HLA-DRB1*07,13等位基因对乙肝疫苗免疫效果影响的研究

目的:探讨机体HLA-DRB1*07,13等位基因对基因重组乙肝疫苗免疫效果的影响.方法:选取完成基因重组乙肝疫苗全程接种(10 μg/次,0、1、6月)的广西籍汉族健康大学生896名,于末次接种疫苗后的第6个月采血检测血清抗-HBs水平,对无或低应答者再次接种基因重组乙肝疫苗20 μg,4周后筛选出无或低应答者99名及初次检测中或强应答者136名作为研究对象,应用PCR-SSP技术对研究对象外周血HLA-DRB1*07,13等位基因进行检测.结果:HLA-DRB107在无或低应答组中的表达频率为16.16%,显著高于中或强应答组的表达频率(4.41%)(P＜0.05);HLA-DRB1*13在无或低应答组和中或强应答组的表达频率分别为1.01%和3.68%,两组比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论:基因重组乙肝疫苗无或低应答与HLA-DRB1*07基因密切相关;而HLA-DRB1*13对乙肝疫苗的免疫应答无明显影响.     

非特异免疫对特异性免疫应答的指导作用——疾病防治新思路

非特异免疫对特异性免疫应答的指导作用主要体现在两个方面：决定其抗原选择性和应答类型。对这种作用分子机制的深入了解为传染病，肿瘤，变态反应，自身免疫病及移植排斥等的防治提供了新的思路。     

结核病T细胞亚群的研究进展

T淋巴细胞亚群的数量和功能变化与结核病的病情进展和转归密切相关,探讨结核杆菌感染机体时T淋巴细胞亚群免疫应答及其影响因素,对结核病预防、诊治有重要意义。     

重组沙门菌表达结核分枝杆菌ESAT-6及其特异性免疫应答分析

目的 分析重组沙门菌表达的结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,Mtb)分泌性蛋白ESAT-6诱导的特异性免疫应答.方法 将ESAT-6蛋白编码基因导入原核表达载体pYA3333中,构建重组质粒pYA33-esat.通过电穿孔法转化减毒鼠伤寒沙门菌X4550,获得重组菌X4550(33-esat).以每只105CFU剂量的重组菌滴鼻免疫C57BL/6小鼠,间隔18 d,在第2次免疫后10 d取免疫小鼠脾脏、肺脏、肠系膜淋巴结(mesenteric lymph node,MLN)及派伊尔淋巴集结(Peyer's patch,PP)细胞,以ESAT-6多肽作为刺激原,检测特异性的IFN-γ分泌细胞和IL-4分泌细胞.同时,运用CFSE方法榆测了体内抗原特异性CTL效应.结果 经沙门菌表达并运送的Mtb抗原ESAT-6能诱导特异性的免疫应答.在肺脏及PP细胞巾,检测到较高水平的IFN-γ和IL-4分泌细胞,免疫应答以Th1型为主.而在脾脏和MLN中,免疫应答呈现Th1/Th2混合应答.此外,体内CTL试验表明,重组菌能够诱导抗原特异的CTL效应,且特异性杀伤率为69.9%.结论 以滴鼻方式接种重组沙门菌,不仅能够诱导ESAT-6蛋白特异性的细胞免疫应答,还能激发特异的CTL效应,为结核病的防控提供了新的认识.     

含信号肽Mtb8.4基因疫苗对小鼠结核杆菌感染的免疫保护作用

目的研究含信号肽MTB8.4基因疫苗的免疫原性及对小鼠结核杆菌感染的免疫保护作用。方法雌性C57BL/6N小鼠32只,随机分为4组,即含信号肽的MTB8.4(MS)基因疫苗组、BCG组、pcDNA3.1 组和PBS组。ELISA检测小鼠脾细胞培养上清中细胞因子水平;并按效、靶比例分别为100∶1、50∶1、10∶1进行CTL杀伤检测。用结核杆菌H37Rv强毒株静脉攻击小鼠,计数肺和脾组织中的结核杆菌菌落数,观察小鼠部分肺和脾组织的病变程度;Z-N染色查结核杆菌,观察该疫苗对小鼠结核杆菌感染的免疫保护作用。结果MS基因疫苗能够诱导较强的抗原特异性Th1型细胞免疫应答,细胞因子IFN-γ和IL-2分泌增加,IL-4分泌减少,特异性CTL活性增加;免疫组小鼠肺和脾组织中的结核杆菌菌落数较空载体组显著减少,组织病变明显减轻。结论结核病MS基因疫苗能诱导较强的Th1型细胞免疫应答,对小鼠结核杆菌感染有一定的免疫保护作用,但尚需进一步提高。     

非特异免疫对特异性免疫应答的指导作用──疾病防治新思路

非特异免疫对特异性免疫应答的指导作用主要体现在两个方面：决定其抗原选择性和应答类型。对这种作用分子机制的深入了解为传染病、肿瘤、变态反应、自身免疫病及移植排斥等的防治提供了新的思路。     

针灸增强大鼠对百白破疫苗免疫效应的初探

目前疫苗领域主要是研究如何增强疫苗本身的免疫原性和引入适宜的佐剂以增强疫苗激活免疫应答的效应.针灸能通过激活非特异性和特异性免疫应答,激活机体的免疫防御功能[1].其增强机体单核-吞噬细胞系统功能与刺激淋巴细胞增殖分化的作用[2],与佐剂提高疫苗免疫效应中的部分机制相似,因此推测针灸可能增强和扩大疫苗免疫应答的能力,具备作为佐剂的潜能.     

病毒免疫逃逸机制研究进展

在宿主和病毒的长期共同进化过程中,病毒发展了各种免疫逃逸机制以逃避宿主的免疫应答.这些免疫逃逸机制可大致分为三类(1)逃避体液免疫系统的识别;(2)抑制细胞免疫应答;(3)干扰免疫效应功能.而且,一些病毒还可通过与免疫系统隔离而逃避免疫应答.     

小鼠不同基因型与乙肝疫苗免疫应答的关系研究

目的 研究实验小鼠基因型与乙肝疫苗免疫应答的关系.以保证根据小鼠基因型选择适于进行免疫应答检测的实验小鼠,保证进行疫苗免疫应答检测时的规范化和标准化.方法 应用小鼠NIH1、2、3个种群和BALB/c、DBA/1共3种不同品系和同一品系不同种群的小鼠各40只,乙肝疫苗稀释4个不同的稀释度,每个稀释度注射动物10只.酶标法检测乙肝疫苗免疫效力,测定乙肝疫苗的半数有效剂量(ED50)值,再通过微量细胞毒法和PCR方法 检测小鼠的H-2单倍型,计算不同品系小鼠H-2q的百分比,得出乙肝疫苗与不同动物种群的相关性.结果 重组乙肝疫苗(酿酒酵母)经BALB/c鼠检测疫苗的ED50值为2.5μg/ml;经1号种群NIH鼠检测疫苗的ED50值为2.0μg/ml;经2号种群NIH鼠检测疫苗的EDM50值为1.3μg/ml;经3号种群NIH鼠检测疫苗的ED50值为2.3μg/ml;经上海某公司DBA/1鼠检测疫苗的ED50值为0.8μg/ml,对乙肝疫苗的效力反应最强.根据<中国药典>2005年版三部的规定,疫苗的ED50值为≤1.5μg/ml.所以得出的结果 是2号种群NIH鼠和DBA/1鼠检测疫苗是合格的.基因检测结果 DBA/1为H-2q近交系小鼠,2号种群NIH鼠含有H-2q型基因的百分比是96%,3号种群NIH鼠含有H-2q型基因的百分比是30%,而1号种群NIH小鼠含有H-2q型基因百分比为56%,因此DBA/1小鼠和2号种群NIH鼠对乙肝疫苗均产生高应答效应,且远远高于免疫基因型为H-2d的BALB/c小鼠.结论 在进行乙肝疫苗效力鉴定时选择含有q型基因较多的NIH小鼠作为检测动物可以取得较好的应答效果.     

登革病毒E蛋白抗原基因肌肉注射诱导小鼠免疫应答的初步研究

目的：研究登革病毒Ｅ基因免疫的可行性,方法：用脂质体转染法将构建的Ｅ基因重组真核表达质粒ｐｃＤＮＡ３－Ｅ导入小鼠成纤维细胞ＮＨ３Ｔ３细胞,ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和蛋白质印迹试验检测Ｅ基因的体外表达。然后将该重组真核表达质粒经肌肉注射免疫ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠,检测其诱发特异性免疫应答水平。结果：重组真核表达质粒ｐｃＤＮＡ３－Ｅ在小鼠体内诱发一定水平的体液和细胞免疫应答,且持续时间较长。结论：登革病毒Ｅ基因免疫可诱发特异性免疫应答。为登革病毒疫苗的研制提供了实验依据。     

Association of TLR polymorphisms with development of tuberculosis in Indonesian females

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Many candidate genes have been investigated for a possible association with TB. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known to play important roles in human innate immune systems. Polymorphisms in and functions of TLRs have been investigated to identify associations with specific infectious diseases, including TB. Here, we examined whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLRs and genes in TLR signaling were associated with TB susceptibility in Indonesian and Vietnamese populations. A statistically significant association was observed between TB susceptibility in a classified Indonesian female group and rs352139, an SNP located in the intron of TLR9, using the genotype (P = 2.76E-04) and recessive (AA vs AG+GG, P = 2.48E-04, odds ratio = 1.827, 95% confidence interval = 1.321-2.526) models. Meta-analysis of the Indonesian and Vietnamese populations showed that rs352139 was significantly associated with TB in the recessive model. This finding indicated that a TLR9 polymorphism might have an important role in the susceptibility to M. tuberculosis in Asian populations.     

H2 complex controls CD4/CD8 ratio, recurrent responsiveness to repeated stimulations, and resistance to activation-induced apoptosis during T cell response to mycobacterial antigens

Genetic variation in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) influences susceptibility and immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice and humans, but connections among the severity of tuberculosis (TB), dynamic changes in T cell responses to mycobacteria, and MHC genetic polymorphisms are poorly characterized. The overall effect of the MHC genes on TB susceptibility and cellular responses to mycobacteria is moderate; thus, such studies provide reliable results only if congenic mouse strains bearing a variety of H2 haplotypes on an identical genetic background are analyzed. Using a panel of H2-congenic strains on the B10 background, we demonstrate that T cells from mice of three different strains, which are resistant to TB infection, readily respond by proliferation to repeated stimulations with mycobacterial sonicate, whereas T cells from three susceptible mouse strains die after the second stimulation with antigen. This difference is specific, as T cells from TB-susceptible and -resistant mouse strains do not differ in response to irrelevant antigens. The CD4/CD8 ratio in immune lymph nodes correlates strongly and inversely with TB susceptibility, being significantly lower in resistant mice as a result of an increased content of CD8+ cells. These differences between the two sets of mouse strains correlate with an elevated level of activation-induced T cell apoptosis in TB-susceptible mice and a higher proportion of activated CD44+ CD62 ligand- T cells in TB-resistant mice. These results may shed some light on the nature of the cellular basis of MHC-linked differences in susceptibility to TB.     

LEI0258 microsatellite variability and its association with humoral and cell mediated immune responses in broiler chickens

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has a profound influence on disease resistance or susceptibility, productivity and important economic traits in chicken. Association of the MHC with a wide range of immune responses makes it a valuable predictive factor for the disease pathogenesis and outcome. The tandem repeat LEI0258 is a genetic marker which is located within the B locus of chicken MHC and strongly associated with serologically defined haplotypes. LEI0258 microsatellite marker was applied to investigate the MHC polymorphism in Ross 308 broiler chicken (N = 104). Association of LEI0258 alleles with humoral and cell mediated immune responses to Newcastle disease (ND), Infectious bursal disease (IBD) and Avian influenza (AI) vaccines were also examined. LEI0258 polymorphism was determined by PCR-based fragment analysis, and association of LEI0258 alleles with immune responses were evaluated using multivariate regression analysis and GLM procedures. A total of seven alleles ranging from 195 to 448 bp were found, including two novel alleles (263 and 362 bp) that were unique in Ross 308 broiler population. Association study revealed a significant influence of MHC alleles on humoral and cellular immune responses in Ross population (P < 0.05). Alleles 385 and 448 bp were associated with increased peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation response. Alleles 300, 362 and 448 bp had a positive effect on immune responses to Infectious bursal disease vaccine, and allele 263 bp was significantly correlated with elevated antibody titer against Newcastle disease vaccine. Results obtained from this study confirmed the important role of MHC as a candidate gene marker for immune responses that could be used in genetic improvement of disease-resistant traits and resource conservation in broiler population.     

The tRNA‐associated dysregulation in immune responses and immune diseases

Transfer RNA (tRNA), often considered as a housekeeping molecule, mainly participates in protein translation by transporting amino acids to the ribosome. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence has shown that tRNAs are closely related to various physiological and pathological processes. The proper functioning of the immune system is the key to human health. The aim of this review is to investigate the relationships between tRNAs and the immune system. We detail the biogenesis and structure of tRNAs and summarize the pathogen tRNA‐mediated infection and host responses. In addition, we address recent advances in different aspects of tRNA‐associated dysregulation in immune responses and immune diseases, such as tRNA molecules, tRNA modifications, tRNA derivatives and tRNA aminoacylation. Therefore, tRNAs play an important role in immune regulation. Although our knowledge of tRNAs in the context of immunity remains, for the most part, unknown, this field deserves in‐depth research to provide new ideas for the treatment of immune diseases.     

我国不同艾滋病候选疫苗小鼠细胞免疫应答评价

目的 比较我国不同艾滋病(AIDS)候选疫苗小鼠细胞免疫应答水平.方法 将我国6种艾滋病候选疫苗按其各自免疫程序,免疫BALB/c小鼠,分离脾细胞,利用酶联免疫斑点法(ELISPOT)与胞内因子染色法(ICS)检测其对HIV特异多肽的细胞免疫应答水平.结果 6种艾滋病候选疫苗利用潜在T细胞表位(PTE)Gag、Env和Pol肽库和ELISPOT法检测IFN-γ的分泌情况,结果各疫苗的小鼠细胞免疫阳转率为70%～100%,各疫苗引起特异细胞免疫应答的反应肽库不同,强度亦不相同.1#和2#疫苗利用ELISPOT检测分泌Th1类细胞因子IFN-γ和IL-2的小鼠脾细胞数量,两疫苗的IFN-γ和IL-2检测结果均呈中度相关性(r1=0.62,P1＜0.01;r2=0.79,P2＜0.01).ELISPOT和ICS检测1#疫苗免疫后分泌IFN-γ的小鼠脾细胞数,结果两种方法的小鼠阳转率均为66.7%(10/15),ELISPOT阳性细胞数与ICS阳性细胞比例呈中度相关(r=0.55,P＜0.05).结论 我国不同AIDS候选疫苗引起的小鼠细胞免疫应答在广度和强度上存在差别.ELISPOT或ICS检测IFN-γ等Th1类细胞因子可作为疫苗诱导小鼠细胞免疫应答的评价指标.     

Usefulness of animal models of aspergillosis in studying immunity against Aspergillus infections

Aspergillosis represents a spectrum of fungal diseases which are caused by fungi of the genus Aspergillus. Animal models have been developed and used to address immune-based mechanisms of defense against these fungi. Invertebrate models enabled mass screening of virulence attributes of Aspergillus species as well as mechanisms of acquired resistance to antifungal agents. This review represents a concise view of cellular and humoral participants in an immune response to Aspergillus gained mostly from rodent models of aspergillosis. The survey of immune defense mechanisms was given, including the role of innate immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, innate-like lymphocytes) and receptors in antifungal response, the significance of dendritic cells in activation of specific adaptive T cell-mediated immune responses and the regulatory mechanisms of excessive response. Insight into innate immune defense mechanisms gained using non-vertebrate models of infections with Aspergillus sp. was given as well. The contribution of animal models to the current knowledge of immune mechanisms of resistance or susceptibility to these fungi was stressed and the significance of data gained from these models in forming the basis for the design of therapeutic strategies in prevention and/or treatment of aspergillosis was pointed out.     

Proliferative and cytotoxic responses to mannoproteins of Candida albicans by peripheral blood lymphocytes of HIV-infected subjects.

Mucosal candidiasis is one of the first opportunistic diseases in HIV-infected subjects. In order to understand the relationship between this disease and immunodeficiency to chemically defined, immunodominant Candida antigens, a mannoprotein fraction from C. albicans cell wall (GMP) was used to analyse proliferative and non-MHC-restricted cytotoxic responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from normal and HIV-infected subjects. In the former, GMP induced extensive blastogenesis, generation of powerful cytotoxicity against a tumour cell line (K562), and production of substantial amounts of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Cultured PBMC from HIV-infected subjects manifested an early decreased ability for proliferative as well as differentiative cytotoxic responses to the candidal mannoproteins. This inability became clearly evident in subjects with stage III (CDC) of the disease, was total in CDC stage IV and occurred even in some subjects with a normal number of CD4+ cells. Low or absent response to GMP correlated with lack of response to tetanus toxoid. In contrast, both lymphoproliferative and cytotoxic responses to exogenous IL-2 was highly preserved at all stages of infection. The production of IFN-gamma in GMP-stimulated PBMC cultures critically fell to negligible values in most of the subjects in CDC stages II and III. Thus, the lowered or absent cell-mediated immune responses to candidal mannoprotein may be one factor to explain the early, elevated susceptibility of HIV-infected subjects to mucosal candidiasis. This study also shows that our mannoprotein preparation may be used as a probe to detect the overall efficiency of T cell responses in the above subjects.     

电穿孔增强核酸疫苗免疫反应的研究进展

核酸疫苗自诞生以来在肿瘤、感染性疾病和自身免疫性疾病等方面显示出其独特的优越性。目前,研究如何增强核酸疫苗的免疫原性是一大热点,在众多方法中,电穿孔通过增加细胞对DNA的摄取,使表达的目的抗原增多,从而明显地增强了核酸疫苗诱导的免疫反应。就电穿孔技术在核酸疫苗研究领域的应用作一综述。     

Influence of diabetes mellitus on immunity to human tuberculosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM) is a major risk factor for the development of active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), with development of DM pandemic in countries where TB is also endemic. Understanding the impact of DM on TB and the determinants of co‐morbidity is essential in responding to this growing public health problem with improved therapeutic approaches. Despite the clinical and public health significance posed by the dual burden of TB and DM, little is known about the immunological and biochemical mechanisms of susceptibility. One possible mechanism is that an impaired immune response in patients with DM facilitates either primary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis or reactivation of latent TB. Diabetes is associated with immune dysfunction and alterations in the components of the immune system, including altered levels of specific cytokines and chemokines. Some effects of DM on adaptive immunity that are potentially relevant to TB defence have been identified in humans. In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the alterations in the innate and adaptive immune responses and immunological mechanisms of susceptibility of patients with DM to M. tuberculosis infection and disease.