外源性NGF对APP/PS1转基因小鼠学习记忆能力的影响

目的观察外源性神经生长因子(nerve growth factor,NGF)对APP/PS1转基因小鼠学习记忆能力的影响和环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白(cAMP response element bling protein,CREB)蛋白的调节作用。方法实验分为野生组(雄性5月龄C57BL/6小鼠6只,鼻腔给予生理盐水),AD组(雄性5月龄APP/PS1小鼠6只)和AD+NGF组(雄性5月龄APP/PS1小鼠6只,鼻腔给予小鼠NGF治疗14w),应用Morris水迷宫检测小鼠的学习记忆能力变化,应用Western blot检测小鼠脑内CREB蛋白、p-CREB蛋白的表达。结果 AD+NGF组小鼠的潜伏期和找到平台前所经过的总路程均显著低于AD组小鼠,经过目标平台位置的次数明显高于AD组小鼠,游泳总路程和平均游泳速度均明显低于AD组小鼠。外源性NGF上调APP/PS1转基因小鼠脑内CREB蛋白和p-CREB蛋白的表达。结论外源性NGF改善APP/PS1转基因小鼠的学习记忆能力可能与上调CREB和p-CREB蛋白的表达相关。     

二氢杨梅素对APP/PS1转基因小鼠学习记忆和脑内自噬的影响

目的:研究二氢杨梅素(DHM)能否通过影响自噬对阿尔茨海默病(AD)模型小鼠发挥保护作用。方法:实验动物分为3组:7月龄的APP/PS1转基因痴呆模型小鼠随机分为AD组和DHM组,同月龄野生型(WT) C57BL/6J小鼠作为WT组,每组10只。DHM处理DHM组,同浓度DMSO稀释液处理AD组和WT组。采用Morris水迷宫实验检测各组学习记忆功能;免疫组织化学(IHC)、甲硫素S(ThS)染色以及ELISA法检测β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)的水平; Western Blot法检测自噬相关蛋白Beclin1、LC3、p62、Cathepsin D和LAMP1的表达水平;透射电镜检测脑内自噬结构微观变化。结果:与WT组相比,AD组小鼠在水迷宫检测中平均潜伏期、探索路径增长(P <0.01),穿越平台次数减少(P <0.01);脑内Aβ斑块增加(P <0.01),出现较严重的水肿,并发现了深染的晚期自噬体; LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ比值降低(P <0.01),p62、LAMP1和Cathepsin D表达增加(P <0.01); DHM处理后可以改善AD小鼠的学习记忆功能(...     

miR-30c通过调节海马神经发生对APP/PS1转基因小鼠学习记忆能力的影响

目的：探讨miR-30c 通过调控海马神经发生对APP/PS1 转基因小鼠的学习记忆的影响。方法：用免疫荧光 检测Ki67 的表达和Morris 行为学检测APP/PS1 转基因小鼠海马的神经发生及学习记忆能力,并通过脑立体定位 技术显微注射miR-30c 过表达和miR-30c 敲减慢病毒载体以干扰海马齿状回区域的神经发生,检测海马神经发生 对学习记忆的影响。结果：APP/PS1 转基因小鼠的海马神经发生和学习记忆能力明显低于野生小鼠。然而,当 APP/PS1 转基因小鼠海马的miR-30c 过表达后,海马神经发生明显增加（14.2 倍）;相反,当海马miR-30c 敲减后, 海马神经发生明显降低（0.25 倍）,并且Morris 行为学结果显示,miR-30c 敲减后小鼠的学习记忆能力明显降低, 而miR-30c 过表达后小鼠的学习记忆能力明显增强。结论：miR-30c 可能通过调控海马神经发生影响学习记忆功能, 提示miR-30c 可作为干预阿尔茨海默症神经发生与学习记忆能力的潜在靶点。     

PRE-084对PS1/APP小鼠学习记忆及内嗅皮层BDNF和Trkb表达的影响

目的探讨sigma-1受体激动剂PRE-084对PS1/APP小鼠内嗅皮层BDNF、TrkB及学习记忆功能的影响。方法将21只6月龄的PS1/APP小鼠随机平分为3组,分别为生理盐水组、PRE-084组、PRE-084和simga-1受体拮抗剂BD1047组,正常C57/BL6J鼠注射生理盐水作为空白对照组,共4组;利用Morris水迷宫测试学习记忆功能,免疫组化、Westernblot检测BDNF和TrkB在内嗅皮层的表达情况。结果PRE-084明显改善PS1/APP小鼠的学习记忆功能,上调了内嗅皮层内BDNF和TrkB表达水平,而sigma-1受体拮抗剂BD1047能够逆转PRE-084的作用。结论PRE-084通过sigma-1受体改善PS1/APP小鼠学习记忆功能可能与上调内嗅皮层BDNF和TrkB水平相关。     

APP/PS1双转基因小鼠大脑皮质老年斑的病变对其学习记忆能力的影响

β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)沉积形成的老年斑是Alzheimer’s disease(AD)的主要病理特点,学习记忆功能障碍是其行为学的重要变化。为探讨老年斑对学习记忆的影响,本实验用17、28、44周C57系APP/PS1双转基因小鼠各4只,同龄野生型C57小鼠做对照,用Y-型迷宫方法比较不同年龄的AD模型鼠和C57鼠学习记忆能力的差异,利用免疫组织化学方法检测小鼠大脑皮质老年斑的病理变化,并比较AD模型鼠脑内老年斑的病变与其学习记忆能力改变之间的关系。结果显示:17周和28周AD模型鼠的学习记忆能力的各测试指标与对照组相应指标间均相差不显著(P>0.05),而44周AD模型鼠的学习记忆能力明显下降,各项指标与对照组相比具有显著性(P<0.01)。17周AD模型鼠脑切片上,可见大脑皮质内有少量老年斑的形成,而44周AD鼠皮质内斑块数量明显增多,体积明显增大。本结果提示老年斑的病变在一定程度上影响了其行为学的改变,这可能与β-淀粉样蛋白沉积继发的神经元缺失密切相关。     

HuD在N2aAPP细胞和APP/PS1转基因小鼠中的表达

目的研究RNA结合蛋白HuD在AD细胞和动物模型中的表达水平,探讨HuD与AD的关系;明确PI3K/AKT通路对神经细胞HuD表达的调控作用。方法免疫荧光检测HuD在C57BL/6小鼠脑组织中的表达水平;构建过表达APP的N2a APP细胞模型,Western blot检测HuD的表达情况;购买APP/PS1转基因小鼠,Western blot检测HuD在脑组织中的表达情况;应用LY294002处理3种神经细胞(N2a、SH-SY5Y和HT22),阻断PI3K/AKT通路,观察该通路对HuD的调控作用。结果 HuD在整个C57BL/6小鼠脑组织中均有表达,且在海马体的颗粒细胞尤为明显;在N2a APP细胞,HuD的表达水平明显低于对照组;APP/PS1转基因小鼠脑组织中的HuD水平也低于野生对照鼠;LY294002处理下调了HuD在神经细胞中的表达水平。结论 HuD在N2a APP细胞和APP/PS1转基因小鼠中均呈低表达;HuD在神经细胞中受PI3K/AKT通路的调控,为研究HuD与AD的关系及寻找新的AD诊断和治疗靶点提供了理论基础。     

miR-142通过FMRP介导上调APP/PS1小鼠海马神经元PSD95和Synapsin I表达改善学习记忆能力

目的 探讨miR-142通过FMRP介导调控APP/PS1小鼠海马神经元内PSD95和Synapsin I的表达及对学习记忆能力的影响。方法 将10月龄APP/PS1小鼠随机分成AD组、sh-miR-NC组、sh-miR组,同月龄的C57BL/6小鼠作为Control组,利用Morris水迷宫行为学实验检测小鼠的学习记忆能力,用Western blot和免疫荧光方法检测FMRP、PSD95和Synapsin I在各组小鼠海马神经元中的表达情况。结果 APP/PS1小鼠学习记忆能力明显下降;沉默miR-142明显改善APP/PS1小鼠的学习记忆能力,使APP/PS1小鼠海马神经元低表达的FMRP、PSD95和Synapisin I等蛋白逆转上调。结论 miR-142通过结合FMRP上调APP/PS1小鼠海马神经元内PSD95和Synapsin I的表达水平,改善学习记忆能力。     

丹酚酸B对APP/PS1小鼠学习记忆及氧化应激的作用及可能机制

目的 探讨丹酚酸B对APP/PS1转基因小鼠学习记忆能力、氧化应激水平及Nrf-2/HO-l信号通路的影响.方法 将7月龄的APP/PS1小鼠随机分为模型组、丹酚酸B低剂量组(30mg/kg)及丹酚酸B高剂量组(60 mg/kg),并取同龄C57BL/6小鼠作为对照组,每组10只,连续灌胃给药8周.Morris水迷宫观...     

APP/PS1转基因小鼠海马内少突胶质细胞变化的体视学研究

目的:定量研究APP/PS1转基因小鼠海马内少突胶质细胞(OLG)的改变,探讨β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)对OLG的影响。方法:随机选取10月龄雄性APP/PS1转基因小鼠(AD组)和10月龄同窝生雄性野生型小鼠(WT组)各13只,运用Morris水迷宫检测各组小鼠的空间学习和记忆能力;运用体视学方法计数各组小鼠海马CA1、CA2-3和齿状回(DG)内Olig2+细胞和2',3'-环核苷酸3'-磷酸二酯酶(CNPase)阳性细胞总数;体外培养小鼠少突胶质前体细胞(MOPC),给予Aβ1-42,运用real time RT-PCR和Western Blot检测OLG相关蛋白的表达水平和含量。结果:AD小鼠逃避潜伏期显著性长于WT小鼠(P<0.05),穿台次数显著性少于WT小鼠(P<0.05);AD小鼠海马各区Olig2+细胞总数均较WT小鼠显著性增加(P<0.05),且与逃避潜伏期呈正相关,与穿台次数呈负相关,而各区CNPase+细胞总数均较WT小鼠显著性减少(P<0.05),且与逃避潜伏期呈负相关;Aβ1-42干预后MOPC的NG2及CNPase的mRNA水平显著性降低(P<0.05),Olig2含量也显著性降低(P<0.05)。结论:APP/PS1转基因小鼠海马内存在成熟OLG丢失、少突胶质细胞系异常增殖;Aβ可能引起OLG损伤和发育异常;保护海马成熟OLG以及调控OLG发育可能是防治AD的有效策略。     

Early temporal short-term memory deficits in double transgenic APP/PS1 mice

We tested single APP (Tg2576) transgenic, PS1 (PS1dE9) transgenic, and double APP/PS1 transgenic mice at 3 and 6 months of age on the acquisition of a hippocampal-dependent operant “differential reinforcement of low rate schedule” (DRL) paradigm. In this task mice are required to wait for at least 10 seconds (DRL-10s) between 2 consecutive nose poke responses. Our data showed that while single APP and PS1 transgene expression did not affect DRL learning and performance, mice expressing double APP/PS1 transgenes were impaired in the acquisition of DRL-10s at 6 months, but not at 3 months of age. The same impaired double transgenic mice, however, were perfectly capable of normal acquisition of signaled DRL-10s (SDRL-10s) task, a hippocampal-independent task, wherein mice were required to emit responses when the end of the 10-second delay was signaled by a lighting of the chamber. The age-dependent and early deficits of APP/PS1 mice suggest that the appetitive DRL paradigm is sensitive to the amyloid pathology present in double APP/PS1 mice, and that this mouse line represents a good model with which to study the efficacy of therapeutic strategies against Alzheimer's disease.     

Impaired TrkB receptor signaling contributes to memory impairment in APP/PS1 mice

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in neuronal plasticity, learning, and memory. Levels of BDNF and its main receptor TrkB (TrkB.TK) have been reported to be decreased while the levels of the truncated TrkB (TrkB.T1) are increased in Alzheimer's disease. We show here that incubation with amyloid-β increased TrkB.T1 receptor levels and decreased TrkB.TK levels in primary neurons. In vivo, APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice (APdE9) showed an age-dependent relative increase in cortical but not hippocampal TrkB.T1 receptor levels compared with TrkB.TK. To investigate the role of TrkB isoforms in Alzheimer's disease, we crossed AP mice with mice overexpressing the truncated TrkB.T1 receptor (T1) or the full-length TrkB.TK isoform. Overexpression of TrkB.T1 in APdE9 mice exacerbated their spatial memory impairment while the overexpression of TrkB.TK alleviated it. These data suggest that amyloid-β changes the ratio between TrkB isoforms in favor of the dominant-negative TrkB.T1 isoform both in vitro and in vivo and supports the role of BDNF signaling through TrkB in the pathophysiology and cognitive deficits of Alzheimer's disease.     

橄榄油改善淀粉样前体蛋白/早老素双转基因B6C3-Tg鼠认知功能的作用及机制

目的:探讨橄榄油改善淀粉样前体蛋白/早老素双转基因B6C3-Tg鼠(APP/PS1鼠)认知功能的作用及机制。方法:将16只5月龄B6C3-Tg小鼠和4只同月龄野生型小鼠分为5组:正常对照组,阳性对照组,橄榄油组,脱脂橄榄油组和β谷固醇(BS)组。正常对照组和阳性对照组小鼠用生理盐水灌胃;橄榄油组、脱脂橄榄油组和BS组小鼠则分别用橄榄油、脱脂橄榄油和BS溶液灌胃。3周后用水迷宫检测小鼠认知功能;高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测脑组织细胞膜内BS含量;ELISA法检测脑内淀粉样前体蛋白(APP)代谢产物(sAPPα和Aβ)水平;免疫组化法检测脑内Aβ沉淀情况。结果:定位航行实验显示:与正常对照小鼠相比,阳性对照组和脱脂橄榄油组小鼠的逃避潜伏期显著延长(P0.01);而橄榄油组和BS组小鼠的逃避潜伏期与正常对照小鼠无明显差异。空间探索实验显示:阳性对照组和脱脂橄榄油组小鼠在目标象限的游泳距离占总的游泳距离的比例低于正常对照小鼠(P0.01);而橄榄油组和BS组小鼠在目标象限的游泳距离占总的游泳距离的比例与正常对照小鼠无明显差异。HPLC分析显示,仅在橄榄油组和BS组小鼠的脑组织细胞膜内可检测到BS。ELISA和免疫组化结果显示:与正常对照小鼠相比,阳性对照和脱脂橄榄油组小鼠脑内Aβ生成增加(P0.01),而sAPPα含量则无明显改变。橄榄油组和BS组小鼠脑内sAPPα含量与正常对照组小鼠相比有所增加(P0.01),但Aβ的表达较阳性对照小鼠明显减少了(P0.01)。结论:橄榄油可改善APP/PS1鼠的认知功能,其机制可能与BS在脑内的聚集以及BS对脑组织APP代谢的调节作用有关。     

Associative and motor learning in 12-month-old transgenic APP+PS1 mice

Doubly transgenic 12-month-old amyloid precursor protein and presenilins 1 (APP+PS1) mice (n=14) and littermate control mice (n=17) were tested on eyeblink classical conditioning-a task impaired in humans with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mice were also tested on a motor learning task (rotorod) and on sensory tasks (prepulse inhibition [PPI] and acoustic startle). Transgenic mice had impaired motor performance on rotorod. Overall, APP+PS1 mice performed similarly to controls on both 500ms delay and 500ms trace eyeblink conditioning as well as on prepulse inhibition (PPI) and acoustic startle. However, within the transgenic group, cortical amyloid burden correlated significantly with decreased trace eyeblink conditioning. Moreover, cortical amyloid burden and hippocampal microglia activation correlated significantly with decreased PPI. These data suggest that only those transgenic mice with the most severe amyloid pathology exhibited deficits in hippocampus-dependent tasks. Transgenic mouse models of amyloid deposition differ from Alzheimer patients not only by the absence of major neuronal loss, but also by the general absence of severe impairments in eyeblink conditioning, except for mice with the greatest amyloid pathology.     

亚甲蓝对APP/PS1转基因小鼠学习记忆及海马结构内GFAP表达的影响

目的:观察亚甲蓝对APP/PS1转基因小鼠学习记忆及胶质纤维酸性蛋白(Glial fibrillary acidic pro-tein,GFAP)在海马结构表达变化的影响。方法:20只3月龄APP/PS1小鼠,随机分2组,每组10只,对照组:自由饮水;治疗组:根据小鼠饮水量将亚甲蓝加入日常饮水中(25 mg/kg/d)连用4个月至7月龄。水迷宫测试观察其行为学的改变,免疫组化、Western Blot和TUNEL染色法观察GFAP在海马结构的表达及神经元的凋亡情况。结果:水迷宫测试结果显示亚甲蓝喂养组APP/PS1转基因小鼠第2～4 d的平均潜伏期显著低于对照组小鼠的潜伏期,说明治疗组与对照组相比在7个月时出现明显差异(P<0.05);免疫组化和Western结果显示治疗组海马结构内的GFAP在APP/PS1转基因小鼠的表达下调(P<0.05)。TUNEL染色法显示治疗组海马CA1、CA3区和齿状回TUNEL阳性细胞数较对照组明显减少(P<0.05)。结论:亚甲蓝能够下调APP/PS1小鼠海马结构内GFAP蛋白的表达,并通过抑制海马结构神经元的凋亡,提高APP/PS1小鼠的认知能力。