅、镉、砷、汞、锰和硒元素在母血和脐血中均普遍检出;汞的胎盘通透性较高。     

母乳中微量元素间及与母血中微量元素的相关性研究

【目的】调查母乳中铅、砷、镉、锌、铜、锰等多种微量元素间的相关性,及与母血中相应元素之间的关系。【方法】收集200名产妇的母乳与母血标本,采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子质谱法测定其中的铅、砷、镉、锌、铜、锰含量,并对其相关性进行探讨。【结果】母乳与母血中营养元素间未发现相关,而污染元素砷与镉在母乳与母血间存在相关(砷:r=0.317,P=0.00,镉:r=0.333,P=0.00)。在母乳标本中,一些微量元素之间存在显著的相关,如铅与镉(r=0.159,P=0.038),铅与锰(r=0.298,P=0.00),砷与镉(r=0.352,P=0.00),锌与镉(r=0.205,P=0.00),铜与镉(r=0.299,P=0.00),锰与镉(r=0.387,P=0.00),砷与铜(r=0.158,P=0.026),锌与锰(r=0.350,P=0.00)。【结论】母乳与母血中元素间的相关与否可能提示元素从血到母乳不同的转运机制,而母乳中各元素间的相关则揭示可能存在的交互作用。     

孕妇及胎儿体内镍、钴、铜、砷和硒暴露水平及影响因素探讨

目的观察孕妇及胎儿体内镍、钴、铜、砷和硒元素的水平及其影响因素分析。方法 2011年5—10月,在空气中镍、钴、铜、砷和硒元素含量较高的污染区和各元素含量较低的邻近城市(对照区)共采集60对孕妇全血(母血)及脐血,采用电感耦合等离子质谱法(ICP-MS)测定母血和脐血中的镍、钴、铜、砷和硒元素的含量,并分别对其相关关系及影响因素进行分析。结果污染区脐血中镍、砷、硒含量和对照区脐血镍含量均显著高于母血(P<0.05),污染区和对照区脐血中铜含量均显著低于母血(P<0.05)。污染区和对照区的钴、铜和硒在母血和脐血中含量均呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。居住地、孕期身体状况、当地居住年限和配偶职业是血钴、铜、砷和硒的影响因素。使用多元线性逐步回归发现居住地、孕期身体状况、当地居住年限和配偶职业对血钴、铜、砷和硒浓度在考虑其他混杂影响因素后有统计学意义。结论调查地区孕妇和胎儿已暴露在镍、钴和铜等环境重金属中,空气污染严重的居住地和配偶职业是孕妇和胎儿各元素暴露的重要影响因素。     

杭州地区非职业暴露孕妇全血中重金属浓度其影响因素调查

目的 研究杭州地区非职业暴露孕妇全血中重金属元素浓度水平及其影响因素.方法 选择2015年在杭州某综合性医院待产的115名孕妇作为研究对象,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定其静脉全血中铅、镉、铜、锌、镍、铬、铍、锰、钴、砷、银、钛和铊等13种重金属元素的含量,并进行问卷调查.结果 115名被调查孕妇全血中钛、铬、锰、钴、镍、铜、锌、砷和铅浓度中位数分别为1 742、108、34.9、0.38、2.35、451、1 782、5.44、10.6 μg/L.仅有1人全血中铅浓度高于100μ∥L,全部孕妇的镉、砷浓度均未超标.妊娠期间使用指甲油、美白霜、香料、被动吸烟和看报纸的孕妇全血中铬、铜和砷浓度较低,钛、钴浓度较高;经常坐车或驾车出行的孕妇血砷浓度(7.77μg/L)高于不常坐车或驾车出行者(5.76 μg/L);常食用松花蛋、爆米花、金属罐头及饮料的孕妇血锰浓度(46.1 μg/L)高于不食用者(35.9 μg/L);上述差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).而孕妇年龄、居住地与交通干道距离、房屋装修时间与全血中13种重金属元素浓度的相关性均无统计学意义(f＞0.05).结论 杭州地区非职业暴露孕妇体内重金属处于较低水平,不同生活及饮食习惯可能会影响孕妇体内重金属水平.     

维吾尔族和汉族孕妇与新生儿脐血钙、镁、锌、铁、铜营养状况及其相关性分析

目的 探讨维吾尔族和汉族孕妇血清与新生儿脐血血清中钙、镁、锌、铁、铜含量的差异及其与新生儿脐血的相关性. 方法 检测240例孕妇血清和其新生儿脐血血清中钙、镁、锌、铁、铜含量,并进行对照研究.结果 维族和汉族母血中铁、钙、镁、锌含量均低于脐血,铜含量母血高于脐血;差异均有统计学意义;锌元素在母血与脐血之间呈正相关;汉族母血清钙含量高于维吾尔族,铁缺乏率高于维吾尔族产妇,差异均有统计学意义.结论 母血与脐血钙、镁、锌、铁、铜含量有一定相关趋势,以锌的相关性最强,胎盘能将母体铁、钙、镁、锌元素逆浓度梯度转运给胎儿.应重视对孕期矿物质元素的检测,以满足母体、胎儿对其需求.汉族产妇要增加铁含量丰富的食物摄入,维吾尔族产妇增加钙含量丰富的食物摄入.     

产妇血和新生儿脐带血重金属及其他元素水平调查

目的 了解产妇全血及新生儿脐带血中12种元素(镉、铅、铜、铬、锰、钴、砷、硒、钼、锑、汞和铊)的负荷水平及相关影响因素.方法 选择2010年3月—4月间在深圳某医院住院分娩、年龄21～40岁的产妇109名,分别采集产妇静脉血和分娩时胎儿脐血,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定全血中镉、铅、铜、铬、锰、钴、砷、硒、钼、锑、汞和铊的含量,并进行产妇问卷调查和新生儿医学检查.结果 有1例产妇血镉超标,其他重金属浓度均未超标.新生儿脐带血中铅、汞、镉、砷、锰、硒、钼、铊、锑、钴元素浓度与产妇血中同种元素浓度呈正相关(P＜0.01),并且全血中铅和镉浓度具有正相关关系,砷、汞、硒三种元素浓度呈正相关(P＜0.05).单因素分析显示,吸烟的产妇血和脐带血中钼浓度高于不吸烟者,常食用海产品的产妇血镉浓度高于不食用海产品者(P＜0.05).各项新生儿生长发育状况指标与新生儿脐带血中重金属浓度未见统计学相关(P＞0.05).结论 本次调查的深圳地区产妇血和脐带血中重金属暴露处于较低水平.     

杭州地区非职业暴露孕妇全血中重金属浓度及其影响因素调查

目的研究杭州地区非职业暴露孕妇全血中重金属元素浓度水平及其影响因素。方法选择2015年在杭州某综合性医院待产的115名孕妇作为研究对象,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定其静脉全血中铅、镉、铜、锌、镍、铬、铍、锰、钴、砷、银、钛和铊等13种重金属元素的含量,并进行问卷调查。结果 115名被调查孕妇全血中钛、铬、锰、钴、镍、铜、锌、砷和铅浓度中位数分别为1 742、108、34.9、0.38、2.35、451、1 782、5.44、10.6μg/L。仅有1人全血中铅浓度高于100μg/L,全部孕妇的镉、砷浓度均未超标。妊娠期间使用指甲油、美白霜、香料、被动吸烟和看报纸的孕妇全血中铬、铜和砷浓度较低,钛、钴浓度较高;经常坐车或驾车出行的孕妇血砷浓度(7.77μg/L)高于不常坐车或驾车出行者(5.76μg/L);常食用松花蛋、爆米花、金属罐头及饮料的孕妇血锰浓度(46.1μg/L)高于不食用者(35.9μg/L);上述差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。而孕妇年龄、居住地与交通干道距离、房屋装修时间与全血中13种重金属元素浓度的相关性均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论杭州地区非职业暴露孕妇体内重金属处于较低水平,不同生活及饮食习惯可能会影响孕妇体内重金属水平。     

成都市居民膳食中重金属及有害元素摄入水平的调查及分析

目的了解成都市城乡居民重金属及有害金属元素的的膳食摄入水平。方法应用总膳食研究方法,测定了１２类混合食物样品中铅、砷、镉、铬、汞、钡、铜、锌、镍、锶、钴、锰有害重金属元素含量。结果城乡居民摄入的铅、砷、镉、汞均低于相应的ＡＤＩ值。但进一步观察其含量水平发现城市居民摄入的蛋及蛋制品、乳及乳制品铅分别为允许限量的２４４．５０％、１９３．６０％,农村居民摄入的薯及薯制品汞含量,也超过食品卫生允许限量标准。结论环境中重金属及有害元素污染食品问题不容忽视。     

上海市婴幼儿胎儿期重金属暴露水平及危险因素

目的 探讨上海市婴幼儿胎儿期重金属暴露水平及其影响因素。方法 通过分层整群抽样方法调查2008年10月至2009年10月期间在上海市10家有助产资格的医院分娩的孕产妇,共1652名。对研究对象进行问卷调查,检测脐带全血中铅、汞含量（中位数）,血清中锰、镉、砷、铊含量（中位数）,用单因素、多元线性回归方法分析其暴露危险因素。结果 脐带全血铅、汞,血清锰、镉、砷、铊含量中位数分别为41.00、1.88、4.10、0.03、0.86、0.02 μg/L。孕期每周食海鱼频率为4～7次者[9.7％( 160/1652)]血汞含量（2.76 μg/L）高于每周1～3次者[49.3％( 814/1652),2.41 μg/L]和很少食用者[40.0％ (661/1652),2.03μg/L],差异有统计学意义(x2=36.40,P＜0.001);家中用PVC管者[85.0％( 1404/1652)]脐血铅、铊含量高于用镀锌管者[15.0％(248/1652)]（铅：45.54、40.00 μg/L,Z=2.54,P＜0.05;铊：0.021、0.018 μg/L,Z=2.97,P＜0.05）,而脐血砷含量低于用镀锌管者(4.33、9.37 μg/L),差异有统计学意义(Z=3.99,P＜0.01);近3年家中有装修史者[38.0％ (628/1652)],脐血锰、镉、铊含量高于未装修者[62.0％ (1024/1652)],差异有统计学意义（锰：14.78、11.01 μg/L,Z=2.46,P＜0.05;镉：0.51、0.29 μg/L,Z=2.38,P＜0.05;铊：0.022、0.02μg/L,Z=2.81,P＜0.01）。结论 上海市婴幼儿在胎儿期存在重金属暴露.饮食及装修污染是脐血中重金属的重要来源。     

血清中铜、锌、镍、镉、锰等微量元素对稽留流产影响的研究

目的探讨孕早期血清中汞、锰、镍、铜、锌、砷、镉、铅水平对稽留流产的影响,为稽留流产病因研究提供线索。方法选取同年龄段、同孕周的稽留流产患者及正常早孕者21对,检测两组孕妇血清汞、锰、镍、铜、锌、砷、镉、铅水平。采用1∶1配比Logistic回归分析模型分析稽留流产可能的影响因素。结果与正常早孕组相比,稽留流产组血清镍(t=3.57,P=0.002)、铜(t=7.94,P<0.001)、锌(t=3.60,P=0.002)、镉(t=4.74,P<0.001)、砷(t=2.82,P=0.011)、铅(t=3.46,P=0.002)水平较高,血清锰水平较低(t=-8.24,P<0.001);二元多因素Logistic回归分析模型分析结果显示,高血镍(OR=7.83,95%CI:1.03~59.68,P=0.037)、高血镉(OR=3.51,95%CI:2.53~4.87,P=0.004)为稽留流产的危险因素,高血锰(OR=0.68,95%CI:0.41~0.97,P=0.030)为保护性因素。结论孕妇血清中镍、镉、锰水平对稽留流产的发生有一定的影响,其机理有待于进一步研究。     

产妇毛发、静脉血及胎儿脐血微量元素相关性分析

目的研究必需和非必需微量元素在正常产妇毛发、静脉血及胎儿脐血间的分布规律，探讨胎盘屏障对母体和胎儿间微量元素转运的影响。方法选择60名健康住院分娩的产妇作为研究对象，分别采集每个产妇枕部毛发、静脉血和胎儿脐血，并对产妇日常生活中的洗发频率等因素进行问卷调查。实验室发样洗涤采用国际原子能机构推荐的洗涤程序进行，样品消化利用微波消化的方法，对样品中必需微量元素锌、铜、铬、锰、钴、钼，毒性元素铅、砷、镉、汞，以及稀土元素：镧、镨、钕、钇进行了ICP质谱分析。结果毛发中14种微量元素含量均显著高于静脉血和脐血；相关及偏相关分析均表明，产妇静脉血与胎儿脐血间锌、锰、钴、钼、铅、砷、汞、钇、镧、镨、钕显著正相关；毛发与胎儿脐血间铅、汞呈显著正相关；毛发与静脉血间锰和镉呈显著正相关。结论孕妇体内微量元素水平会直接影响到胎儿，毛发中微量元素含量可反应机体既往一定时期内的平均暴露水平。     

Trace element transfer from the mother to the newborn--investigations on triplets of colostrum, maternal and umbilical cord sera.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the trace element transfer from the mother to the newborn. DESIGN: The concentrations of the eight essential elements calcium (Ca), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), tin (Sn), and zinc (Zn), and of the non-essential and toxic elements barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), bismuth (Bi), cadmium (Cd), cesium (Cs), lanthanum (La), lithium (Li), lead (Pb), rubidium (Rb), antimony (Sb), strontium (Sr), and thallium (Tl) were determined in umbilical cord (n = 29) and corresponding maternal sera (n = 29) as well as in colostrum (n = 27). RESULTS: Umbilical cord serum concentrations of Ca, Mn, and Zn were 120%, 150%, and 148% of the maternal value, respectively. Maternal sera had twice the Cu concentrations found in healthy adults and five-times higher Cu than umbilical cord sera. Concentration ratios colostrum/maternal serum and colostrum/umbilical cord serum were approximately one for Co, 1.4 for Mg, two for Ca, Mn, and Sn, five for Cu (maternal serum), eight for Mo, and ten for Zn. Concentrations of the toxic elements Cd and Pb decreased in the order colostrum (Pb 2.6 microg/L; Cd 0.6 microg/L), maternal sera (0.8 microg/L; 0.3 microg/L), umbilical cord sera (0.4 microg/L; 0.2 microg/L). Maternal serum Ba and Rb was 182% and 66% of the umbilical cord value. For Sr and Li, an almost perfect correlation between umbilical cord and maternal sera was found. For Ba, Co, Cu, Mn, Zn none, and for Ca, Cs, Mn, Mo, Rb only weak positive correlations between these two compartments could be established. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that an active transport mechanism for the transport of Ca, Mn, Rb, and Zn from the mother to the newborn exists, whereas Cs, Li, and Sr follow concentration gradients. As regards Cu, the placenta showed to have a blocking effect on the transfer from the mother to the baby.     

常、微量元素与胎儿宫内发育迟缓关系的研究

目的 探讨常、微量元素与胎儿宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)间的关系.方法 孕晚期测定71名孕妇母血、脐血、羊水中微量元素水平,其中IUGR组21例,对照组35例,巨大儿组15例.结果 IUGR组母血清Zn,Se,Mn,Fe,Mg,Cr明显低于对照组(P＜0.05);Cd,Pb,Ni水平明显高于对照组;巨大儿组母血清Fe含量亦明显低于对照组(P＜0.05);三组间Ca,Ti,Co,Li无明显差别.IUGR组脐血清Se,Mn,Cd,Fe,Cu,Mg明显低于对照组;Pb,Ni明显高于对照组;三组间Zn,Ca,Ti,Co,Li无明显差别.IUGR组羊水Zn,Se,Mn,Fe明显低于对照组,三组间Ca,Co无明显差别.结论 常、微量元素与胎儿发育关系密切,Zn,Se,Mn,Fe,Mg,Cu,Cr缺乏可致胎儿宫内发育迟缓,Cd,Pb,Ni升高可致低体重儿.     

微量元素与血脂和血糖的相关性

目的研究上海地区成年人全血微量元素与血脂和血糖的关系。方法选择上海地区2个社区18岁以上成年调查对象245名,测定其体内铁（Fe）、锌（zn）、铜（Cu）、镁（Mg）、铅（Pb）、锰（Mn）、镉（cd）等各种元素含量及体重指数（BMI）、腰臀比（WHR）和血压水平,分析上述指标与血脂和血糖之间的关系。结果与正常对照组相比,高脂血症组全血Fe、Mn水平显著降低,Zn、Zn／cu水平显著升高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;高血糖组全血Zn、Zn／Cu和Mn水平显著降低,cu和Pb水平显著升高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;在高脂血症和高血糖组均存在低Mg高Cd趋势,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论高脂血症和高血糖患者体内大多数微量元素都存在代谢异常,及时纠正微量元素代谢紊乱对高脂血症和高血糖的防治和转归可能具有一定价值。     

Maternal and umbilical cord blood levels of mercury, lead, cadmium, and essential trace elements in Arctic Canada

Maternal and umbilical cord blood levels of mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and the trace elements copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se) are reported for Inuit, Dene/Métis, Caucasian, and Other nonaboriginal participants from Arctic Canada. This is the first human tissue monitoring program covering the entire Northwest Territories and Nunavut for multiple contaminants and establishes a baseline upon which future comparisons can be made. Results for chlorinated organic pesticides and PCBs for these participants have been reported elsewhere. Between May 1994 and June 1999, 523 women volunteered to participate by giving their written informed consent, resulting in the collection of 386 maternal blood samples, 407 cord samples, and 351 cord:maternal paired samples. Geometric mean (GM) maternal total mercury (THg) concentrations ranged from 0.87 microg/L (SD = 1.95) in the Caucasian group of participants (n = 134) to 3.51 microg/L (SD = 8.30) in the Inuit group (n = 146). The GM of the Inuit group was 2.6-fold higher than that of the Dene/Métis group (1.35 microg/L, SD = 1.60, n = 92) and significantly higher than those of all other groups (P<0.0001). Of Inuit women participants, 3% (n = 4) were within Health Canada's level of concern range (20-99 microg/L) for methylmercury (MeHg) exposure. Of Inuit and Dene/Métis cord samples, 56% (n = 95) and 5% (n = 4), respectively, exceeded 5.8 microg/L MeHg, the revised US Environmental Protection Agency lower benchmark dose. GM maternal Pb was significantly higher in Dene/Métis (30.9 microg/L or 3.1 microg/dL; SD = 29.1 microg/L) and Inuit (31.6 microg/L, SD = 38.3) participants compared with the Caucasian group (20.6 microg/L, SD = 17.9) (P < 0.0001). Half of all participants were smokers. GM blood Cd in moderate smokers (1-8 cigarettes/day) and in heavy smokers (> 8 cigarettes/day) was 7.4-fold higher and 12.5-fold higher, respectively, than in nonsmokers. The high percentage of smokers among Inuit (77%) and Dene/Métis (48%) participants highlights the need for ongoing public health action directed at tobacco prevention, reduction, and cessation for women of reproductive age. Pb and THg were detected in more than 95% of all cord blood samples, with GMs of 21 microg/L and 2.7 microg/L, respectively, and Cd was detected in 26% of all cord samples, with a GM of 0.08 microg/L. Cord:maternal ratios from paired samples ranged from 0.44 to 4.5 for THg, from 0.5 to 10.3 for MeHg, and 0.1 to 9.0 for Pb. On average, levels of THg, MeHg, and Zn were significantly higher in cord blood than in maternal blood (P < 0.0001), whereas maternal Cd, Pb, Se, and Cu levels were significantly higher than those in cord blood (P < 0.0001). There was no significant relationship between methylmercury and selenium for the range of MeHg exposures in this study. Ongoing monitoring of populations at risk and traditional food species, as well as continued international efforts to reduce anthropogenic sources of mercury, are recommended.     

Trace metals in blood and urine of newborn/mother pairs,adolescents and adults of the Flemish population (2007–2011)

The Flemish Centre for Environment and Health started with human biomonitoring in 2002 (FLEHS I: 2002–2006). The main goal of the second human biomonitoring cycle (FLEHS II: 2007–2011), was to determine mean values for a large number of pollutants in a representative sample of the general Flemish population. Values for Cd and Pb were updated, and a group of previously undetermined metals and metalloids (As, Mn, Cu and Tl) were included in some of the age groups. In this human biomonitoring program, three different age groups of the general Flemish population were monitored: 255 newborns and their mothers, 210 adolescents aged 14–15, and 204 adults between 20 and 40 years old. Trace elements were determined in cord blood and maternal blood of the mothers, in blood and urine of adolescents and in urine of adults. Determinants of life-style and personal factors were taken into account. The levels of trace elements in cord blood and maternal blood were for most elements at the lower end of the range found in literature. For Pb, As and Tl, a strong correlation (respectively r = 0.43, 0.55 and 0.33; p < 0.05) was found between levels in cord blood (respectively 8.6, 0.54 and 0.017 μg/L) and maternal blood (11.1, 0.64 and 0.028 μg/L), indicating that they are transported via the placenta from mother to fetus.The levels found in the adolescents and adults were compared with results from international biomonitoring studies, and were found to be in the same ranges. With the exception of Pb, all trace elements increased with increasing age group population. Finally, the results also showed that the levels of Cd and Pb in blood for this campaign (e.g. for Pb 8.6 and 14.8 μg/L in neonates and adolescents respectively) were lower compared to the first campaign (e.g. for Pb 14.7 and 21.7 μg/L in neonates and adolescents respectively), indicating a decrease over time. However, differences in sampling strategies might partially explain this observed trend.     

Patterns and Determinants of Essential and Toxic Elements in Chinese Women at Mid-Pregnancy,Late Pregnancy,and Lactation

Maternal status of essential and toxic elements affects the health of the mother, developing fetus, or breastfeeding infant. However, few studies have examined the patterns of these elements and their determinants in pregnant or lactating women. Plasma samples of 1211 healthy mid-pregnant, late pregnant, and lactating women enrolled in coastland, lakeland, and inland areas of China from May–July 2014, were analyzed for concentrations of 15 elements, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The adjusted median concentrations of elements varied by physiologic stage and region. Lactating versus pregnant women showed higher concentrations of Zn, Cr, Mo, Ni, Sb, Cd and Pb, but lower concentrations of Cu, I, Al and Hg. In pregnant women, the concentrations of Fe, Zn, I, Mo, Ni, Al, Hg and Cd were higher in mid- versus late-pregnancy. Overall, the highest concentrations were observed in Zn, I, Mn, Al, and Pb in coastland, in Hg in lakeland, and in Fe in inland area. Element concentrations varied by maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, education, parity, delivery mode, feeding practice, and intakes of aquatic products and mutton. In conclusion, essential and toxic elements coexisted in pregnant and lactating women, and their concentrations varied by physiologic stages, regions, maternal socio-demographic characteristics and dietary factors.     

Lead, cadmium, manganese, cobalt, zinc and copper levels in whole blood of urban teenagers with non-toxic diffuse goiter

The amount of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) present in whole blood of 118 teenagers were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The blood samples of 23 healthy teenagers were compared with the blood samples of 95 adolescents who were diagnosed with non-toxic diffuse goiter (NTDG). The study was aimed at examining whether in addition to mild iodine deficiency other trace elements could contribute to the development of non-toxic diffuse goiter. The results indicated that the levels of Pb, Cd and Mn in the blood samples of teenagers diagnosed with NTDG were higher than that in healthy children. Also, the results indicated that higher levels of metals were present in the blood samples with NTDG in adolescent patients who lived in areas with a higher amount of pollution.