视网膜色素变性显性遗传家系3号染色体连锁分析

目的：用连锁分析法对三个显性视网膜色素变性家系(CY、WN、ZH)3号染色体进行分析，确定致病基因。方法：随机选取3号染色体视紫红质(rhodopsin，RH0)基因上下约5厘摩(centimorgan cM)范围内的6对微卫星标记(marker)，确立单倍体型，用两点法计算最大优势对数(LOD SCORE)值。结果：所选微卫星标记与CY、WN家系表型间LOD值呈负相关关系，而ZH家系与位点D3S3606间LOD值为2．52。结论：RH0基因为CY、WN家系的非候选基因，RHO基因可能是家系ZF致病基因。     

一个常染色体显性遗传视网膜色素变性家系疾病基因排除性定位分析

目的 确定一个常染色体显性遗传视网膜色素变性(autosomal dominantret initis pigmentosa,ADRP)家系中的疾病基因与3号染色体视紫红质基因的关系。方法 选择一个连续5代发病的ADRP家系,采集到该家系中16个正常个体、18个受累个体的血样。选取3号染色体上的14对用6-FAM、HEX、NED3种荧光染料标记的微卫星标记DNA引物,对该家系进行连锁分析。结果 3号染色体上的14对微卫星NDA标记位点的LOD值均≤-2,证实3号染色体上的14对微卫星标记DNA位点与该家系致病基因不连锁。结论 该家系的致病基因位于其他染色体上。     

东北地区一遗传性白内障家系的临床遗传学及基因定位研究

目的:分析一先天性核型白内障家系的遗传方式及致病基因所在位置。方法:收集一个3代遗传性白内障家系成员的临床资料;提取家系成员外周血DNA,选取62个态性微卫星标记进行连锁分析。应用LINKAGE软件(version 5.2)中的MLINK程序计算两点连锁LOD值,并人工构建家系成员的单体型。结果:确定该家系为一常染色体显性遗传性白内障大家系,在微卫星标记D22S689可获得最大LOD值2.71(θ=0时),单体型提示该家系表型可能与染色体22q11.2-12.1区域连锁。该区域含有CRYBB1,CRYBB2,CRYBB3,CRYBA44个候选基因。结论:本研究先天性核型白内障家系符合常染色体显性遗传规律,其致病基因定位于22q11.2-12.1区域。     

Avellino角膜营养不良家系致病基因的定位研究

目的：对收集到的一个常染色体显性遗传性Avellino角膜营养不良家系的致病基因进行初步定位。
　　方法：采集家系中所有成员的外周静脉血,从中提取基因组DNA样本。在热点区域内选取微卫星标记进行基因扫描,分别利用LINKAGE软件和CYRILLIC软件进行连锁分析及单体型分析,以确定候选基因所在的染色体区域。
　　结果：该Avellino角膜营养不良家系的连锁分析结果在D5 S396和D5 S393这两个微卫星标记处获得最大优势对数计分(LOD)值,Zmax=3.01(θ=0.00)。单体型分析将致病基因定位于微卫星标记D5 S808和D5 S638之间。
　　结论：该Avellino角膜营养不良家系的致病基因初步定位于染色体5q上的遗传距离约为11.2厘摩( cM)的一段区域内。     

先天性核性白内障家系致病基因的定位与候选基因突变检测

目的 对中国一常染色体显性遗传性先天性核性白内障家系进行致病基因的定位与候选基因突变检测.方法 实验研究.采集家系成员的外周静脉血,提取基因组DNA.用约400个中密度微卫星标记进行基因扫描,平均遗传距离10厘摩(cM).利用LINKAGE软件包进行连锁分析.在阳性定位区域内选取更为精细的微卫星标记进行精细定位.利用CYRILLIC软件进行单体型分析,确定候选基因所在染色体区域.候选基因直接测序检测基因突变.结果两点间连锁分析在微卫星标记D2S325处获得最大对数优势计分(LOD)值Zmax=2.29(θmax=0.00).精细定位和单体型分析将致病基因定位于微卫星标记D2S117和D2S2382之间,遗传距离约19.04 cM,染色体位置为2q32.3-q35.候选基因直接测序发现CRYGC基因第3外显子第470碱基一个G→A的点突变.结论本研究将我国一个先天性核性白内障家系的致病基因定位于2号染色体2q32.3-q35约19.04cM区域内,并在CRYGC基因发现一个新的点突变与此家系共分离.(中华眼科杂志,2009,45:234-238)     

先天性眼外肌纤维化一家系致病基因的连锁分析

目的分析一个中国人先天性眼外肌纤维化(congenital fibrosis of extraocularmuscles,CFEOM)家系的临床表型,并通过基因连锁分析的方法对该家系的致病基因进行定位研究。方法收集一个CFEOM家系,对家系所有成员进行详细的临床检查。确定其临床表型及遗传方式后,在位于11号染色体的已知CFEOM基因附近选取微卫星标记物进行连锁分析。运用MILINK软件计算最大优势对数LOD值。结果该家系的遗传方式为常染色体隐性遗传,家系中的5例患者均表现为典型的眼外肌纤维化特征。与该家系连锁的染色体微卫星标记物为D11S4151和D11S1320,其最大的LOD值为1.21。结论此家系为常染色体隐性遗传型CFEOM2型,其致病基因位于11号染色体的D11S4151和D11S1320之间,位于该区间内的已知基因PHOX2A/ARIX的突变可能是导致该家系致病的分子基础。     

常染色体显性遗传性白内障一家系致病基因的研究

目的:对一个4代常染色体显性遗传先天性白内障家系进行致病基因研究。方法:对15例家系成员(8例患者,7例非患者)进行眼部检查,采集静脉血,提取基因组DNA,选取已报道的与常染色体显性遗传性白内障相关的19个位点附近的微卫星标记,PCR扩增后进行基因型分析,用连锁分析进行定位;对提示连锁的标记计算Lod值,并构建单体型;对定位区域内已知候选基因测序。结果:该家系患者表型为绕核性白内障;患者在17q11-12有共享基因型,该位点微卫星标记与致病基因间的两点连锁最大Lod值为2.71,证实该位点与该家系的致病基因连锁;测序未发现CRYBA1/BA3突变。结论:该家系的致病突变不是由于CRYBA1/A3外显子和调控区突变,可能是未被发现基因突变或机制参与该家系的发病。     

中国东北一个先天性核性白内障家系致病基因的初步研究

目的定位一个先天性白内障家系的致病基因。方法根据以往研究得到证实的与先天性白内障有关的三类晶状体蛋白基因在染色体上的位置,分别选取3～4个用Fam或Hex荧光标记的微卫星标记物,多重PCR产物经美国ABI公司3700测序仪毛细管电泳,由GeneMapperV3.0软件处理,结合外显率和发病率对该家系进行连锁分析。结果三类晶状体蛋白5个侯选突变基因周围的18对微卫星标记位点的LOD值均<0.50,致病基因同已知基因之间不存在连锁关系。结论该家系致病基因不是三类已知晶状体蛋白基因,其致病基因的定位有待进一步研究。     

常染色体显性遗传性先天性白内障一家系致病基因的初步定位

目的 初步定位常染色体显性遗传性先天性白内障(ADCC)一家系的致病基因。方法 收集ADCC一家系资料,在已知先天性白内障致病基因和位点附近,选择合适的短串联重复序列多态性标记(STRP),对ADCC一家系进行连锁分析,使用Mlink软件采用对数优势记分法(LOD)计算LOD值。结果 在STRP中,D17S805、D17S1294及D17S1293与致病基因位点连锁的最大LOD值分别为2．03、2．49及2．22(重组率0=0)。结论 该ADCC家系的致病基因初步定位在第17对染色体上;CRYBA1基因为候选基因。（中华眼科杂志,2004,40：824-827)     

常染色体显性遗传白内障一家系基因排除定位研究

目的 对一个4代常染色体显性遗传性先天性白内障（ADCC）家系进行致病基因的定位。方法 对家系所有成员进行眼部检查。选取位于1、2、3、10、11、12、13、16、17、21及22号染色体上已知与ADCC相关的14个致病基因附近的微卫星标记物，并进行多重PCR扩增，经ABI3130型遗传分析仪，Genscan 2．1收集数据，Genotyper 2．1进行基因分型，Linkage软件计算两点LOD值。结果 未发现所选微卫星位点与该家系疾病表型共分离，LOD值均为负值。致病基因与已知的ADCC14个候选基因不存在连锁关系。结论 在此家系中存在新的致病基因有待于进一步的研究。     

Variants of RP1 gene in Chinese patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and characteristics of mutations in the RP1 gene and to characterize mutations with the clinical features in the Chinese family with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP). METHODS: Forty-three affected, unrelated Chinese individuals with ADRP were recruited between 2002 and 2006. Polymerase chain reaction and direct DNA sequencing were used to screen in the entire coding region and splice sites of the RP1 gene. Cosegregation analysis and population frequency studies were performed for patients with identified mutations. The clinical features were determined by complete ophthalmologic examinations. RESULTS: The mutation detectable rate of the RP1 gene in Chinese patients with ADRP was 1/43. A missense mutation, N985Y, was identified in exon 4 of the RP1 gene in 8 affected individuals from a Chinese family with ADRP. The ophthalmic findings with an N985Y mutation were similar to those of typical retinitis pigmentosa with delayed onset after age 40 years and slow progression. In addition, a total of 9 distinct variants were detected in our study population, most of which were RP1 gene polymorphisms; the pathological significance of P903L, a novel missense mutation, was unconfirmed. INTERPRETATION: Mutations in the RP1 gene are relatively rare in Chinese patients with ADRP. In our cases, N985Y mutation segregated with the phenotype from 1 Chinese family with mild and late-onset ADRP, a finding that has not been documented in other races.     

我国常染色体显性遗传视网膜色素变性家系中PRPF31基因新的剪切位点突变

目的　研究我国一个4代常染色体显性遗传视网膜色素变性(RP)家系患者的致病基因突变位点及临床表型特征。方法　对RP家系中的所有患者进行眼部及视觉电生理检查;对全部家系成员进行全基因组扫描及连锁分析, 对候选基因直接测序并通过限制性内切酶反应证实突变位点。结果　RP家系患者致病基因定位于染色体带19q13 4,微卫星标记物D19S589和D19S254之间不到4Mb区域。在所有患者的PRPF31基因内含子8的第一个碱基处发现一新的杂合突变(G>C),使内含子8的剪切供体由GT变为CT。RP家系患者的临床表型符合早期发病且弥漫型的RP患者类型。结论　我国该4代RP家系中的患者由PRPF31基因中一新的剪切位点的杂合突变致病(IVS8+1G>C)。     

Novel deletion of the RPGR gene in a Chinese family with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa

Purpose: To characterize a Chinese family with inherited retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Methods: Linkage studies and haplotype analysis were used for gene mapping, and single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and direct DNA sequence analysis were used for identifying the responsible mutation. Results: Pedigree analysis suggests that RP in the Chinese family RP002 is inherited either as an autosomal recessive trait or as an X-linked trait. Linkage analysis of RP002 excluded all known autosomal recessive RP loci. Further analysis with 17 polymorphic markers covering the entire X chromosome localized the RP gene in RP002 between markers GATA175D03 and GATA144D04 on Xp11.4, a region where the RP3 gene ( RPGR ) is found. Mutation analysis of the RPGR gene in RP002 revealed a novel 28-bp deletion in exon 7. This deletion resulted in an in-frame stop codon that eliminates the C-terminal two-thirds of the RPGR protein. The 28-bp deletion co-segregated with the disease in the family and was not present in 100 normal Chinese individuals. Female carriers of the deletion were affected with myopia and had ERG abnormalities and mild constriction of visual field. Conclusions: A novel 28-bp deletion in the RPGR gene identified in an X-linked Chinese RP family causes severe RP in male patients as well as myopia and ERG abnormalities in female carriers. The deletion represents the largest microdeletion identified in RPGR to date, and expands the spectrum of RPGR mutations causing XLRP.     

Mutation screening of Pakistani families with congenital eye disorders

To map the disease loci several Pakistani families suffering from autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa with preserved para-arteriolar retinal pigment epithelium and Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) were analyzed. Analysis revealed close genetic linkage between the disease phenotype of some of the families (3330RP, 111RP and 010LCA) and the microsatellite markers on chromosome 1q31. Mutation screening of the candidate gene CRB1 revealed a G to A transversion in exon 7 in arRP family 330RP and a T to C substitution in another arRP family, 111RP. In exon 9 of the CRB1 gene a T to C transversion was found in the family suffering from LCA (010LCA).The LCA phenotype of another family (011LCA) in which the CRB1 locus was excluded, showed linkage with microsatellite markers D17S1294 and D17S796 on chromosome 17p13.1. The association of the candidate gene GUCY2D (17p13.1) with the disease phenotype was excluded as no disease-associated mutation was found in any of its exons. Mutation screening of another candidate gene, AIPL1 located in the same region, showed a novel homozygous C to A substitution in exon 2. These sequence changes are unique for the Pakistani families and some of these have not been reported previously.     

Novel 2336-2337delCT mutation in RP1 gene in a Japanese family with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency and kinds of mutations in the RP1 gene, and to characterize the clinical features of a Japanese family with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP) with a novel 2336 to 2337delCT mutation in the RP1 gene. DESIGN: Case reports and results of DNA analysis. METHODS: Mutational screening by direct sequencing was performed on 96 unrelated patients with ADRP. The clinical features were determined by complete ophthalmologic examinations. RESULTS: A novel 2336 to 2337delCT mutation in the RP1 gene was identified in two patients from a Japanese family with ADRP. In addition, three families with ADRP carried a previously reported nonpathogenic Arg1933X mutation. The ophthalmic findings with a 2336 to 2337delCT mutation were similar to those of typical retinitis pigmentosa with rapid progression after age 40 years. CONCLUSIONS: The most common Arg677X mutation in the white population was not found in the Japanese population; instead a novel mutation was found.     

原发性视网膜色素变性家系的RDS基因Pro216Leu突变及其表型研究

目的　研究原发性视网膜色素变性 (retinitispigmentosa ,RP)家系中缓慢型视网膜变性(retinaldegenerationslow ,RDS)患者的RDS基因突变与临床表型的关联 ,以探讨RP的发病机制。方法对来自同一家系的 2例RP患者及 2例正常人外周血DNA进行分子遗传学分析 ,采用聚合酶链反应(polymerasechainreaction ,PCR)及限制性片段长度多态性 (restrictionfragmentlengthpolymorphism ,RFLP)技术 ,筛查RDS基因突变 ,对有突变的RDS基因片段进行克隆测序及分析 ,同时进行家系分析及眼部临床检查。结果　来自同一家系的 2例RP患者均查出有RDS基因 2 16密码突变 ,而 2例正常人未查出上述突变。经测序证实RDS基因 2 16密码子的第 2个核苷酸出现了C→T的突变 (Pro2 16Leu)。RDS基因Pro2 16Leu突变的眼部临床表型为视力损害严重的弥漫型RP ,伴有黄斑部病变。结论　中国人RP患者存在RDS基因Pro2 16Leu突变 ;其眼部表型为弥漫型RP伴有黄斑部病变。     

常染色体显性视网膜色素变性家系的基因连锁定位和候选基因的序列分析

目的对一常染色体显性视网膜色素变性（RP）家系进行致病基因的连锁定位，并对候选基因进行序列分析。方法在家系中进行全基因组扫描以确定与疾病连锁的染色体区域，对该区域附近的候选基因进行直接序列分析。结果此家系致病基因的最小可能区域（MCR）被定位于19号染色体微卫星标记D19S246和D19S601之间不到5厘摩（cM）的区域。对该区域附近的候选基因进行直接序列分析的结果并未发现致病性基因突变。结论CRX（锥杆细胞同源基因）和PRPF3l基因是该家系的非致病性基因，在19号染色体上可能存在导致常染色体显性视网膜色素变性（adRP）的新的致病基因。     

A novel mutation of the RP1 gene (Lys778ter) associated with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa

BACKGROUND: Besides the three known genes (RHO, RDS/Peripherin, NRL) involved in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP), a fourth gene, RP1, has been recently identified. Initial reports suggest that mutations in the RP1 gene are the second most frequent cause of adRP. The clinical findings were described in a family with adRP and a novel mutation in the RP1 gene. METHOD: Index patients from 15 independent families with adRP in which RHO mutations had been excluded in previous examinations were screened for mutations in the RP1 gene by means of direct DNA sequencing. Evaluation of the RP1 phenotype in patients included funduscopy, kinetic perimetry, dark adapted final threshold test, standard electroretinography and, in one case, multifocal electroretinography. RESULTS: One novel nonsense mutation (Lys778ter) in one of these 15 patients was detected. Cosegregation of the mutation with the disease phenotype could be established in the index patient's family. The phenotype comprises variable expression of clinical disease probably including one case of incomplete penetrance, a onset of symptoms beginning in adulthood, and evidence of regionally varying retinal function loss. CONCLUSION: The Lys778ter mutation localises inside the critical region harbouring all mutations described so far. The ophthalmic findings support previous observations that variation of disease expression appears as a typical feature of the RP1 phenotype.     

RP1 protein truncating mutations predominate at the RP1 adRP locus

PURPOSE: Recent reports have shown that the autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP) phenotype linked to the pericentric region of chromosome 8 is associated with mutations in a gene designated RP1. Screening of the whole gene in a large cohort of patients has not been undertaken to date. To assess the involvement and character of RP1 mutations in adRP, the gene was screened in a panel of 266 unrelated patients of British origin and a Pakistani family linked to this locus. METHODS: Patients exhibiting the adRP phenotype were screened for mutations in the four exons of the RP1 gene by heteroduplex analysis and direct sequencing. Linkage of the Pakistani family was achieved using microsatellite markers. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were separated by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Alleles were assigned to individuals, which allowed calculation of LOD scores. Microsatellite marker haplotyping was used to determine ancestry of patients carrying the same mutation. RESULTS: In the 266 British patients and 1 Pakistani family analyzed, 21 loss-of-function mutations and 7 amino acid substitutions were identified, some of which may also be disease-causing. The mutations, many of which were deletion or insertion events, were clustered in the 5' end of exon 4. Most mutations resulted in a premature termination codon in the mRNA. Haplotype analysis of nine patients carrying an R677X mutation suggested that these patients are not ancestrally related. CONCLUSIONS: RP1 mutations account for 8% to 10% of the mutations in our cohort of British patients. The most common disease-causing mechanism is deduced to be one involving the presence of a truncated protein. Mutations in RP1 have now been described in adRP patients of four ethnically diverse populations. The different disease haplotype seen in the nine patients carrying the same mutation suggests that this mutation has arisen independently many times, possibly due to a mutation hot spot in this part of the gene.     

A new Leu253Arg mutation in the RP2 gene in a Japanese family with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa

PURPOSE: To identify the clinical findings in a Japanese family with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa associated with mutation in codon 253 (Leu253Arg) in the RP2 gene. METHODS: Case reports included clinical features and results of fluorescein angiography, electroretinogram, kinetic visual field testing, and DNA analysis. Two affected hemizygotes with retinitis pigmentosa associated with transversion mutations in codon 253 (Leu253Arg) of the RP2 gene and the obligate carriers were examined. RESULTS: A novel Leu253Arg mutation of the RP2 gene was found to cosegregate with retinal degeneration in two affected males and two carriers in female heterozygote in a Japanese family. The ophthalmic findings in hemizygote showed severe retinal degeneration. In the obligate carrier, mild chorioretinal degeneration was observed in both eyes but a tapetal-like reflex of the fundus was not apparent. CONCLUSIONS: The mutation at codon 253 of the RP2 gene is the first mutation reported in a Japanese family. It is concluded that the mutation of the RP2 gene also causes the X-linked retinitis pigmentosa in Japanese patients.