农村地区留守儿童社交焦虑及其影响因素分析*

摘 要 目的 分析宁夏农村地区留守儿童社交焦虑状况及其影响因素,为改善农村留守儿童的健康状况提供理论依据。方法 2019年10月,采用整群随机抽样选取宁夏农村地区5所小学3到6年级990名学生进行调查,问卷主要包括社会生活状况、儿童社会交往焦虑测评量表。结果 留守儿童有仅4.18%父母会关注留守儿童的心理问题,有36.70%的留守儿童认为父母外出打工是一段痛苦的经历。留守儿童社交焦虑得分高于非留守儿童(t=3.608,P＜0.05),生活起居方式不同其留守儿童社交焦虑总得分存在差异(F=4.108,P＜0.05);多元线性回归分析显示,性别、年级、有无兄弟姐妹以及父母外出打工是否对学习成绩产生影响是留守儿童社交焦虑水平的主要影响因素(P＜0.05)。结论 农村留守儿童社交焦虑水平要高于非留守儿童,其影响因素复杂;父母应多方面关注留守儿童的社交焦虑状况,改善留守儿童的生活质量。     

上饶市留守儿童行为生活方式与焦虑症状的关联

目的 分析留守儿童行为生活方式因素与焦虑症状的关联强度,为留守儿童心理健康干预提供依据.方法 运用广泛性焦虑量表(GAD-7)对江西省上饶市B县1 188名13～18岁儿童(非留守617名,留守571名)进行评估,同时问卷调查留守儿童的体力活动、看电视时间、使用电脑时间、膳食行为、睡眠情况等行为生活方式因素.结果 留守...     

小学"留守儿童"社交焦虑现状流行病学调查

[目的]了解安徽省农村地区“留守儿童”社交焦虑现况，并明确影响“留守儿童”社交焦虑的主要因素。[方法]整群抽取安徽省无为县某地区两所农村小学，共884名3—6年级儿童，其中“留守儿童”491名。采用儿童社交焦虑量表和自编调查表进行问卷调查。[结果]本研究中，“留守儿童”的社交焦虑发生率（17．1％）高于“非留守儿童”的发生率（11．7％），差异有统计学意义。“留守儿童”社交焦虑可能与性别、年龄、学习困难程度、健康状况、母亲教育方式、老师教育方式和零花钱等因素有关。[结论]农村地区小学“留守儿童”存在一定程度的社交焦虑问题。社会、学校和家长必须重视和加强对小学“留守儿童”的心理健康教育。     

农村留守儿童社交焦虑领悟社会支持与希望的关系

探讨社交焦虑与农村留守儿童希望水平的关系以及领悟社会支持的中介作用,为针对性开展农村留守儿童心理健康教育及提升积极心理品质提供客观的借鉴与思路.方法 2018年9-10月,采用儿童社交焦虑量表、希望量表和领悟社会支持评估量表对797名湖南地区农村留守儿童进行调查.应用Pearson相关系数确定变量之间的关系,应用多元线性回归分析和结构方程模型评估领悟社会支持是否在农村留守儿童社交焦虑与希望之间起中介作用.结果 农村留守儿童社交焦虑[(6.84±4.28)分]与领悟社会支持[(54.18±14.48)分]及希望[(23.80±5.77)分]均呈负相关(r值分别为-0.23,-0.19,P值均<0.01),领悟社会支持与希望呈正相关(r=0.49,P<0.01).领悟社会支持在社交焦虑与儿童希望水平之间起部分中介作用.结论 领悟社会支持对农村留守儿童的希望水平产生积极影响,对社交焦虑产生负面影响起到积极缓冲作用.建议在教育和心理健康的过程中可以多开展提升农村留守儿童的社会支持的活动.     

家庭干预对利川市农村留守儿童心理健康及行为问题因子的影响

目的:探讨家庭干预对利川市14个乡镇的14所中心小学207名五年级农村留守儿童的心理行为健康及行为问题因子的影响,促进儿童心身的健康成长。方法:本次采用自编的《家庭干预方案》对留守儿童进行为期3个月的家庭干预,分别使用《心理健康诊断测验》(MHT)和《Achenbach儿童行为量表》(CBCL)对干预前后留守儿童的心理健康状况及儿童行为问题进行调查,收集整理数据并进行统计学分析,比较干预前后MHT及CBCL各因子得分。结果:接受家庭干预前、后的农村留守儿童MHT各因子得分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。108名利川市农村留守男孩家庭干预前、后CBCL分裂样、抑郁、交往不良、强迫性、体诉、社交退缩、多动、攻击性及违纪各因子得分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。99名利川市农村留守女孩家庭干预前、后CBCL抑郁、社交退缩、体诉、分裂强迫、多动、性问题、违纪、攻击性及残忍各因子得分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:家庭干预可以促进农村留守儿童的心理健康,减少留守儿童行为问题的发生,促进儿童的健康成长。     

哈尔滨城市留守与非留守幼儿行为问题及影响因素分析

了解哈尔滨市45岁城市留守与非留守幼儿行为问题差异及影响因素,为开展针对性预防干预提供依据.方法 于2016年11—12月,采用病例对照研究设计,选取哈尔滨市12所幼儿园208名45岁城市留守幼儿和按同班级、同性别、出生日期(3个月之内)匹配的城市非留守幼儿208名,对其监护人进行问卷调查,内容包括幼儿一般信息、儿童行为量表、家庭功能量表等.结果 留守组和非留守组儿童行为问题检出率分别为20.2%和15.9%(χ2=1.32,P=0.25);留守组女童行为问题检出率(26.7%)高于男童(13.6%)(χ2=5.52,P=0.02).留守组(26.78±30.22)与非留守组(21.77±30.06)儿童行为问题总分差异有统计学意义(Z=-3.31,P=0.00),且思维问题和攻击性行为问题得分差异均有统计学意义(Z值分别为-3.36,-3.47,P值均<0.05).家庭功能量表各维度与留守组幼儿思维问题和攻击性行为呈正相关(P值均<0.01);在非留守幼儿组仅家庭功能角色维度与幼儿攻击性行为呈正相关(r=0.17,P<0.05).家庭功能沟通维度、角色维度对留守幼儿思维问题的回归系数分别为0.20和0.24,家庭功能角色维度和行为控制维度对留守幼儿攻击性行为的回归系数分别为0.27和0.18(P值均<0.05);家庭功能角色维度对非留守幼儿攻击性行为的回归系数为0.17(P<0.05).结论 留守组幼儿思维问题和攻击性行为问题比非留守组幼儿严重,留守和非留守幼儿行为问题的发生与家庭功能失调有关.     

宁夏留守儿童焦虑状况分析

目的：开展关于宁夏农村留守儿童焦虑情绪及相关因素的调查,为今后留守儿童心理健康辅导提供科学依据。方法：采用整群随机抽样的方法抽取宁夏某县6所小学和2所初中6-15岁学生共1455名,其中留守儿童643名,非留守儿童812名。采用自编一般情况问卷和儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表（SCARED）进行调查。结果：留守儿童焦虑情绪检出率为29．1％,高于非留守儿童的16．7％（X^2=31．606,P〈0．001）。留守儿童中男、女焦虑情绪检出率分别为31．7％、25．8％,比较差异无统计学意义（X^2=2．735,P=0．098）;汉、回焦虑情绪检出率分别为26．2％、43．8％,比较差异有统计学意义（X^2=13．197,P〈0．001）;学龄期留守儿童焦虑情绪检出率为24．9％,低于少年期留守儿童的32．3％（X^2=4．211,P=0．040）。留守儿童的焦虑总分及各因子得分均高于非留守儿童,比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。留守儿童中,女孩在社交恐惧上得分高于男孩（P〈0．05）,少年期儿童在焦虑总分、广泛性焦虑及社交恐惧因子得分上均高于学龄期儿童（P〈0．05）。回族留守儿童在焦虑总分、广泛性焦虑、躯体化,惊恐与学校恐惧上与汉族留守儿童比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。Logistic回归分析显示,回族留守儿童更易出现焦虑情绪（OR=2．20）。结论：留守儿童焦虑情绪水平明显高于非留守儿童,留守儿童的焦虑情绪水平在性别,年龄和民族上存在不同因子的差异,应引起社会各界的关注。     

贵州省14岁及以下单独生活留守儿童社交焦虑状况

了解贵州省14岁及以下单独生活的留守儿童社交焦虑情况及其影响因素,为有效缓解留守儿童社交焦虑提供参考.方法 采用分层随机抽样方法,抽取贵州省89个行政村≤14岁儿童3 902名进行儿童社交焦虑量表(Social Anxiety Scale for Children)问卷调查.结果 留守与非留守儿童社交害怕否定评价、社交回避与苦恼和社交焦虑总得分比较差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为4.37,15.25,5.40,P值均<0.01);独自生活的留守儿童害怕否定评价、社交回避与苦恼、社交焦虑总得分与其他生活类型留守儿童比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05);女性独自生活的留守儿童社交焦虑回避与苦恼得分与其他生活类型女性儿童比较,差异有统计学意义(F=4.30,P<0.05).以社交焦虑害怕否定评价(Y1)、社交焦虑回避与苦恼(Y2)、社交焦虑总得分(Y3)为因变量,以年龄(X1)、与父母团聚间隔时间(X2)、与父母关系(X3)、好朋友数(X4)和每月生活费(X5)为自变量指标进行多因素逐步回归分析,回归方程:Y1=-0.917X3-0.694X4-0.502X5+11.614;Y2 =-0.313X4+4.604;Y3=-1.028X3-1.002X4-0.756X5+ 17.278.结论 独自留守生活对留守儿童社交焦虑会产生一定影响,特别是对女性独自生活留守儿童的社交焦虑影响更为明显.     

父母外出务工对农村留守儿童心理健康的影响研究

目的:了解贫困农村地区留守儿童与非留守儿童心理健康差异并探索其影响因素。方法:在宁夏固原市用分层整群抽样的方法对7所小学的2017名学生进行问卷调查,并通过家长调查获取1474名学生的家庭信息。结果:欠发达地区农村儿童自我意识水平整体偏低;留守儿童心理健康比非留守儿童差,具体表现为自我意识水平较低、孤独感较强、社交焦虑水平较高;父母外出务工是留守儿童心理健康的危险因素,家长对孩子的关心程度、同伴关系和师生关系是影响留守儿童心理健康的三个最主要因素。结论:加强留守儿童家庭中的亲子沟通,提高监护人对留守儿童心理健康的重视,以及老师帮助学生建立融洽的师生和同伴关系是改善留守儿童心理健康状况的有效途径。     

安徽省某农村地区儿童自尊水平及其影响因素分析

目的探讨儿童自尊现状及其影响因素,为进一步开展针对性心理健康教育及制定干预措施提供科学依据。方法整群抽取长丰县农村地区2 917名中小学生作为研究对象,运用自编的中小学生身心健康状况与相关生活经历调查问卷(包括儿童自尊量表、家庭功能量表、特质应对方式问卷和儿童社交焦虑量表等)进行调查。结果在2 917名中小学生中,留守儿童1 694名,占58.1%。协方差分析结果显示,仅在同时校正消极应对方式、家庭功能和社交焦虑3个变量时,留守儿童与非留守儿童的自尊水平差异有统计学意义(F协=3.942,P<0.05)。多元线性回归分析显示,高身高、学习成绩好、同伴关系亲密、多参加课外活动、父亲文化程度高、家庭功能与生活质量好、采取积极应对方式和处于留守状况下的儿童自尊水平较高,而处于社交焦虑和采取消极应对方式的儿童自尊水平较低。结论儿童自尊水平是多个生态子系统相关因素综合作用的结果,社会、学校、家庭等多方面相互协作、共同努力,有利于提高儿童自尊水平。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.