石家庄市轻体力活动集体就餐人群能量摄入量研究

目的了解石家庄市事业单位轻体力劳动成年人能量摄入量状况。方法在石家庄市某事业单位选择三餐在食堂用餐的处于轻体力活动水平的38名成年人作为调查对象。采用称重记录法调查其每日的膳食种类及摄入量,并通过查阅食物成分表计算每日的能量摄入量。结果每日能量摄入量男性为(9070.0±1497.5)kJ[(2167.9±357.9)kcal)],女性为(7669.9±1396.5)kJ[(1833.2±333.8)kcal)]。以公斤体重计算,男性组为(130.9±17.4)kJ/(kg.d),女性组为(139.0±25.8)kJ/(kg.d)。男女的每日能量摄入量均比我国2000年制定的轻体力活动成年人的RNI值低。此外,受试对象全天各餐之间摄能比分别为早餐18.6%、中餐41.5%、晚餐35.0%,其中早餐摄能比值偏低。结论中国轻体力劳动成年人能量摄入的RNI值可能偏高,在评价能量摄入量时应考虑体重因素的影响。     

广东省某高校大学生能量消耗研究

为了解我国南方地区现阶段健康大学生的能量消耗状况 ,为大学生能量供给提供参考 ,随机抽取广东某高校健康在校大学生 6 1人作为研究对象 (男 30人 ,女 31人 ) ,用间接测热法测定基础代谢 ,用全天活动时间记录法进行全天活动调查 ,采用WHO报告的要因加算法估算全天总能量消耗量。结果显示 ,男女大学生的基础代谢率分别为 (15 8 0 3± 7 85 )kJ (m2 ·h)和 (14 5 0 5± 10 14 )kJ (m2 ·h) ,全天总消耗量男女大学生分别为 (10 389 2 3± 15 19 90 )kJ d和 (792 1 15± 96 1 4 1)kJ d。结果提示我国南方地区现阶段健康大学生全天总能量消耗符合我国“轻体力劳动成人”能量供给量的标准     

某高级中学住宿生膳食与营养状况调查

[目的 ]　为创建我区学生膳食示范点 ,为今后发展中学学生膳食探索经验。 [方法 ]　用记帐法和称量法调查2 71名住宿学生的膳食情况 ,并结合人体测量指标评估其营养状况。 [结果 ]　平均每日男女生能量和各种营养素摄入量分别为 :能量 (32 5 0± 16 4)kcal,(2 5 80± 172 )kcal;蛋白质 (112 .1± 10 .3) g ,(97.0± 9.7)g ;脂肪 (137.6± 11.5 ) g ,(136 .0± 10 .9) g ;碳水化物 (390 .6± 17.9)g ,(2 37.8± 18.0 ) g。蛋白质 /脂肪 /碳水化物供能比为 13 .8∶38.1∶48.1;15 .0∶47.4∶36 .9。脂肪供能占总热量比例超过 30 %。碳水化物供能比低于 5 0 %。来自动物及豆类的蛋白质占总蛋白质的 5 0 %以上。早中晚三餐热能分配为 2 1∶38∶41和 2 7∶35∶38。常量及微量元素中铁、钠、钾、磷、碘、铜、硒、锰均达中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)要求 ;钙、锌男女生摄入量分别为DRIs 的 5 8.90 %和 5 6 .6 0 %、79.47%和 78.71%。维生素E、C和尼克酸均达DRIs要求 ;VitA摄入量男女分别为DRIs 的 6 3 .9%和 73 .1%。VitB2 摄入量男女分别为DRIs 的 83 .33 %和 90 .83 %。 [结论 ]　膳食结构基本合理 ,但应减少脂肪摄入 ,增加主食和菜果的供给量。     

儿少卫生

31 0 66　中国中小学生早餐营养素摄入量 /马冠生…∥中国学校卫生 2 0 0 1 ,2 2 ( 5 ) 3 89～ 3 91了解中国中小学生早餐营养素摄入量。利用 1 992年全国营养调查中的住户调查及连续 3d 2 4h回顾法膳食调查资料 ,对中国 1 771 9名中小学生早餐能量和营养素摄入量进行分析。结果 ,中国中小学生早餐蛋白质、钙、锌、硒、视黄醇当量、硫胺素、核黄素等营养素摄入量均未达到RDA的 2 5 % ,其中钙、视黄醇当量和核黄素等摄入量严重不足 ,仅为RDA的 1 0 %左右 ,中小学生早餐来自蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的能量比例不当。比较来看 ,小学生…     

上海市某幼儿园营养不良儿童膳食摄入量调查及干预研究

【目的】　评估某幼儿园集体儿童及营养不良儿童的膳食质量 ,并对营养不良儿童采取综合干预措施。　【方法】　①膳食评估方法　据该园 2 2天每日一餐两点食物称重、食谱及用餐人数记录 ,及营养不良儿童剩菜剩饭记录 ,运用YL 2A营养专用电脑 ,进行三大营养及矿物质与维生素供给量和报入量统计。②营养不良儿童筛选方法　按WHO年龄别体重第 3百分位值作为营养不良儿童筛选值。　【结果】　集体儿童能量供给量与营养不良儿童能量摄入量分别为 (2 712 .82± 2 5 8.32 )kJ和 (2 116 .0 3± 2 48.44)kJ ,蛋白质为 (2 1.7± 2 .6 )和 (17.0± 2 .0 )克 ,脂肪为 (2 2 .7± 4.9)和 (18.1± 3 .1)克 ,碳水化合物为 (86 .4± 16 .3)和 (72 .0± 9.9)克 ,营养不良儿童膳食热能与三大营养素摄入量仅占推荐供给量 (RDA)的 79.1%、78.3 %、83 .3 %和 79.7%。集体和营养不良儿童膳食中蛋白质∶脂肪∶碳水化合物供能比较为理想 ,分别为 13.4∶31.5∶5 3 .2和 13 .2∶31.6∶5 6 .1。膳食中优质蛋白质两者均占总蛋白质的 5 0 %以上。集体儿童膳食中铁和烟酸的供给量动、静态指标均不佳。营养不良儿童膳食中矿物质和维生素大多数均不足 ,主要有钙、锌、维生素A、E、B1、B2 。对全园 5名营养不良儿童采取综合干预措施 1年后     

北方农民膳食能量评估

目的了解我国北方农民膳食摄入量,对其膳食能量水平进行评估,为研究制定北方农民能量摄入量标准提供科学依据。方法选择北方地区32名健康农民为受试对象,利用连续14 d的膳食记录,根据双份饭膳食匀浆留样食物成分测定结果计算膳食能量摄入量,评价其膳食结构和能量摄入水平。结果每人日膳食能量摄入量男女性分别为(2 935.29±337.84)千卡和(2 114.79±1 67.00)千卡。早餐提供的能量占全天总能量的30.16%,午餐占37.87%,晚餐占31.97%。蛋白质供能占12.54%,碳水化合物所提供的能量达到74.27%,脂肪供能占13.41%。受试者实验前后体重差异无统计学意义。结论实测膳食一日三餐能量分配较适宜,碳水化合物所提供的能量偏高,脂肪能量偏低,与主食摄入量偏高有关。实验前后受试者体重维持平衡,表明提供的膳食能量水平与食物结构是合理的。结合夏季当地农民的体力活动水平,实测膳食平均能量摄入量低于当前我国成人能量推荐量标准(RNI),说明北方农民RNI值可能存在高估现象。     

石家庄农民秋季能量摄入量抽点调查分析

目的 抽点调查分析石家庄农村成年人能量摄入量和能量构成情况,为我国修订新的营养标准提供科学依据.方法 抽取石家庄市某郊县,随机抽取32名散居成年人作为调查对象.采用24h膳食回顾法结合烹调油和食用糖记录法进行入户调查,通过查阅食物成分表计算每日的能量摄入量和能量成分.结果 每日能量摄入量男性为(11 449.4±2 538.8) kJ即(2 736.5±606.8) kcal,女性为(7 823.8±1 461.7)KJ即(1 869.9±349.3) kcal;每日摄入蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物男性组分别为(80.13±15.43)、(86.70±32.55)和(399.17±108.05)g;女性组分别为(53.84±11.68)、(64.67±23.38)和(272.92±46.64)g.与我国2000年制定的推荐摄入量(recommended nutrient intakes,RNI)比较,女性组能量摄入量低于轻体力活动RNI值,女性组蛋白质摄入量低于RNI值.结论 本抽点调查农村女性居民的能量摄入量低于我国轻体力活动RNI值,男女居民均需增加能量成分中蛋白质的比例.     

内蒙古民族大学蒙古族学生膳食营养状况调查

目的了解蒙古族大学生的膳食结构和营养状况,为合理营养提供科学依据。方法采用称重记账法和膳食记录法进行5d膳食调查,依据《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)》中18岁以上中等体力劳动的推荐摄入量(RNI)或适宜摄入量(AI)进行比较评价。结果蒙古族男女学生蛋白质、铜、硒、维生素PP摄入充足,男生铁、锌、维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2均达到和超过推荐摄入量(RNI)或适宜摄入量(AI)。蒙古族男女学生膳食中存在的共性问题是膳食纤维、维生素C及钙不足,脂肪类食物来源比例不合理。蒙古族女生膳食蛋白质质量尚可,但数量不足,膳食中能量、铁、锌、维生素B2摄入不足,维生素A和维生素B1摄入严重不足;蒙古族男生早餐能量摄入不足。结论蒙古族男女大学生膳食结构均不合理,应对学生加强营养知识的教育。     

用能量零平衡方法研究中国南方轻体力劳动健康成人的适宜能量摄入量

目的调查和分析中国南方轻体力劳动成人维持能量零平衡的膳食能量摄入水平。方法随机抽样选择32名从事轻体力劳动的南方健康成人(18～45岁)作为研究对象,在2个月内取相等间隔时间观察所选对象进餐情况和体重变化(使观察日覆盖星期一到星期天)。通过食物称重法准确记录各对象食堂内用餐情况,并用24小时回顾法收集各对象食堂外所摄入食物。用《中国食物成分表2002》计算各对象平均每天实际能量摄入量,并结合体重变化,使用能量平衡原理进行校正。结果总体对象维持能量零平衡的能量平均摄入量为(8.895±1.535)MJ/d,其中男性(10.070±1.150)MJ/d,女性(7.719±0.765)MJ/d。结论通过连续2个月内相等间隔时间称重记录进餐所有食物的净摄入量和体重变化来分析轻体力劳动成人能量零平衡时的能量摄入量,该方法简便经济、有效可行。     

南京市中学生早餐营养状况调查

目的 了解南京市中学生早餐营养状况,为采取措施促进学生身体健康和生长发育、提高学习效率提供参考.方法 采用24 h膳食回顾法,对南京市5所中学330名中学生的早餐膳食状况进行连续3 d调查.结果 中学生每天吃早餐者所占比例为94.8%,就餐场所以在家中为主;早餐能量摄入尚未达到早餐标准能量,碳水化合物的供能比例较低,仅为50%左右;早餐中谷类、蛋类、奶类的摄入量基本符合标准,肉类、蔬菜、水果的摄入量明显不足;除维生素B2、磷、硒外,其他营养素的摄入量均未达到推荐摄入量RNI的30%,尤其是维生素C的摄入量尚未达RNI的10%.中学生早餐组成模式以谷类+肉类+奶类、谷类+奶类、谷类+肉类为主.结论 南京市中学生早餐膳食结构不够合理.建议学生注意平衡膳食,增加肉类和蔬菜、水果摄入.     

4～6月龄婴儿能量需要量研究

用双标记水法对广东２３名４月龄和２１名６月龄健康婴儿的总能量消耗进行为期８天的测量，用称重法测定婴儿２４小时母乳和食物摄入量，计算婴儿的能量摄入量，通过测定婴儿的体重变化估计生长的能量贮留，以了解婴儿的能量摄入是否满足其基础代谢、活动和生长等的需要。结果：母乳组和人工喂养组４月龄婴儿的能量摄入分别为３３０±６０和４０２±４６ｋＪ／（ｋｇ·ｄ），能量贮留分别为４９±１９和４９±１９ｋＪ／（ｋｇ·ｄ），能量消耗分别为２６８±７９和３２６±７９ｋＪ／（ｋｇ·ｄ）。母乳组和人工喂养组６月龄婴儿的能量摄入分别为３４７±７１和３８９±８８ｋＪ／（ｋｇ·ｄ），能量贮留分别为１８±１１和２９±１１ｋＪ／（ｋｇ·ｄ），能量消耗分别为３２２±９６和３４３±１２１ｋＪ／（ｋｇ·ｄ）。４～６月龄婴儿的能量需要量估计为３７３ｋＪ／（ｋｇ·ｄ）。     

上海大学生能量消耗与总能量代谢研究

本文用间接测热法对606名(男319,女287)健康大学生测定了42项活动的能量消耗、基础代谢和安静代谢的耗能量及日常的一日总能量消耗。其基础代谢率男女分别为2.80和2.74kJ·m~(-2)·min~(-1)(0.669和0.656kcal·m~(-2)·min~(-1)),一日总能量消耗男女分别为11.32和9.92MJ(2706和2372kcal),单项活动能量消耗数据可作为今后能量代谢研究的基础资料。     

Energy expenditure and nutritional status of coal miners: A cross-sectional study

The objectives of this study were to assess the nutritional status, daily energy intake, and daily energy expenditure of coal miners in Turkey. A total of 135 healthy coal miners (aged 19–64 years) were evaluated. Heart rates were measured using Polar watches, and the total energy expenditure was calculated using physical activity level formula and Hiilloskorpi equation. The average body mass index of the participants was 25.7 ± 3.98 kg/m², and the average energy intake was 3,973.7 ± 420.85 kcal. According to Dietary Reference Intakes, the energy and nutrient intakes of the miners were adequate, except for the intake of vitamin D. The coal miners were found to be at moderate (43.0%), heavy (41.5%), and very heavy (13.3%) activity levels. Calculations of the energy expenditure at work were found to be 2,189.8 ± 376.19 to 2,788.8 ± 359.89 kcal per day. Further studies have to be conducted for developing national standards for each occupation.     

Nutritional profile of football athletes eating from a training table

Food consumption of 11 male, intercollegiate football athletes (19.6±0.4 yr old (mean±S.E.), 108.1±2.9 kg BW, 191±1 cm HT) was studied over 3 consecutive weekdays to characterize nutritional intakes relative to food choice behavior. Subjects took all meals from a training table, and they trained 2.0 hr/d. The investigators observed and recorded the kinds and amounts of foods eaten by subjects. Food items from the trayline were weighed. Mean energy intake was 3593±217 kcal/d distributed as 22% protein, 39% fat, and 39% carbohydrate. Total carbohydrate intake (329±12 g/d) and its contribution to energy was less than generally recommended for athletes (500 g/d or 60% kcal). Subjects emphasized meat consumption; meat provided 33% kcal, 63% protein, and 45% fat intake. The overall mean intake of 10 vitamins and minerals exceeded the RDAs, but the intake of magnesium, folacin, and pyridoxine were 70–100% RDA. There were individual instances of marginal intakes (<70% RDA).     

Changes in the diets of university students over a six-year period (1986–1991)

First year students from six consecutive years (1986–1991) completed one week weighed dietary surveys. From these data, dietary intakes of a variety of nutrients were determined. Data were compared with literature values for other young adults; with recommended daily amounts (RDA) in place at the time, and where appropriate with more recent dietary reference values (DRV).
Results show that nutrient intakes, including alcohol intakes, of students were generally similar to those of other young adults, and close to RDAs. Female students tended to eat a smaller proportion of their energy as fat, and their total energy intake showed a consistent decrease across the years studied. This could reflect the ever increasing emphasis on a slim female shape, and is notable as these females did not consider themselves to be on weight-reducing diets. Intakes of minor nutrients showed few differences compared with other young adults, although a large variation in intakes was noted. On average, most vitamin intakes were above the RDA, but vitamin A intake amongst females was declining, and in latter years was below the RDA. Female intakes of riboflavin also tended to be low. Contrary to suggestions of low calcium intakes amongst adolescents, students were consuming more than the RDA, and more calcium than other young adults. A large proportion of the females, in all years, were not reaching the RDA for iron, suggesting the possibility of iron-deficiency anaemia if intakes remain low.     

Day-to-Day Variation in Food Intake and Energy Expenditure in Healthy Women: The Dietitian II Study

Because day-to-day food intake varies, we tested the hypothesis that ad libitum food intake and energy expenditure show corrective responses over periods of 1 to 10 days in healthy young women. Food intake and accelerometry measurements were collected daily for 17 days in 15 young women. Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) using doubly labeled water was also measured. The daily deviations in macronutrient and energy intake and energy expenditure from the average values were compared with the deviations observed over succeeding intervals to estimate the corrective responses. The intraindividual coefficients of variation for energy intake averaged ±25%, ranging from 16% to 34%. TDEE had a coefficient of variation of 8.3%, and accelerometry had a coefficient of variation of 8.4% (range=4.6% to 16.4%). Energy expenditure by accelerometry (2,087±191 kcal/day) was not significantly different from TDEE (2,128±177 kcal/day), but reported daily energy intake was 20.4% lower (1,693±276 kcal/day). There were significant corrective responses in energy from fat and total energy intake. This occurred from Days 3 to 6, with a peak at Day 5 that disappeared when data were randomized within each subject. Human beings show corrective responses to deviations from average energy and macronutrient intakes with a lag time of 3 to 6 days, but not 1 to 2 days. These corrective responses are likely to play a role in bringing about weight stability.     

广州40～65岁居民膳食脂肪酸构成与血脂关系的研究

目的:分析广州中老年人膳食脂肪和脂肪酸构成(饱和脂肪酸:单不饱和脂肪酸:多不饱和脂肪酸,SFA:MUFA:PUFA,S:M:P)与血脂的关系。方法:招募40~65岁广州市民,用食物模具量化的食物频数问卷和三日膳食回顾调查对象每日摄入食物种类和数量,计算能量和营养素摄入量。结果:(1)188名男性,367名女性进入本研究。男女能量摄入分别为9.7±2.24和8.48±2.04MJ/d,脂肪供能比分别为28.3%±7.2%和30.4%±6.1%,S:M:P分别为1:1.5:0.9和1:1.5:1.1。(2)脂肪供能比≤30%(n=333)者总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、甘油三酯(TG)水平均显著低于脂肪供能比>30%(n=222)者。(3)脂肪供能20%~30%时,不同S:M:P三组间的血脂水平无差异。(4)脂肪供能比30%~45%时,S:M:P为1:1.5:1的Ⅱ组TC、LDL水平均显著低于S:M:P为1:1.2:0.7的Ⅰ组和1:1.8:1.4的Ⅲ组。结论:与脂肪供能比>30%的膳食相比,脂肪供能比≤30%的膳食更有利于维持血脂正常;脂肪供能比≤30%时,不同S:M:P可能对血脂没有显著影响;而脂肪供能比为30%~45%,S:M:P为1:1.5:1的膳食比1:1.2:0.7和1:1.8:1.4的膳食更有利于维持血脂正常。