儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病预后因素的研究进展

研究证实，影响儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）比较肯定的预后因素主要有年龄、性别、初诊时外周血白细胞数、FAB分型以及一些细胞免疫学、遗传学、分子生物学方面的指标，如Ph^ 、ALL基因重排、Tel/Aml-1融合、染色体数＞50、P170以及所采用的治疗方法；另外，一些分子生物学指标如CD10、CD2、P16、MDM2等也可能与儿童ALL的预后有关联。     

儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病及阿霉素所致Jurkat细胞凋亡时WAVE1表达研究

目的：初步探讨WASP家族Verprolin同源蛋白1（WAVE1）在急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）发病中可能的作用及意义。方法：运用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）半定量法和蛋白质印迹（Western blotting）分别检测40例ALL初治患儿、15例化疗完全缓解半年、4例复发、10例非白血病患儿BMMCs中WAVE1 mRNA和蛋白的表达水平。以不同浓度阿霉素处理Jurkat细胞：①采用MTT法测细胞增殖;②采用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率;③采用RT-PCR和Western blotting检测WAVE1表达。结果：ALL初治和复发患儿BMMCs均有WAVE1 mRNA和蛋白的表达,对照和缓解组BMMCs中mRNA和蛋白低表达或无表达,初治和复发组的WAVE1 mRNA和蛋白的表达表达水平显著高于化疗后缓解组和对照组（P<0.01）。阿霉素明显抑制Jurkat细胞增殖,抑制作用呈剂量时间依赖效应（P<0.05）;阿霉素作用24 h后,细胞凋亡随药物浓度增增高而增加,与对照组相比,差异有显著性(P<0.05);细胞WAVE1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平随阿霉素处理浓度的增高而降低,与对照组比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论：WAVE1在ALL患儿BMMCs中高表达;WAVE1可能与儿童ALL病程相关,它可能成为动态检测儿童ALL病情的一个新指标。     

儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病细胞周期分布及临床预后的研究

目的 研究儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）骨髓细胞DNA含量和倍性情况,了解其生物学意义及与临床预后的关系。方法 取29例初诊ALL儿及10例骨髓像正常的非白血病患儿的骨髓细胞,采用流式细胞术测定,获取各标本细胞周期时相百分比。本组资料平均随访48个月。结果 29例初诊ALL儿检出8例为超二倍体,对照组无异倍体检出。ALL儿的G0／G1％明显高于对照组（P＜0.01）,S％和S＋G2／M％则明显低于对照组（P＜0.01）。经随访发现,初诊DI＞1.08的患儿死亡率为225,DI＜1.08的患儿死亡率为40％,但统计学显著性检验无明显差异（P＝0.311）。初诊G2／M％＞4.0的患儿死亡率为12.5％,G2／M％＜4.0的患儿死亡率为42.7％,但统计学显著性检查无明显差异（P＝0.135）。结论 儿童ALL儿DNA测定对临床预后有一定指导作用。     

Wnt通路中Wif-1和β-catenin在儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病中的表达

目的研究Wnt通路中Wnt通路抑制因子1(Wif-1)和β连环蛋白(β-catenin)在儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)的表达及可能的作用。方法收集初发并且诱导缓解治疗第33天完全缓解的35例ALL患儿的临床资料,以治疗前作为初发组,第33天达完全缓解时作为缓解组,对照组为15例非恶性血液病患儿。RT-PCR方法检测Wif-1和β-cateninm RNA的表达,ELISA法测Wif-1蛋白的表达。结果初发组Wif-1m RNA及蛋白的表达明显低于对照组和缓解组,β-cateninm RNA的表达高于对照组和缓解组(P0.05)。在初发组和缓解组,高危患儿的β-cateninm RNA表达均高于中危和低危患儿,Wif-1m RNA、蛋白表达低于中危和低危患儿(P0.05)。在初发组和缓解组,T-ALL患儿β-cateninm RNA的表达高于B-ALL患儿,Wif-1m RNA、蛋白表达低于B-ALL患儿(P0.05)。各组Wif-1和β-cateninm RNA表达呈负相关(P0.05)。结论 Wif-1表达下降、β-catenin表达增高是儿童急淋发病机制之一,Wif-1下降和/或β-catenin增高的程度可能与预后相关。     

血浆miRNA在儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病中表达特点

目的研究血浆miRNAs(hsa-let-7d-5p、hsa-miR-27a-3 p、hsa-miR-29a-3p、hsa-miR-197-3p、hsa-miR-652-3p)在儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)不同疾病状态的表达特点。方法选取北京儿童医院2009年1月-2013年12月住院的ALL患儿血浆标本70例次,包括初诊-缓解配对30对,复发10例;对照组为2013年8月在北京儿童医院进行健康体检的志愿者30例。采用不提取RNA而直接RT-PCR方法检测患儿血浆中5种miRR NAs的表达情况,分析其表达与儿童ALL的诊断、治疗以及与TEL/AML1融合基因之间的关系。结果 5种miRNAs表达水平均呈现初诊组表达水平低于正常组,缓解后表达水平升高,而复发后表达水平再次明显降低的特点,各组间比较差异有显著性(P0.05);5种miRNAs对儿童ALL的诊断效能提示:ROC曲线下面积(AUC)均≥0.844,其中以hsa-let-7d-5p表达最高,AUC=0.956;在初诊组和缓解组,5种miRNAs的表达情况在有无TEL/AML1融合基因患儿血浆间差异无显著性(P0.05)。结论血浆中hsa-let-7d-5p、hsa-miR-27a-3p、hsa-miR-29a-3p、hsa-miR-197-3p、hsa-miR-652-3p在儿童ALL的发病过程中可能起到抑癌基因的作用,这为血浆miRNA用于儿童ALL的诊断、治疗及预后监测的分子标记物提供了一定的依据。     

细胞周期相关因子geminin在儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病中的表达

目的 研究细胞周期相关因子geminin蛋白及其mRNA在儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病中的表达.方法 以16例首次诊断且未治疗的急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿为实验组,16例正常儿童为对照组,采集其静脉血进行淋巴细胞分离,应用免疫组织化学染色法检测geminin蛋白在两组中的表达;用RT-PCR法检测gemininmRNA在两组中的表达.使用SPSS软件进行数据分析.结果 实验组geminin蛋白及geminin mRNA表达均高于对照组(P均<0.05);对照组geminin蛋白有表达,但其相应的mRNA不表达.结论 急性淋巴细胞性白血病细胞geminin过度表达,可能参与儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病的发生发展;正常淋巴细胞geminin存在蛋白与其相应的mRNA表达不一致的现象.     

急性淋巴细胞白血病染色体分析及其临床意义

目的 研究儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）染色体变化，探讨其临床意义。方法 通过直接法或短期培养法对40例ALL患儿骨髓细胞进行染色体分析并观察临床疗效。结果 40例ALL患儿染色体异常检出率70％（28／40），其中数目异常50％，结构异常35．7％，数目合并结构异常14．3％，核型正常组及超二倍体组患儿缓解率高于亚二倍体组及假二倍体组，具有显著统计学意义（P＜0．01），亚二倍体及t(9;22)核型为预后不良因素。结论 染色体分析对儿童ALL预后及治疗具有指导意义。     

复发儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病58例临床分析

目的探讨复发儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)的临床特点及预后。方法 2010年10月-2015年4月郑州大学第一附属医院儿童血液中心共收治ALL患儿487例,回顾性分析其中58例复发ALL的临床表现、实验室检查、治疗及预后。结果(1)58例复发患儿中,极早期复发42例(72.4%),早期复发12例(20.7%),晚期复发4例(6.9%);单纯骨髓复发36例(62.1%),单纯中枢神经系统白血病(CNSL)复发12例(20.7%),联合复发共10例(17.2%)。(2)临床表现:骨髓复发患儿主要有发热、贫血、出血、肝脾淋巴结肿大、骨痛等;单纯CNSL复发患儿主要有严重的头痛、呕吐、颈项强直等神经系统症状及失明等非典型症状;睾丸复发,出现睾丸白血病(TL),主要表现为睾丸肿胀;部分患儿可无任何临床症状。实验室检查:复发患儿乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)较完全缓解期显著升高(P0.05)。(3)随访至2015年10月31日,复发ALL患儿总体中位存活时间为24个月,极早期复发、早期复发及晚期复发ALL患儿的中位生存时间分别为13个月、32个月及41个月(P=0.006);单纯骨髓复发、单纯髓外复发及联合复发ALL患儿3年生存率分别为14.1%、78.6%及40.0%(P=0.018)。结论儿童ALL复发以极早期复发及早期复发为主,复发的主要部位为骨髓,复发时临床表现无特异性,单纯骨髓复发预后最差,单纯髓外复发预后较好;LDH在儿童ALL的疗效观察及疾病监测中有一定作用。     

TEL-AML1融合基因与儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病

急性白血病（AL）的病因及发病机制尚未完全阐明,目前发现细胞遗传学改变在白血病发生中起重要作用,约1/3的小儿急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）患儿表达染色体易位形成的融合基因,TEL-AML1融合基因是最常见的细胞遗传学异常,占儿童ALL20%-25%。本文对TEL-AML1融合基因结构、致白血病作用及其与儿童ALL的预后关系作一综述。     

提高化疗强度对伴IKZF1基因缺失儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病预后的影响

目的 总结伴IKZF1基因缺失儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）的临床特征并观察提高化疗强度对其预后的影响。方法 2015年12月至2018年2月间确诊并按照中国儿童白血病协作组-ALL 2008（CCLG-ALL 2008）方案规范治疗的ALL患儿共278例,根据有无IKZF1基因缺失将其分为IKZF1基因缺失组和IKZF1基因正常组,IKZF1基因缺失组均接受CCLG-ALL 2008高危（HR）方案治疗,IKZF1基因正常组则按临床危险度分型接受不同强度化疗,比较两组的临床特征及无事件生存（EFS）率。结果 278例患儿中共24例（8.6%）检出IKZF1基因外显子大片段缺失。IKZF1基因缺失组初诊时WBC ≥ 50×10⁹/L、BCR-ABL1融合基因阳性、诱导缓解治疗第15天微小残留病≥ 10%、微小残留病-HR、临床危险度-HR所占比例均高于IKZF1基因正常组（P < 0.05）。IKZF1基因缺失组3年EFS率（76%±10%）低于IKZF1基因正常组（84%±4%）,但差异无统计学意义（P=0.282）;其中,IKZF1基因缺失组-非HR（实际按CCLG-ALL 2008 HR方案化疗）的预计3年EFS率为82%±12%,低于IKZF1基因正常组-非HR（86%±5%）,但差异无统计学意义（P=0.436）。结论 伴IKZF1基因缺失的儿童ALL早期治疗反应更差,提高化疗强度可能改善其预后。     

MicroRNA expression and activity in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of pediatric neoplasia. Highly heterogeneous, ALL includes several genetic subtypes with varying clinical outcome. Although, some features are well established as prognostic predictors, the details of the molecular mechanisms underlying different phenotypes are only beginning to emerge. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to influence a range of physiological processes and, consequently, alterations in their expression and functions have been associated with the development of many cancers, including leukemia. This article aims to review the current state of knowledge of the role of miRNAs on the biology of childhood ALL, also including relevant findings from the adult leukemia literature.     

Comparative genomic hybridization in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was used to clarify the chromosomal status of 15 patients diagnosed with childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Bone marrow samples from 10 of the 15 patients were selected because no metaphases were obtained for cytogenetic analysis. Three patients with normal trypsin and giemsa banding (GTG) karyotypes were also studied by CGH to determine whether significant abnormalities might have been missed by banding analysis, and samples from an additional 2 patients with hyperdiploidy were also included. Seven of the 10 patients with failed GTG banding analysis were found to be chromosomally abnormal by CGH; 2 out of 3 patients with normal GTG band karyotypes were abnormal, indicating that the metaphases available for karyotyping were not malignant cells, and that CGH analysis of hyperdiploid samples provided more accurate resolution than karyotyping alone. The prognostic value of chromosomal aberrations detected by CGH and the efficiency of the technique suggest a central role for CGH in routine clinical cytogenetics.     

ALL患儿肿瘤细胞的门冬酰胺合成酶活性研究

目的：不同类型急性淋巴细胞性白血病(ALL)对左旋门冬酰胺酶(LAsp)敏感度不完全相同,由于LAsp活性水平与细胞内门冬酰胺合成酶活性负相关,因此研究不同类型ALL患儿白血病细胞内门冬酰胺合成酶活性水平分布情况,有助于临床治疗中合理使用LAsp。方法：通过HPLCFLD及蛋白定量等技术,检测28例ALL患儿(免疫酶型TALL7例,B细胞系列ALL21例)白血病细胞内门冬酰胺合成酶活性水平。结果：TALL患儿肿瘤细胞内AS活性水平较B细胞系列ALL患儿的显著增高(P<0.05),其中TALL患儿肿瘤细胞内AS活性中位水平为每小时9.3nMAsn/mgprotein,B细胞系列ALL患儿为每小时5.2nMAsn/mgprotein。但无论是在B细胞系列ALL患儿还是在TALL患儿中,肿瘤细胞内AS活性存在多态性分布。结论：ALL患儿白血病细胞中门冬酰胺合成酶活性存在多态性分布,总体上TALL比B系ALL白血病细胞中门冬酰胺合成酶活性高。     

The importance of nucleolar organizer regions in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia

The silver-staining of the nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) was performed in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) to verify the role of cell proliferation in predicting complete remission and survival. Bone-marrow aspiration smears of 20 pediatric cases with ALL, were stained with argyrophilic method during the diagnosis, remission, and 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th months after remission. The mean NORs count (NORsc) and the mean of (nucleolar organizer regions surface/total nuclear surface x 100) value (NORss/TNs) for each case were calculated. At diagnosis, the NORsc and NORss/TNs value for the whole series were 3.30+/-0.86 and 4.77+/-1.15, respectively. In complete remission, NORsc and NORss/TNs values were 1.23+/-0.20 and 3.45+/-0.87, respectively, and the differences were statistically highly significant (p < .001). The most important parameters of prognostic factors that effect diagnosis NORss/TNs and NORsc values were found to be FAB morphology and leukocyte count according to the multivariant analysis test. AgNORs analysis is a suitable method to assess cell proliferation in bone marrow aspirate and can predict complete remission, remission duration, and survival in pediatric ALL patients.     

Elevated common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen expression in pediatric immune thrombocytopenic purpura.

Bone marrow examination is often performed in thrombocytopenic children to distinguish immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) from acute leukemia. We describe a patient with thrombocytopenia and 50% common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA) positivity in his marrow who was subsequently shown to have ITP. CALLA (CD10) is a surface antigen found in early B-lymphocytes and is elevated in most cases of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This case prompted us to prospectively study the frequency of immature lymphocyte populations in children with ITP. Fourteen patients with acute ITP and five with other conditions were studied. The two groups were comparable with respect to age: ITP mean, 4.3 (range 0.3-15.5) years; control mean, 5.8 (0.6-13.8) years. The ITP group had a significantly higher percentage of CD10 positive bone marrow lymphocytes (p = 0.007). Five of the 10 patients younger than 4 years of age in the ITP group had CD10 levels of greater than 30%, which is in the leukemic range, whereas none of the control patients had a CD10 levels of greater than 17% (p = 0.003). There was good correlation between CD10 positivity and B4 positivity indicating that both of these markers arise from the same population of immature B-lymphocytes. None of the ITP patients who were older than 4 years had a CD10 level of greater than 30%. We conclude that it is common to have an increase in the proportion of immature lymphocytes in the marrow of young children with ITP. The cause of this increase in CD10 positive cells is unknown.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Detection of orphan receptor tyrosine kinase (ROR-1) expression in Egyptian pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Receptor tyrosine kinases, a group of tumor-associated antigens, were introduced as targets for cancer intervention strategies. The human orphan receptor tyrosine kinase-1 (ROR-1) is a member of this family. Overexpression of ROR1 has been reported in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The aim of this study was to detect the expression profile of ROR1 in 54 pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients. ROR1 was overexpressed in ALL as the ROR1/ β-actin ratio was higher in ALL children than in control group (P = 0.024). ROR1 is a potential tool for targeted immunotherapy in pediatric ALL patients.     

Treatment and biology of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric malignancy. In the past ALL was intractable but now the survival probability is as high as 80–90%. Improved supportive care, treatment stratification based on relapse risk, biological features of leukemic cells, and optimization of treatment regimens by nationwide and international collaboration have contributed to this dramatic improvement. While including traditional risk factors (e.g. age and leukocyte count at diagnosis), the treatment has been modified based on biological characteristics (aneuploidy and translocation) and treatment response (assessed by minimal residual disease). Treatment for pediatric ALL typically consists of induction therapy with steroids, vincristine, and asparaginase with or without anthracycline, followed by multi‐agent consolidation including high‐dose methotrexate and re‐induction therapy. After consolidation, less intensive maintenance therapy is required for 1–2 years to maintain event‐free survival. Recently, using advanced genomic analysis technology, novel sentinel genomic alterations that may provide more precise stratification or therapeutic targets, were identified. Moreover, in the last decade germline variations have been recognized as similarly important contributors to understanding the etiology and sensitivity of ALL to treatment. A more individualized approach based on genomic features (somatic and germline) and treatment response, the introduction of newly developed agents such as molecular targeted drugs or immunotherapy, and social support including long‐term follow up are required for further improvement.