孕妇及胎儿体内镍、钴、铜、砷和硒暴露水平及影响因素探讨

目的观察孕妇及胎儿体内镍、钴、铜、砷和硒元素的水平及其影响因素分析。方法 2011年5—10月,在空气中镍、钴、铜、砷和硒元素含量较高的污染区和各元素含量较低的邻近城市(对照区)共采集60对孕妇全血(母血)及脐血,采用电感耦合等离子质谱法(ICP-MS)测定母血和脐血中的镍、钴、铜、砷和硒元素的含量,并分别对其相关关系及影响因素进行分析。结果污染区脐血中镍、砷、硒含量和对照区脐血镍含量均显著高于母血(P<0.05),污染区和对照区脐血中铜含量均显著低于母血(P<0.05)。污染区和对照区的钴、铜和硒在母血和脐血中含量均呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。居住地、孕期身体状况、当地居住年限和配偶职业是血钴、铜、砷和硒的影响因素。使用多元线性逐步回归发现居住地、孕期身体状况、当地居住年限和配偶职业对血钴、铜、砷和硒浓度在考虑其他混杂影响因素后有统计学意义。结论调查地区孕妇和胎儿已暴露在镍、钴和铜等环境重金属中,空气污染严重的居住地和配偶职业是孕妇和胎儿各元素暴露的重要影响因素。     

工业区居民砷、铅、镉的内暴露水平及影响因素分析

目的 探讨工业区居民砷、铅、镉的内暴露水平及影响因素.方法 采用随机整群分层方法抽取兰州市工业区常住居民135人进行问卷调查,尿及血中砷、铅、镉的含量检测.两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验,多组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验;尿、血中重金属水平相关性分析采用Spearman等级相关.结果 ...     

孕妇血与新生儿脐血重金属水平相关性分析

目的 检测母血及脐血中砷、铍、铬和镍浓度及相关影响因素分析.方法 随机选择125名健康住院分娩产妇作为研究对象,分别采集产前静脉血和分娩时胎儿脐血,并对产妇进行家庭社会环境和健康问卷调查.用微波消解,电感耦合等离子体-质谱仪(ICP-MS)检测全血样品砷、铍、铬和镍4种金属浓度.结果 母血中砷、铍、铬和镍浓度分别为5.27,0.01,46.98和56.07μg/L,脐血中砷、铍、铬和镍浓度分别为3.81,0.01,49.74和41.74μg/L,其中脐血中砷浓度显著低于母血(P<0.01).母血与脐血中砷、铍、铬和镍浓度均呈现显著正相关(P<0.01).孕妇接触职业性有害因素及近期家庭装修与母血及脐血中砷浓度有相关性.结论 孕妇和胎儿增均已暴露于砷、铍、铬和镍重金属;胎盘对铍、铬和镍缺乏有效屏障作用.     

孕妇及新生儿汞暴露水平及影响因素分析

目的调查大连、上海市孕妇及其新生儿汞暴露水平及其影响因素。方法整群抽取上海和大连市三甲医院妇产科病房待产的孕妇,对孕妇周围血及与其对应的新生儿脐带血进行血汞检测,并分析其影响因素。结果上海市孕妇血汞和新生儿脐带血汞中位数分别为1.35和2.29μg/L,大连市孕妇血汞和新生儿脐带血汞中位数分别为1.99和3.57μg/L,2地新生儿脐带血汞均明显高于母亲血汞(P0.01);大连市孕妇血汞中有3例(1.7%)、脐带血汞中有9例(8.4%)超过美国国家环保局推荐的国际标准(5.8μg/L);应用多重线性回归分析发现,上海市父亲吸烟、孕妇家中使用杀虫剂、大连市孕妇有被动吸烟史对2地孕妇血汞及新生儿脐带血汞的影响差异有统计学意义。结论对于非职业暴露人群相对工业环境污染、不良生活方式和居住环境因素等对血汞暴露水平的影响更为明显和直接。     

分娩期孕妇母血与脐血6种元素水平对脐血血红蛋白影响的研究

有关孕妇及新生儿脐血中微量元素含量测定的报道较多,但对于孕妇不同血红蛋白(Hb)水平时母血与脐血Hb的影响研究报道较少.本文就86例分娩期孕妇和新生儿脐血血清中6种元素的变化及其对脐血Hb的影响进行了研究,报道如下.     

新生儿脐血和母血维生素E水平及影响因素的研究

<正> 新生儿特别是早产儿容易发生维生素E(VE)缺乏,并可引起一系列临床症状如组织水肿、溶血性贫血等。国外有研究认为:新生儿VE低水平与很多因素有关,如新生儿血中FC、LDL、HDL、新生儿出生体重、妊娠周数、母血VE水平等。但这些因素的研究都仅限于单因素的直线相关分析,不能表明许多因素共同对VE水平的复杂影响,有的因素可能只是一种伴随相关现象,如妊娠周数与母血脂水平、新生儿体重等本身都呈正相关。本研究对这些因素都进行了单因素直线相关分析以与其它研究结果比较,在此基础上,用逐步回归的方法,找出对血中VE水平有影响的因素及其影响程度,以进一步了解VE在妊娠期的转运和代谢。     

大连市孕妇全血及脐血锑浓度及影响因素分析

锑是环境中普遍存在的微量有毒元素,是目前国际上最为关注的全球污染物之一⁽¹⁾。过量锑是婴儿猝死综合征的可能原因之一⁽¹⁾,但有关锑在母胎体内的分布和相关因素研究报道较少。本研究对辽宁省大连市125名孕妇全血及脐带血锑浓度进行检测,并就可能的环境影响因素进行分析。     

巨大儿脐血、母血脂联素水平及相关因素的研究

目的:探讨脐血、母血脂联素水平与巨大儿发生的关系,并分析其相关因素。方法:应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定新生儿脐血及产妇血清脂联素水平,分析新生儿脐血脂联素与母血脂联素水平、出生体重、出生身长、体重指数(BMI)、宫高、胸围、腹围的相关性。结果:巨大儿脐血脂联素水平高于正常体重儿,差异有显著性(P0.05);两组新生儿脐血脂联素水平与出生体质量、出生身长、BMI、胸围、腹围、孕周呈正相关(P0.05);产妇血清脂联素水平明显低于新生儿脐血血清脂联素水平(P0.01),但与脐血脂联素无相关性;巨大儿母血血清脂联素水平与产妇体重、BMI、孕周及宫高、腹围之和相关(P0.05)。结论:脐血脂联素水平与巨大儿的发生有关,产妇脂联素水平、体重、BMI、孕周及宫高、腹围之和是产前诊断巨大胎儿的相关因素。     

母婴血镉含量及其有关因素的影响

目的研究怀孕30周孕妇和其新生儿脐带血镉的含量,分析有关影响因素。方法收集66名孕妇静脉血和其新生儿脐带血各40μl,采用原子吸收光谱仪测定血镉的含量,并分析孕妇家庭和社会环境等有关因素30个项目。结果孕妇和新生儿脐血镉的平均水平分别为(2.38±0.86)μg/L和(1.66±0.62)μg/L。血镉水平≥2μg/L的人数,孕妇为42例,新生儿为17例,各占63.64%和25.76%,二者之间正相关有统计学意义(r=0.58,P<0.01)。结论孕期被动吸烟、孕期喝牛奶、孕龄、新生儿性别对脐血镉水平有显著影响。妇幼工作者应对围生期的镉损伤给予高度重视。     

孕妇和新生儿脐血中铅、镉、砷、汞、锰、硒含量及胎盘通透性研究

目的了解孕妇和新生儿脐血中铅、镉、砷、汞、锰和硒元素的含量,分析其胎盘通透性。方法于2010年9月至2013年12月在山东省渤海莱州湾某二甲医院,招募符合标准的孕妇及其新生儿为研究对象。共纳入773对孕妇及其新生儿。根据所测定元素的种类,分为汞测定组(595对)、铅测定组(534对)和镉、砷、锰、硒测定组(244对)。问卷调查获得孕妇及新生儿的人口学信息,检测母血和脐血中铅、镉、砷、汞、锰和硒的浓度,并计算各元素的胎盘通透性(某元素脐血浓度/母血浓度);采用Spearman秩相关分析母血和脐血中各元素的相关性。结果773名母亲年龄为(28.34±4.50)岁,孕周为(39.47±1.39)周;773名新生儿出生体重为(3419.47±497.39)g。母血和脐血中铅、镉、砷、汞、锰和硒各元素的中位数浓度分别为31.12和30.02、1.19和0.47、8.05和6.03、0.69和1.26、100.70和105.55、127.25和115.00μg/L。铅、镉、砷、汞、锰和硒的胎盘通透性分别为0.98、0.41、0.73、1.73、0.96和0.91。铅、镉、汞、锰和硒在母血和脐血中均呈正相关,Spearman相关系数分别为0.397、0.298、0.698、0.555和0.285(P值均<0.001)。结论铅、镉、砷、汞、锰和硒元素在母血和脐血中均普遍检出;汞的胎盘通透性较高。     

产妇毛发、静脉血及胎儿脐血微量元素相关性分析

目的研究必需和非必需微量元素在正常产妇毛发、静脉血及胎儿脐血间的分布规律，探讨胎盘屏障对母体和胎儿间微量元素转运的影响。方法选择60名健康住院分娩的产妇作为研究对象，分别采集每个产妇枕部毛发、静脉血和胎儿脐血，并对产妇日常生活中的洗发频率等因素进行问卷调查。实验室发样洗涤采用国际原子能机构推荐的洗涤程序进行，样品消化利用微波消化的方法，对样品中必需微量元素锌、铜、铬、锰、钴、钼，毒性元素铅、砷、镉、汞，以及稀土元素：镧、镨、钕、钇进行了ICP质谱分析。结果毛发中14种微量元素含量均显著高于静脉血和脐血；相关及偏相关分析均表明，产妇静脉血与胎儿脐血间锌、锰、钴、钼、铅、砷、汞、钇、镧、镨、钕显著正相关；毛发与胎儿脐血间铅、汞呈显著正相关；毛发与静脉血间锰和镉呈显著正相关。结论孕妇体内微量元素水平会直接影响到胎儿，毛发中微量元素含量可反应机体既往一定时期内的平均暴露水平。     

Evaluation of microwave-assisted ultraviolet digestion method for rice and wheat for subsequent spectrometric determination of As,Cd, Hg and Pb

The aim of this study was to optimize a sample preparation method for rice and wheat using microwave-assisted ultraviolet digestion (MW-UV) for subsequent determination of toxic elements. Cadmium and Pb were determined by sector-field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS), while As and Hg were determined by chemical vapor generation coupled to atomic absorption spectrometry (CVG-AAS). A systematic evaluation of the microwave heating program, nitric acid concentrationand sample mass was performed to optimize the MW-UV digestion method for rice and wheat samples. The relationship between nitric acid concentration and sample mass was monitored by determination of the residual carbon content (RCC) and residual acidity (RA) in order to obtain a high efficiency of digestion. The MW-UV method was successful at digesting up to 1100 mg of rice and wheat using 4 mol L⁻¹ HNO₃ with RCC and RA lower than 1.5 %, and 10 %, respectively. Recovery results ranging from 88 % to 117 % and agreement with certified reference values (t-test, 95 % confidence level) were obtained after digestion using the MW-UV method for spiked samples and certified reference materials (peach leaves-NIST 1547 and tomato leaves-NIST 1573), respectively. The optimized method was suitable for analysis of toxic elements in rice and wheat in compliance with the maximum levels reported in official directives.     

不同消化法对银杏及银杏叶中铜、锰、锌、镉微量元素的影响

目的：以银杏及银杏叶为原料，比较不同处理方法对银杏及银杏叶中Cu、Mn、Zn、Cd四种微量元素的影响。方法：采用干法灼烧、HNO3-HClO和HNO3-H2O2湿法消解处理样品，通过正交试验确定最佳条件，然后用原子吸收法测定样品中Cu、Mn、Zn、Cd的含量。结果表明：干法灰化适合于测定Cu、Mn、Zn的含量；湿法消化适合于测定Cd的含量。HNO3-HClO4消解测定的Cd含量高于HNO3-H2O2消解测定的含量。HNO3-H2O2消解测定的Zn比HNO3-HClO4消解测定的含量高。     

轻度糖尿病患者血清中微量元素锌 铜 铁 钴 镍的分析

对６８例中老年轻度糖尿病患者进行了血清中微量元素锌、铜、铁、钴、镍的含量测定，并与正常对照组进行了比较。结果表明，病例组的糖尿病患者血清锌、铁、镍水平均低于正常对照组，且锌水平与对照组比较差异非常显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）；血清铁、镍水平虽低于对照组，但无统计学意义。血清铜、钴水平则均高于对照组，铜水平与对照组比较差异非常显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）；血清钴水平虽高于对照组，也无统计学意义。     

Maternal and umbilical cord blood levels of mercury, lead, cadmium, and essential trace elements in Arctic Canada

Maternal and umbilical cord blood levels of mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and the trace elements copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se) are reported for Inuit, Dene/Métis, Caucasian, and Other nonaboriginal participants from Arctic Canada. This is the first human tissue monitoring program covering the entire Northwest Territories and Nunavut for multiple contaminants and establishes a baseline upon which future comparisons can be made. Results for chlorinated organic pesticides and PCBs for these participants have been reported elsewhere. Between May 1994 and June 1999, 523 women volunteered to participate by giving their written informed consent, resulting in the collection of 386 maternal blood samples, 407 cord samples, and 351 cord:maternal paired samples. Geometric mean (GM) maternal total mercury (THg) concentrations ranged from 0.87 microg/L (SD = 1.95) in the Caucasian group of participants (n = 134) to 3.51 microg/L (SD = 8.30) in the Inuit group (n = 146). The GM of the Inuit group was 2.6-fold higher than that of the Dene/Métis group (1.35 microg/L, SD = 1.60, n = 92) and significantly higher than those of all other groups (P<0.0001). Of Inuit women participants, 3% (n = 4) were within Health Canada's level of concern range (20-99 microg/L) for methylmercury (MeHg) exposure. Of Inuit and Dene/Métis cord samples, 56% (n = 95) and 5% (n = 4), respectively, exceeded 5.8 microg/L MeHg, the revised US Environmental Protection Agency lower benchmark dose. GM maternal Pb was significantly higher in Dene/Métis (30.9 microg/L or 3.1 microg/dL; SD = 29.1 microg/L) and Inuit (31.6 microg/L, SD = 38.3) participants compared with the Caucasian group (20.6 microg/L, SD = 17.9) (P < 0.0001). Half of all participants were smokers. GM blood Cd in moderate smokers (1-8 cigarettes/day) and in heavy smokers (> 8 cigarettes/day) was 7.4-fold higher and 12.5-fold higher, respectively, than in nonsmokers. The high percentage of smokers among Inuit (77%) and Dene/Métis (48%) participants highlights the need for ongoing public health action directed at tobacco prevention, reduction, and cessation for women of reproductive age. Pb and THg were detected in more than 95% of all cord blood samples, with GMs of 21 microg/L and 2.7 microg/L, respectively, and Cd was detected in 26% of all cord samples, with a GM of 0.08 microg/L. Cord:maternal ratios from paired samples ranged from 0.44 to 4.5 for THg, from 0.5 to 10.3 for MeHg, and 0.1 to 9.0 for Pb. On average, levels of THg, MeHg, and Zn were significantly higher in cord blood than in maternal blood (P < 0.0001), whereas maternal Cd, Pb, Se, and Cu levels were significantly higher than those in cord blood (P < 0.0001). There was no significant relationship between methylmercury and selenium for the range of MeHg exposures in this study. Ongoing monitoring of populations at risk and traditional food species, as well as continued international efforts to reduce anthropogenic sources of mercury, are recommended.     

郑州地区325例婴幼儿血液微量元素调查分析

目的了解郑州地区婴幼儿血液微量元素状况及影响因素。方法对儿保门诊325名婴幼儿血液微量元素检测结果进行分析,并调查导致偏差的可能诱因。结果铁、锌等微量元素的缺乏有较高发病率,且与食物中肉类缺乏有较大关系;钙过高也是不容忽视的现象;铅中毒中近一半可能为消化道途径导致。结论加强儿保门诊营养喂养知识的宣教,在婴幼儿食谱中适量添加动物性食物,纠正小儿不良的卫生习惯,扭转盲目补钙的行为,对减少血液微量元素偏差的发生具有积极意义。     

膳食因素与微量元素吸收关系的研究进展

微量元素在体内有非常重要的作用,膳食因素是人体微量元素营养水平的一个重要影响因素。就膳食因素对微量元素吸收代谢影响的研究进展进行了综述。