医学生食品营养标签健康教育效果评价

目的评价食品营养标签宣传视频对某医学院学生的健康教育效果。方法用《学会读懂食品营养标签》宣传视频对某医学院一、二年级600名医学生进行健康教育2周,并于健康教育前后用自编问卷进行食品营养标签的知识、态度、行为(KAP)调查。结果健康教育前发出问卷600份,收回有效问卷562份,健康教育后发出问卷600份,收回有效问卷488份。健康教育前知识、态度、行为方面得分分别为7.50±1.98、4.31±1.47、8.28±1.86,宣教后知识、态度、行为方面得分分别为8.84±2.18、4.27±1.53、8.52±1.94,健康教育后医学生KAP总得分高于健康教育前(P=0.000),其中健康教育后知识和行为得分高于健康教育前(P=0.000、P=0.040),而健康教育前后态度得分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论该宣传教育视频对医学生食品营养标签健康教育有一定效果,可用于对医学生进行健康教育。     

唐山市某社区老年人食品营养标签K-A-P调查

目的 了解唐山市某社区老年人对食品营养标签的知识（K）、态度（A）、行为（P）情况。方法 选取唐山市某社区符合条件的老年人进行问卷调查。问卷内容包括一般人口学特征、食品营养标签相关营养基础知识、食品营养标签知识、态度及行为。结果 本次调查符合条件的社区老年人共284人,年龄在50～89（69.6±5.3）岁。知识部分的平均分为（15.52±0.17）分,其中营养标签相关营养基础知识得分为（6.09±5.21）分;食品营养标签知识平均分为（9.38±4.17）分。性别、学历、经济收入及既往职业对社区老年人食品营养标签的知识得分均有影响（P＜0.05）。食品营养标签相关营养基础知识与食品营养标签知识之间存在正相关（r = 0.541, P＜0.05）。在A和P部分,有94.2%的社区老年人认为食品包装上有必要标识营养标签,经常使用营养标签的老年人占18.3%,且91.2%的老年人倾向于关注产品的生产日期/保质期,而对其他内容关注较少。42.3%的老年人认为营养标签太复杂,41.2%对之缺乏兴趣。社区老年人获得营养标签知识的主要途径是广播/电视/网络,占76.4%。结论 社区老年人对食品营养标签的知识具有一定了解,但并不全面;关于营养标签的态度很好,但使用情况较差;针对社区老年人进行食品营养标签的宣传教育工作还需进一步加强。     

医学生食品营养标签知识、态度及行为调查

目的对石河子大学医学院大学生食品营养标签知识、态度及行为情况进行调查,为医学生食品营养标签健康教育提供依据。方法随机抽取医学院1989名大学生进行食品营养标签知识、态度及行为问卷调查。结果医学生食品营养标签知识平均得分为(4.83±1.79)分,不同专业知识得分不全相同,其中预防专业学生得分最高[(5.93±1.91)分],影像专业学生得分最低[(4.51±1.41)分],差异有统计学意义(χ~2=80.826,P=0.000);各年级知识得分不全相同,总体来说年级越高得分越高,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=52.978,P=0.000);女生得分[(4.87±1.72)分]高于男生[(4.79±1.88)分],差异有统计学意义(Z=-0.831,P=0.001)。书籍、报纸或杂志是大学生获得食品营养标签知识的主要途径。80.1%(1593/1989)的学生认为有必要在食品包装上标注营养标签,19.5%(117/600)的学生对食品营养标签的内容与形式比较满意,30.2%(600/1989)的学生经常阅读食品营养标签。结论医学生食品营养标签知识得分不高,需要加强宣教和引导,普及营养知识,提高大学生对营养标签的认知和科学使用。     

昆明市两所高校大学生对营养标签的KAP调查

[目的]了解大学生对食品营养标签的知识态度行为,探讨影响大学生对食品标签知识态度行为的相关因素。[方法]随机抽取330名大学生进行大学生营养标签的知识、态度、行为等方面进行调查,比较医学生和非医学生食品营养标签的知识、态度、行为之间的差异。[结果]调查对象营养知识平均得分为(11.528±2.95),医学类专业得分高于非医学类专业(P0.001),且随着年级增高营养知识得分也越高(P0.001)。90.1%的人相信营养标签上所标识的营养成分含量,87.3%的学生认为食品标示营养标签有必要。87.6%的大学生购买食品时会阅读食品营养标签,62.7%的大学生有过因阅读营养标签而改变购买决策的经历。非医学专业学生阅读营养标签的概率是医学类学生的3.244倍,营养知识得分及格者阅读营养标签的概率是不及格者的2.151倍,信任营养标签者阅读营养标签的概率是不信任者的6.752倍。[结论]大学生营养知识较缺乏,专业、营养知识得分和对营养标签的信任度可影响大学生营养标签阅读行为。     

十堰市2所高校学生营养状况、态度及饮食行为调查

目的 了解十堰市高校大学生营养状况、态度及饮食行为,为开展营养健康教育提供依据.方法 采用随机整群抽样方法对该市2所高校在校大学生进行问卷调查,采用自行设计的营养状况、态度及饮食行为调查问卷,对2所大学问卷结果进行比较分析.结果 医学生489名,师范生292名,共781名.781名学生中营养不良229名(29.32％),营养正常518例(66.33％),营养过剩34例(4.35％);医学生营养不良发生率(31.08％)高于师范生(26.37％),但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);营养过剩发生率师范生(6.51％)高于医学生(3.07％)(P＜0.05).大多数学生具有较好的营养态度,医学生营养态度明显优于师范生,除“凭借口感选择食物”和“认为现在膳食不合理”2项问题外,其余问题的回答医学生与师范生比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).仅23.52％的医学生和8.90％的师范生参加过与营养知识有关的活动.781名学生中有28.94％的学生不吃早餐;不吃早餐师范生的比例高于医学生,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).无论是医学生还是师范生不吃早餐的学生较吃早餐的学生更容易发生营养不良(P＜0.05).结论 该市高校学生营养不良发生率较高,医学生的营养态度比师范生更积极,但部分大学生饮食行为不佳,不良饮食行为更容易导致营养不良,学校需对学生加强营养健康教育.     

南京市某高校医学生营养知识-态度-行为及营养状况调查

目的了解医学生营养知识、态度、行为(KAP)情况及营养状况,为开展营养教育及制定有针对性措施提供依据。方法以分层整群抽样的方法选取南京市某高校1 010名医学生为研究对象,采用自行设计问卷进行调查。结果医学生营养知识平均得分(9.77±2.59)分,总正确率为65.11%;营养态度平均得分(14.29±2.51)分,总正确率为79.39%;营养行为平均得分(59.57±5.16)分,总正确率为71.77%。女生营养知识、态度得分均高于男生;学过营养课程的学生营养知识、态度、行为得分均高于未学过的学生;家人关注营养的学生营养知识、态度、行为得分均高于不关注组学生(P值均0.05)。营养知识与营养态度(r=0.242)、与营养行为(r=0.152)均呈正相关;营养态度与营养行为(r=0.254)亦呈正相关(P值均0.05)。大学生中存在较多不合理的营养行为。营养不良率为15.94%,超重或肥胖率为7.52%。结论医学生营养知识水平有待进一步提高,大多数医学生具有积极的营养态度,营养行为总体情况不容乐观,营养状况有待进一步改善。     

采煤井下作业人员营养KAP调查研究

目的了解采煤井下作业人员营养相关知识、态度、行为(KAP)现状及膳食状况,为进一步改善其营养状况提供参考。方法采用分层随机抽样法抽取样本,自行设计调查问卷,现场进行访谈式调查,使用Epidata3.1软件建立数据库,双人录入并核查纠错,使用SPSS 18.0软件进行统计分析。结果营养KAP评分中,态度分(A)的及格率最高,其次为知识分(K)、行为分(P)。对K分影响较大的因素是A分和P分,K分随着A分增高而增高(P0.01),K分随着P分增高而增高(P0.01)。整体态度较为积极,但知识欠缺,行为方面有较大误区,进一步分析发现采煤井下作业人员营养知识、态度、行为间有明显相关性,相关系数分别为0.235,0.289,0.253(P0.05);采煤井下作业人员营养知识、态度、行为水平主要受其文化程度,家庭经济状况,习惯和信仰的影响,标准偏相关系数β值分别为0.364,0.320,0.170(P0.05)影响井下作业人员行为因素主要是选择食物的依据以及饮食消费。煤矿井下作业人员选择食物时考虑的因素占前3位的主要是:食品的营养价值占42.10%,口味占29.70%,习惯和信仰占18.30%。结论采煤井下作业人员营养知识、态度、行为存在明显不足,不能满足合理膳食的要求,提示为进一步改善该人群营养状况,可从普及规范营养知识入手,改变并促进积极营养态度转变,进而形成良好饮食行为,同时在常规健康保健工作中加入营养评价内容,以劳动保护,营养知识,态度作为内容,在该职业人群中开展一些有针对性营养教育工作。     

中山市寄宿高中生营养知识态度行为调查

目的 了解中山市高中生营养知识、态度和行为现状,为开展营养教育提供科学依据.方法 随机抽取中山市4所高中学校学生735名,以问卷方式调查营养知识、态度和行为.结果 寄宿制高中学生营养知识普遍缺乏.关于B族维生素、维生素A、BMI指数以及n-6和n-3脂肪酸知识的回答正确率男生显著高于女生(P＜0.05);营养态度普遍较好;男女生均存在一些不合理的饮食行为;女生和非独生子女学生营养态度得分显著高于男生和独生子女(P＜0.05);学生的营养知识、态度和行为得分呈正相关.结论 在寄宿制高中生中开展营养知识教育是必要和可行的,但同时应加强对女生营养知识的宣传教育,重点端正男生和独生子女学生的营养态度.     

广东某医科大学在校生营养知识、态度、行为调查及影响因素分析

目的了解广东某医科大学在校生的营养知识、态度和行为现状,并探讨其可能的影响因素,为促进大学生合理膳食提供依据。方法采用分层整群抽样,对抽取的20个班的620名同学进行问卷调查,数据录入、核查后进行统计学分析。结果医学生的常识性营养知识正确率较高,但理论性营养知识正确率较低。营养知识得分平均为(9.41±1.78)分(总14分),相同年级不同专业间、相同专业不同年级间及不同户籍同学间营养知识得分差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。医学生营养态度得分平均为(11.86±1.85)分(总14分),且女生的营养态度得分高于男生(P0.001)。营养行为得分平均为(43.92±6.23)分(总72分),男女生在营养行为的多个方面有差异,不同户籍的同学营养行为亦有差异(P0.001)。KAP问卷总分平均为(65.21±7.51)分,女同学总分平均值高于男同学(P0.001),来自城镇同学的总分平均值高于来自农村的同学(P=0.004)。经多重线性回归模型分析后,性别、户籍仍有统计学意义。结论医学生营养态度较为积极,但理论性营养知识不足,且存在不良营养行为。且应特别加强针对男同学和来自农村同学的营养教育。     

郑州某高校护理专业学生营养KAP调查分析

目的了解护理专业学生的营养“知识、态度、行为”(KAP)现状,为护理专业学生的营养教育和临床营养护理提供依据及指导。方法采取问卷方式对郑州某校的520名护理专业学生进行营养知识(K)、态度(A)及行为(P)调查。结果护理专业学生对营养知识缺乏全面深入的了解,营养知识及格率为66.9%,营养知识各题回答正确率最低达28.3%;护理专业学生对待营养的态度较好,营养态度及格率为88.5%;行为评分较差,及格率50%,各题回答正确率最低为11.2%。营养知识、态度、行为三者间呈正相关(p<0.01)。结论为促进护理专业学生适应社会的需求及提高学生的身体素质,应加强护理专业学生营养知识健康教育和饮食行为的正确引导。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.