颅内结核瘤的诊治及误诊分析

目的 探讨颅内结核瘤的诊治及误诊原因。方法回顾性分析24例颅内结核瘤患者的临床资料。结果24例中13例行显微外科手术,2例行立体定向活检术并经病理证实,术后均给予正规抗结核治疗;9例经抗结核保守治疗有效。11例术前未考虑结核瘤,误诊率为46％。结论 临床病史结合辅助检查多可确诊颅内结核瘤。手术治疗辅以术后正规抗结核治疗,预后良好。颅内结核瘤临床表现无特征性,影像学特征不典型,是常常导致误诊的主要原因。     

颅内血管外皮细胞瘤3例临床分析

目的探讨颅内血管外皮瘤的诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析3例经术后病理证实的颅内血管外皮瘤患者的临床、影像学资料及病理结果,并结合相关文献进行总结。结果颅内血管外皮瘤临床较少见,症状多以头痛为主;MRI可见血管流空影;术后病理检查示CD34(+~+++),EMA(-),Vimentin(+),GFAP(-);需与脑膜瘤鉴别;术后需进行放疗。3例患者均行手术治疗,完整切除肿瘤,于术后1~3个月进行放疗,随访期间未见肿瘤复发、转移。结论颅内血管外皮瘤容易误诊,需根据影像学资料和病史仔细诊断,最终由病理结果确诊,手术切除辅以放疗是首选治疗手段;术后需随访观察肿瘤的复发或转移。     

手术治疗多发脑转移瘤25例分析

目的探讨颅内多发转移瘤的手术适应证、手术方法及影响手术疗效的相关因素。方法手术治疗颅内多发转移瘤25例，共57个转移瘤。所有病例均一期开颅手术切除所有颅内病灶，术前未经放疗的病例术后均辅以放疗，所有病例术后均接受多个周期化疗，6例术后接受多次免疫治疗。结果22例肿瘤均获得全切，3例3个转移瘤因其邻近脑干等重要结构行次全切除，术后辅以1-刀或X-刀治疗。无手术相关死亡，术后证状均获得不同程度改善，中位生存时间为13．7个月。结论恰当选择手术适应证进行包括手术治疗在内的综合治疗，可以显著改善一部分多发脑转移瘤患者的预后。     

颅内血管外皮细胞瘤多器官转移临床分析

目的分析颅内血管外皮细胞瘤颅外多器官转移的临床特点,以提高诊治水平。方法回顾分析1例颅内血管外皮细胞瘤8a间的回访资料,根据临床表现、影像学表现、手术治疗及放射治疗效果及转移情况,结合文献探讨其临床特点。结果颅内血管外皮细胞瘤患者术前影像与脑膜瘤不易区别,导致误诊。术中见脑膜有明显侵犯,血供丰富。术后病理需免疫组化确诊。术后随访期内发生原位复发及颅内附近转移和颅外多发转移。结论颅内血管外皮细胞瘤发生颅外多发转移较为罕见,需与脑膜瘤、孤立性纤维瘤鉴别。治疗以手术切除为首选,术后应常规行放疗,复发时可再次放疗并需定期随访。     

颅内转移瘤245例临床分析

目的探讨颅内转移瘤患者可能的最佳治疗方法。方法245例脑转移瘤患者中,单纯手术治疗27例,其中9例为单发性转移瘤,18例为多发性转移瘤;单纯γ刀治疗31例,共63个病灶,其中4例分2次行γ刀治疗;手术加γ刀治疗187例,其中111例行一次手术加1刀治疗,37例行一次手术加二次γ刀治疗,39例行二次手术加二次以γ刀治疗。结果单纯手术治疗的27例中,功能改善19例,无变化5例,术肝恶化3例,平均生存时间为（8±3．7）个月：单纯γ刀治疗31例中,功能改善19例,无变化9例,术后恶化3例,平均生存时间为（8．5±2．9）个月;手术加γ刀治疗187例中,功能改善125例,无变化25例,术后恶化37例,平均生存时间为（15．9±6．5）个月。手术加γ刀治疗比单纯于术或单纯γ刀治疗的患者的平均生存期显著延长（P〈0．05）。结论结合患者年龄、全身状况、近期有无新增或控制的系统件疫病、是单发或多发性颅内转移瘤等因素后,适时选择手术加γ刀治疗可能是目前大多数颅内转移瘤患者最佳的治疗方法。     

头部外伤诱发颅内肿瘤卒中

目的 通过复习文献，对颅内肿瘤引起的颅内出血发生机制和临床特点进行探讨，旨在引起临床医师们的重视，以减少误诊误治。方法 本文报告9例误诊为外伤性颅内血肿的瘤卒中患者，其中5例术中发现颅内肿瘤同时切除，3例术后复查CT发现颅内肿瘤，二次手术切除。结果 全部病例随访6月，4例死亡，5例存活。结论 对疑为瘤卒中的颅内血肿患者，除仔细询问病史，全面体查外，术中应仔细寻找出血源，观察周围脑组织的改变，对可疑病变组织、血块及其腔壁一并切除，分送病检，从而作出正确的治疗方案。     

颅内血管周细胞瘤的影像学特点及显微外科手术治疗

目的探讨颅内血管周细胞瘤(HPC)的影像学特点及显微外科手术方法。方法回顾性分析显微外科手术治疗的26例颅内HPC患者的临床资料;包括影像学检查、手术方法及手术疗效。结果16例颅内HPC患者术前影像学诊断与术后病理诊断一致,6例患者术前被误诊为脑膜瘤,4例患者误诊为血管母细胞瘤。手术效果:肿瘤全切除者17例,次全切除5例,部分切除4例,无死亡患者。全部患者术后均行局部放疗。术后随访6~42个月,3例患者肿瘤复发。结论颅内HPC的影像学表现具有一定特点,仔细分析其影像学特点可提高术前诊断率。根据肿瘤的影像学表现制定手术方案,以及娴熟的显微外科技术,术中控制好出血,是提高颅内HPC全切除率和提高手术疗效的关键。     

Neuroform颅内专用支架结合弹簧圈治疗颅内宽颈动脉瘤

目的应用Neuroform颅内专用支架结合弹簧圈治疗颅内宽颈动脉瘤,探讨其安全性,有效性,技术特点和并发症防治。方法回顾性分析我院33例应用Neuroform颅内专用支架治疗颅内宽颈动脉瘤的临床资料,对Neuroform支架的特点和应用的技术特点进行探讨,分析手术中注意点,术中术后并发症防治,手术效果,并且对部分患者术后随访,评价其临床应用价值。结果33例患者,除1例患者由于血管迂曲,支架没有植入,其余均顺利完成。术中2例出现急性载瘤血管闭塞,急性溶栓成功;术中动脉瘤破裂1例,给予加速栓塞,术后加做脑室外引流,痊愈出院。术后23例患者获得脑血管造影随访,随访期限6～38个月,2例出现动脉瘤复发,给予再栓塞,1例出现载瘤动脉狭窄,尚无缺血表现,给予继续随访。所有患者均无术后再次蛛网膜下腔出血表现,手术效果良好。结论Neuroform支架结合弹簧圈是治疗颅内宽颈动脉瘤的安全有效的方法。     

原发灶来源不明的脑转移瘤的临床特点及治疗

目的 探讨原发灶来源不明的脑转移瘤（BMUP）的临床特点及治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析26例BMUP患者的临床资料。结果 病灶位于额叶8例、顶叶13例、枕叶1例、小脑3例、基底节区1例。19例单发转移灶全切除,7例多发灶者行症状侧病灶全切除术。术后均接受普通放疗,其中3例多发转移瘤加行替莫唑胺辅助化疗。术后随访6~78个月,平均28个月;复发7例（单发灶2例,多发灶5例）,再次手术治疗2例,化疗3例,2例因颅内播散、恶性颅内压增高死亡。结论 BMUP影像学及病理学具有一定特征,治疗主要采取以手术为主的综合治疗,术后常规放化治疗可延缓肿瘤生长,提高患者生存率。     

颅内黑色素瘤的诊断和治疗

目的 讨论颅内黑色素瘤的临床特点、影像学特征及治疗方案.方法 回顾性分析11例经证实的颅内黑色素瘤患者的资料,分析其临床表现、影像学特征,并对其临床特点和治疗方案进行讨论.结果 头部CT及MRI多可见瘤周有点状或条索状卫星灶.典型的黑色素瘤MRI表现为T1WI高信号、T2WI低信号,该表现具有特异性.11例手术中,4例全切,6例近全切,1例多发性转移瘤部分切除.术后患者多在3-12个月内死亡,最长不超过2年,平均生存期不到6个月.结论 颅内黑色素瘤发病率低,误诊率高,治疗以手术切除为主,放化疗及免疫疗法仅可使部分患者受益,预后极差.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.