婴幼儿乙型肝炎疫苗免疫失败者再免疫的初步研究

目的：探讨按标准免疫程序接种乙型肝炎疫苗后无抗体应答的对策。方法：采用放射免疫方法（RIA）检测乙肝病毒表面抗原（HBsAg）、乙肝病毒表面抗体（抗-HBs）和乙肝病毒核心抗体（抗-HBc），对3项指标均为阴性的120例研究对象接种1-3剂乙肝疫苗，2剂间隔1个月，分别在每剂接种1个月后采血检测HBsAg、抗-HBs和抗-HBc，判断抗体应答情况。结果：再免疫1剂乙肝疫苗后抗-HBs阳转率为75.8％（S/N≥2.0）和56.7％，（S/N≥10.0）；对再免疫1剂后仍无抗体应答者（29人）又接种第2剂乙肝疫苗，1个月后又有19例抗-HBs阳转，占总数的15.8％；对再免疫2剂后仍无抗体应答者（10人）继续接种第3剂乙肝疫苗，1个月后又有8例抗-HBs阳转，占总数的6.7％。再免疫3剂后抗体应答率达到98.3％。结论：按标准免疫程序接种乙型肝炎疫苗后无抗体应答者，再免疫可以诱导-HBs阳转，且效果比较满意。     

暴露人群狂犬疫苗免疫后血清抗体水平检测结果分析

目的了解温岭市近年暴露者狂犬疫苗免疫后血清抗体产生情况。方法采用夹心间接ELISA法对接种狂犬疫苗后14 d、45 d采血分离血清检测IgG抗体。结果首次接种狂犬疫苗14 d血清IgG抗体总阳性率59.92%;完成全程免疫45 d血清IgG抗体总阳性率89.63%;未完成全程免疫(1~4针)45 d血清IgG抗体总阳性率36.69%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=249.05,P0.001);全程免疫者中,无论接种狂犬疫苗14 d或45 d后血清抗体阳性率均为低年龄组人群显著高于高年龄组(χ2分别=16.57和165.44,P均0.05),而男女之间差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.13,P0.005);狂犬疫苗初次免疫失败率10.37%,复种后血清抗体阳转率35.78%。结论按免疫程序及时全程接种狂犬疫苗对人类具有较好的免疫效果,对暴露后狂犬疫苗要全程接种;对尚未产生抗体者,应及时采取加强免疫等措施,确保免疫效果。     

11 728例狂犬疫苗接种者的免疫效果监测分析

摘要:目的　了解狂犬疫苗的免疫效果及其影响因素,为预防与控制狂犬病提供依据。方法　对南宁市2008-2013年共11 728例狂犬病暴露者全程接种狂犬疫苗15 d后,采用ELISA法检测狂犬抗体水平。结果　接种疫苗后抗体总阳性率达97.98%（11 491/11 728）,不同年份阳性率差异有统计学意义（χ2＝137.14,P＜0.05）。2-1-1程序（4针法）接种后阳性率为96.06%,低于传统的5针法98.92%,不同免疫程序狂犬抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义（χ2＝105.45,P＜0.05）。低年龄组人群的抗体阳转率高于高年龄组人群,（χ2＝124.98,P＜0.05）。不同性别抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义（χ2＝1.07,P＞0.05）。夏季接种抗体阳性率为96.68％,冬季阳性率为99.75％,各季节接种抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义（χ2＝108.09,P＜0.05）。结论　不同免疫程序、年龄、季节对狂犬疫苗的免疫效果均有影响,狂犬疫苗常规免疫后进行抗体检测十分重要,对未产生抗体者应及时进行加强免疫,确保免疫效果。     

3036例狂犬疫苗接种者免疫效果分析

目的 了解嘉禾县2009-2011年狂犬病暴露者接种狂犬疫苗的效果. 方法 3036例暴露者全程接种狂犬病疫苗15 d后,以酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定血清狂犬病抗体. 结果 经全程注射狂犬疫苗的3036例暴露者中,抗体阳性2908例,阳性率为95.78％.抗体阳性率与年龄差异有统计学意义(x2=74.055,P=0.000),与接种的年份和性别差异无统计学意义. 结论 及时接种狂犬病疫苗后,要检测抗体,才能保证免疫效果,以有效控制狂犬病的发生.     

西南师大新生甲肝抗体调查及甲肝疫苗免疫效果观察

为了解大学生甲肝感染现状及甲肝疫苗的免疫效果，对1994、1995级新生2308名进行了甲肝抗体（抗-HAVIgM）检测，阳性率为15.68％对抗-HAV阴性者接种了甲肝疫苗，并随机对1995级新生433名于接种后2个月和451名于6个月时检测了甲肝抗体，阳性率分别为41.34％和79.16％。结果表明，大学生群体对甲肝的易感性高，接种甲肝疫苗有较好的免疫应答，是预防甲肝的重要措施。     

18-50岁人群暴露后人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)基础免疫的免疫持久性和加强免疫的免疫原性与安全性

目的 评价人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)基础免疫的免疫持久性和加强免疫的免疫原性与安全性。方法 在广东省3个地区招募18-50岁暴露者,采用“2-1-1”免疫程序完成狂犬病疫苗基础免疫,免疫后1年、2年或3年完成2剂次加强免疫,检测加强免疫前和免疫后14d血清狂犬病病毒(RabV)IgG抗体[酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)]和中和抗体[快速免疫荧光灶抑制试验(RFFIT)],观察加强免疫后72h内不良反应,分析抗体阳性率和不良反应发生率。结果 ELISA检测显示,受试者狂犬病疫苗基础免疫后1年、2年和3年(加强免疫前)血清RabV IgG抗体阳性率分别为77.78%(84/108)、66.67%(70/105)和55.56%(50/90),加强免疫后分别为100%(100/100)、99.00%(99/100)和100%(82/82)。RFFIT检测显示,受试者相应观察时间加强免疫前RabV中和抗体阳性率分别为73.15%(79/108)、74.29%(78/105)和71.11%(64/90),加强免疫后分别为100%(100/100)、100%(100/100)和100%(82/8...     

西南师大新生甲抗体调查及甲肝疫苗免疫效果观察

为了解大学甲肝感染现状及甲肝疫苗免疫效果，对１９９４、１９９５级新生２３０８名进行了甲肝抗体（抗－ＨＡＶＩｇＭ）检测，阳性率为１５．６８％，对抗一ＨＣＶ阴性者接种了甲肝疫苗，并随机对１９９５级新生４３３名于接种后２个月和４５１名干６个月时检测了甲肝抗体，阳性率分别为４１．３４％和７９．１６％，结果表明，大学生群体对甲肝的易感性高，接种甲肝疫苗有较好的免疫应答，是预防甲肝的重要措施。     

2009-2014年寿光市新生儿乙型肝炎疫苗免疫后5年效果分析

目的 观察新生儿乙型肝炎疫苗免疫后5年预防效果。方法 对完成3剂次5μg酿酒酵母乙肝疫苗接种及免后抗体检测者5年后进行随访调查,定量检测乙肝表面抗原抗体(抗-HBs)、乙肝核心抗体(抗-HBc)。结果 对初免应答抗-HBs≥100mIU/ml且无乙肝疫苗再接种史的577名儿童检测结果分析,抗-HBs阳性377例、阳性率65.34%,几何平均滴度(GMT)37.75 mIU/ml±88.37 mIU/ml,无乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性者。与5年前的初免后检测结果比较,抗-HBs阳性率下降34.66%,年均递减8.16%;GMT下降91.58%,年均递减40.08%。出生体重重、初免应答水平高5年后抗-HBs阳性率高于出生体重轻、初免应答水平低者。结论 基因重组乙肝疫苗免疫后5年,免疫效果良好,存在较好的免疫持久性和保护效果。出生体重与初免应答水平可能影响免疫持久性。     

南阳市狂犬病疫苗免疫后抗体检测结果分析

目的了解接种国产人用狂犬病疫苗后的抗体产生效果,为加强狂犬疫苗预防接种工作提供依据。方法对2013-2015年来我中心接种狂犬疫苗后的人群血清抗体进行检测,采用间接ELISA法测狂犬病毒抗体,对相关检测结果进行统计学分析。结果全程免疫接种者1892人,血清狂犬抗体阳性率为97.20%,未完成全程接种者51人,抗体阳性率为41.18%,两者比较差异有统计学意义(χ~2=381,P0.01);全程免疫者中,检测男性血清961份,抗体阳性率为96.77%,女性血清931份,抗体阳性率为97.64%,不同性别抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义(χ~2=1.29,P0.05);全程免疫者各年龄组间血清抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=48.62,P0.05),抗体阳性率随年龄增长有逐渐下降趋势,60岁一组抗体阳性率显著低于60岁以下各组;抗体阳性率四季差异无统计学意义(χ~2=3.97,P0.05);各年度抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.95,P0.05);第一次全程免疫后抗体检测阴性者53人,经加强1针免疫20 d后测定抗体,51份转阳性,阳转率为96.23%。结论按规定全程接种狂犬疫苗才能保障有效产生抗体预防该病,抗体阳性率随年龄增长有逐渐下降趋势,加强免疫效果较好,免疫功能较低的老年人及免疫失败者进行加强免疫很必要。     

2009-2014年高邮市狂犬病疫苗接种者免疫效果分析

目的 了解高邮市2009-2014年狂犬病暴露者接种狂犬疫苗的效果.方法 11951例暴露者全程接种狂犬病疫苗10-15d后,以酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定血清狂犬病抗体.结果 11 951份血清标本,阳性11 587份,总阳性率96.95％.其中男性阳性率96.31％;女性阳性率97.62％;男女之间差异有统计学意义(x2=16.91,P＜0.05).各年龄组之间阳性率差异有统计学意义(x2=227.43,P＜0.05).结论 全程接种狂犬病疫苗后,96.95％以上的患者抗狂犬病毒抗体水平合格,还有3.05％的患者抗体水平低于保护阈值,需进一步加强接种,才能保证免疫效果.     

国产液体无佐剂狂犬病疫苗免疫应答动态观察

目的评价国产液体无佐剂非洲绿猴肾(Vero)细胞狂犬病疫苗的免疫原性。方法 选择既往无明确狂犬病疫苗接种史和犬伤史,符合研究方案制定的入选标准和排除标准,对暴露于狂犬病患者采用常规5针注射。观察对象于首针接种前,首针接种后7、14、28、45 d,全程后180 d采集血样检测抗狂犬病中和抗体。结果符合入选标准和排除标准的观察对象120名常规接种5针液体无佐剂Vero细胞狂犬病疫苗。观察对象接种前狂犬病抗体均为阴性,接种首针后7 d狂犬病抗体阳转率为10.83%,接种首针后14 d阳转率达到100%,接种首针后28 d、45 d和全程后6个月的阳性率均为100%。接种首针后7 d狂犬病抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)仅为0.08 IU/ml,接种首针后14 d狂犬病抗体的GMT达到1.02 IU/ml,较首针接种后7 d增长12.75倍。接种首针后28、45 d狂犬病抗体的GMT分别达到4.93 IU/ml、9.71 IU/ml,较首针后14 d分别增长4.83倍、9.52倍。全程接种后6个月狂犬病抗体的GMT仍达到6.25 IU/ml。结论国产液体无佐剂Vero细胞狂犬病疫苗具有良好的免疫原性,6个月内再被暴露于狂犬病动物者可以不需要接种狂犬病疫苗。     

惠州市1186例狂犬病疫苗接种者免疫效果分析

目的分析惠州市人狂犬病疫苗暴露后免疫的抗体水平,及时了解和观察本市犬咬伤人群接种狂犬病疫苗后（IgG）抗体产生的免疫效果,评价目前本市使用的狂犬病疫苗质量,为今后的狂犬病疫苗预防接种工作及制订科学完善的防患措施提供科学依据。方法惠州市人狂犬病疫苗暴露后（咬伤后）,抽取全程接种五针疫苗1个月后自愿进行狂犬病毒抗体检测人员静脉血,按酶联免疫法检测抗狂犬病毒抗体。结果惠州市1186例接种狂犬疫苗后抗狂犬病毒抗体水平检测阳性率为96.1%。其中男性97.2%,女性94.5%。不同年龄组抗狂犬病毒抗体阳性率有随着年龄的增长而呈下降的趋势。不同厂家狂犬疫苗免疫效果相当,差异无统计学意义。结论通过0、3、7、14和28d全程接种狂犬疫苗后,96.1%以上的患者抗狂犬病毒抗体水平合格,还有3.9%的患者抗体水平低于保护阈值,需进一步加强接种。     

清远市区2008年狂犬病疫苗免疫监测结果分析

目的了解狂犬疫苗免疫后效果,为预防和控制狂犬病提供依据。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法检测免疫注射狂犬疫苗后人群的人狂犬病病毒IgG抗体水平。结果接受全程（1个免疫程序）免疫的人群狂犬病病毒IgG抗体阳性率为99.18%（973/981）,其中男性阳性率为98.62%（572/580）,女性阳性率为100%（401/401）,男女性别的阳性率比较,差异有统计学意义（χ2=4.0016,P〈0.05）。对狂犬病病毒IgG抗体未阳转者再注射3针后全部阳转。结论注射狂犬疫苗1个免疫程序,未能达到100%的免疫效果。对注射狂犬疫苗免疫后的人群,有必要进行人狂犬病病毒IgG抗体水平监测,以便及时补种,以达到满意的免疫效果。     

Determination of circulating antibodies directed to pertussis toxin and of agglutinogens in children vaccinated with either the whole cell or component pertussis vaccine in France, Japan and Senegal.

The antibody response to pertussis toxin (PT) and agglutinogens of children vaccinated in Japan, France and Senegal with either whole cell or component pertussis vaccine was determined at various times after immunization. Agglutinin titres were almost similar in sera of Japanese children vaccinated with either whole cell or component pertussis vaccine whereas anti-PT antibody levels were found to be higher after vaccination with whole cell vaccine than with component vaccine. The geometric mean (GM) agglutinin titres in sera of Japanese children amounted to 45.0 and 45.7, respectively, and neutralization GM titres to 71.6 and 22.6, respectively, following vaccination with the whole cell and component pertussis vaccines. Sera of French children receiving three doses of whole cell vaccine exhibited a GM agglutinin titre of 17.8, whereas only 16% of sera contained neutralizing antibodies against PT. Following the booster dose the GM agglutinin titre rose to 213.5 and 68% of the sera contained neutralizing antibodies to PT (GM titre 48.0). Sera of Senegalese children receiving three doses of whole cell vaccine exhibited a GM agglutinin titre of 18.7, whereas anti-PT neutralizing antibodies were hardly detected. Agglutinins and anti-PT antibody in sera of French and Senegalese children turned out to be lower than were found 25 years ago in sera of children immunized with the French whole cell pertussis vaccine.     

The timing of hepatitis B virus (HBV) immunization relative to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosis and the risk of HBV infection following HIV diagnosis

To assess associations between the timing of hepatitis B virus (HBV) immunization relative to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosis and vaccine effectiveness, US Military HIV Natural History Study cohort participants without HBV infection at the time of HIV diagnosis were grouped by vaccination status, retrospectively followed from HIV diagnosis for incident HBV infection, and compared using Cox proportional hazards models. A positive vaccine response was defined as hepatitis B surface antibody level ≥ 10 IU/L. Of 1,877 participants enrolled between 1989 and 2008, 441 (23%) were vaccinated prior to HIV diagnosis. Eighty percent of those who received vaccine doses only before HIV diagnosis had a positive vaccine response, compared with 66% of those who received doses both before and after HIV and 41% of those who received doses only after HIV (P < 0.01 for both compared with persons vaccinated before HIV only). Compared with the unvaccinated, persons vaccinated only before HIV had reduced risk of HBV infection after HIV diagnosis (hazard ratio = 0.38, 95% confidence interval: 0.20, 0.75). No reduction in HBV infection risk was observed for other vaccination groups. These data suggest that completion of the vaccine series prior to HIV infection may be the optimal strategy for preventing this significant comorbid infection in HIV-infected persons.     

肾综合征出血热疫苗血清流行病学研究

目的 观察肾综合征出血热乳鼠脑纯化Ⅰ型灭活疫苗在浙江省肾综合征出血热高发疫区大面积人群接种后的安全性,考核血清学和中期流行病学效果。方法 采用ＩＦＡＴ法测特异性ＩｇＧ抗体,用ＭＣＰＥＮＴ法测中和抗体滴度。结果 共接种１０４６０人,全程接种者占９７．３０％,对照１６１５９人。全程接种后２周进行血清学观察,荧光抗体阳率为１００．００％（６７／６７）,中和抗体阳转率为４４．４４％,几何平均滴度分别为７２     

流行性乙型脑炎灭活疫苗与减毒活疫苗相结合的免疫策略研究

目的　为合理利用流行性乙型脑炎 (乙脑 )灭活疫苗和减毒活疫苗各自的优点 ,降低预防接种反应的发生率 ,提高免疫学效果 ,开展了乙脑灭活疫苗与减毒活疫苗相结合的免疫策略研究。方法　观察比较两种疫苗单一使用与联合使用的免疫学效果及安全性。结果　联合使用组在疫苗接种后 2 4h的全身中强以上发热反应发生率为 0 .73 % ,局部红晕反应为 1 .46 % ,而单一使用灭活疫苗组的发热反应发生率为 2 .8%。不同观察组疫苗接种后中和抗体几何平均滴度由免疫前的 1∶1 .0 5～1∶3 .35上升至 1∶47.34～ 1∶1 0 1 .30 ,联合使用组的中和抗体阳转率为 97.67% ,明显高于单一使用灭活疫苗组 86 .2 7%的阳转率 (χ2 =3 .89,P <0 .0 5) ,但与单一使用减毒活疫苗组 93 .75 %的阳转率差异无显著性 (χ2 =0 .74,P >0 .0 5)。结论　研究表明对婴幼儿使用乙脑灭活疫苗基础免疫、减毒活疫苗加强免疫有很好的免疫学效果及安全性 ,也是切实可行和比较理想的免疫策略     

两种流行性乙型脑炎疫苗基础免疫的血清抗体观察

为考察流行性乙型脑炎 (乙脑 )减毒活疫苗和灭活疫苗的免疫效果和安全性 ,在新沂市和邳州市分别对 14 1名和 99名无乙脑疫苗接种史的 12～ 2 4月龄儿童 ,分别用乙脑减毒活疫苗和灭活疫苗进行基础免疫 ,在免疫前和免疫后 1个月采血用反向被动凝集抑制试验检测血清抗体。结果 :14 1名经减毒活疫苗免疫的儿童 ,抗体阳性率由免疫前的 2 2 70 %上升至免疫后的 87 2 3 % ,GMT由 1∶12 60上升为 1∶46 13 ;99名用灭活疫苗初免 2针的儿童 ,抗体阳性率由 13 13 %上升至 67 68% ,GMT由 1∶11 83上升至 1∶2 2 5 3。对免疫前抗体阴性的儿童 ,分别注射乙脑减毒活疫苗和灭活疫苗后 ,抗体阳转率分别为 83 49%和 62 79%。两种疫苗的安全性均好 ,接种后仅 17人 ( 0 0 7% )有轻度发热 ,11人 ( 0 0 4% )出现局部红肿。而减毒活疫苗出现反应的人数又少于灭活疫苗。本次观察表明 ,乙脑减毒活疫苗的免疫效果明显高于灭活疫苗 ,安全性好 ,接种次数少 ,适宜于推广使用。     

Neutralizing antibody but not hemagglutination antibody provides accurate evaluation for protective immune response to H5N1 avian influenza virus in vaccinated rabbits

In order to develop an animal model and an assay method to evaluate protective immune response to H5N1 avian influenza vaccination, H5N1 avian influenza vaccine was prepared. New Zealand rabbits were assigned to receive two doses of vaccine with different hemagglutinin (HA) dosage. The sera from vaccinated rabbits was evaluated to determine antibody titer and specificity using different tested methods including hemagglutination inhibition assay (HI), neutralizing assay (NT), cross-HI assay, cross-single immunodiffusion assay and cross-neutralization assay. The titer of HI antibody from rabbits immunized with different doses of HA were no less than 1:40 among groups 14 days after the first immunization. Whereas the NT antibody titer was less than 1:10 among groups 14 days after the first immunization. NT antibodies can be detected 14 days after the second immunization in rabbits immunized at HA doses higher than 6 μg, and the NT antibody titers were equal to or higher than 1:40. A good concentration-dependent NT antibody response can be detected in the vaccinated rabbits 14 days after the second immunization, and in contrast, no concentration-dependent relationship can be seen for HA antibody. The cross-HI test showed sera from vaccinated rabbits could cross react with influenza A H5N1 virus with the titers higher than 1:40. No cross reaction among different types (influenza A/H1N1 virus, influenza A/H3N2 virus, influenza B virus and influenza A/H5N1 virus) can be detected in the sera using the single immunodiffusion assay and using NT antibody test. This showed NT antibody test was demonstrated as a more accurate assay method for evaluating vaccination and quality of the vaccine than HI antibody test.     

Varicella vaccination for grades 4 and 5 students: from theory to practice

BACKGROUND: In 2002-2003, as part of a pilot project, varicella vaccination was offered to susceptible students in grades 4 and 5 in schools whose health services are provided by a local community services centre in Montréal. This immunization campaign was merged with the hepatitis B immunization programme. OBJECTIVES: To calculate the proportion of grade 4 and 5 students susceptible to varicella; to calculate the proportion of susceptible students who agree to be vaccinated; to compare the proportion of susceptibles who agree to be vaccinated when varicella vaccination is offered with the first or the second dose of hepatitis B; and to assess whether a catch-up varicella immunization programme would affect the vaccine coverage of a concurrent hepatitis B vaccination programme. METHODS: The proportions of susceptible students and of parents of susceptibles who consented to vaccination were calculated. The proportions of parents of susceptibles who consented to vaccination were compared for both immunization strategies: varicella vaccination given with the first or second dose of hepatitis B vaccine. Logistic regression was performed to identify possible associations between consent to varicella vaccination and the various variables collected. Rates of vaccine coverage against hepatitis B after two doses were compared for the years 2000-2001 and 2002-2003. RESULTS: Of 3,856 registered students, 3,486 (90.4%) returned consent forms. Among the 3,272 students for whom information was available, 441 (13.5%) were susceptible, including 394 (89.3%) who consented to vaccination. The rates of vaccine coverage in the schools after two doses of hepatitis B vaccine were exactly the same for the 2000-2001 and 2002-2003 school years. CONCLUSION: Varicella vaccination of susceptible grade 4 and 5 students associated with a coincident hepatitis B vaccination campaign can be performed without negative impact on the hepatitis B vaccination programme.