运动防治老年人骨质疏松的研究进展

骨质疏松症（osteoporosis,OP)现已成为世界十大慢性疾病之一,50岁以上的人群中,30%的女性和10%的男性都患有OP。国际上将OP从病因学上简单地分为原发性、继发性、特发性骨质疏松症三大类;原发性骨质疏松是随着年龄增长必然发生的一种生理退行性病变,发病人群主要为老年人,可分为绝经后骨质疏松症和老年性骨质疏松症。绝经后骨质疏松症是指妇女绝经后雌激素迅速减少,骨吸收大于形成,骨量丢失加快;老年性骨质疏松症是指随着年龄增加,人体单位体积骨量低于正常,骨小梁间隙增大、骨基质减少、骨强度降低。OP会使老年人骨结构遭到破坏,骨折风险增加,肌肉力量下降,造成身体不同部位的疼痛和麻木,降低生活质量。目前针对OP的治疗方法主要有药物治疗、营养治疗和运动治疗。其中运动作为OP的一种康复干预手段,因其能改善骨生物力学及有效减少骨量继续流失的特性,准确适度的运动处方已作为一种相对经济、高效、安全的治疗方法,在OP的临床治疗用中备受医务工作人员和患者的关注。在此我们将不同运动疗法对老年人及绝经 后老年妇女骨质疏松症的影响做一综述,希望对今后老年人群OP的预防及治疗有所帮助。     

原发性骨质疏松症的中西医治疗研究进展

骨质疏松症(Osteopomsis，OP)是一种以骨量降低和骨组织微结构破坏为特征，导致骨骼脆性增加和易发生骨折的全身性疾病；主要发生于老年人，尤其是绝经后妇女。随着社会人口的老龄化，本病发生率逐渐增加。据报道，我国不同地区50岁以后的绝经妇女骨质疏松的患病率在25．0％～51．2％。本文主要就近5年来中西医治疗原发性骨质疏松症研究情况作一综述。     

妇科恶性肿瘤人工绝经术后骨质疏松症的防治

骨质疏松症(osteoporosis OP)是以骨量减少、骨组织微细结构破坏为特征,伴有骨脆性增强和骨折危险度增高为特征的一种全身性骨骼疾病。由于骨组织上有雌激素受体,因而骨质疏松症在绝经后妇女属高发疾病,治疗中以激素替代疗法占主导地位。但随着近年来妇科恶性肿瘤发病呈上升及年轻化的趋势,对这些激素依赖性肿瘤术后患者的骨质疏松症的治疗较为棘手,目前国内外没有明确的防治指南,多是参照自然绝经后骨质疏松症进行对症治疗,临床上应重视预防并根据具体病情选择治疗方案。西医西药治疗时应结合其肿瘤病情及药物的副作用等选择用药,中医中药疗效缓慢应尽早干预,同时均应重视现代综合辅助治疗。     

骨形态计量学在骨质疏松研究领域的研究进展

骨质疏松症，是以骨量减少及骨组织显微结构退变为特征的一种全身性骨骼疾病，伴有骨脆性增加，易于发生骨折。骨质疏松症可分为原发性、继发性和特发性3大类。其中，原发性骨质疏松症约占骨质疏松症的90％，它又可分为两型：其一，为绝经后骨质疏松症，其二，为老年性骨质疏松症。目前，随着人口老龄化日趋明显，骨质疏松症的发病率已位居全球常见病的第7位，     

绝经后骨质疏松症对股骨近端的生物学影响

骨质疏松症是一种以系统骨量、骨强度及骨微结构损害为特征常导致骨折风险增加的疾病,是绝经后妇女常见且严重的情况。骨质疏松症在骨折发生前大多是一种隐性疾病,存在着检测和治疗不足的情况。而骨质疏松性骨折的发生常导致疼痛、畸形、活动障碍,对患者的生活质量造成严重影响。绝经后骨质疏松症是一种好发于中老年女性的全身性骨骼系统疾病。众所周知,雌激素是一种维持正常骨量的重要保护因素。绝经后妇女体内雌激素水平的降低与骨量的迅速流失密切相关。在妇女绝经之后,骨重建增加,内在的不平衡加速了骨质流失,最终导致骨质疏松症的形成。干预绝经后骨质疏松症的最主要的目的是防止骨折。最常发生骨质疏松性骨折的部位是椎体(脊柱)、股骨近端(髋部)及前臂远端(腕部)。其中,髋部骨折是骨质疏松症最严重的后果,往往导致重大残疾和过早死亡。鉴于绝经后骨质疏松症的特殊性及髋部骨折的严重性,系统全面地了解绝经后骨质疏松症对股骨近端的影响显得尤为重要。     

原发性骨质疏松症慢性疼痛的康复治疗进展

原发性骨质疏松症(primary osteoporosis,POP)是以低骨量及骨组织微结构退化为特征的一种全身性骨病,伴有骨脆性增加,且容易发生骨折,是绝经后女性及老年人的常见病、多发病。疼痛是本病最典型的临床表现和首要就诊原因,其中70%～80%的患者表现为腰背痛,对老年人的生活质量产生了严重影响。目前很多学者从中西医康复治疗的角度进行了临床报道,虽各具特色,但疗效不一。本文就其康复治疗的最新进展进行综述。     

促进骨形成药物的研究进展

随着世界人口的老龄化，原发性骨质疏松症已成为老年人尤其是绝经后妇女常见的全身性骨病，由它所导致的骨折严重地影响了老年人的身心健康和生活质量，也给社会带来沉重的经济负担。因此，有关骨质疏松的基础和临床研究进展也极为迅速。目前治疗骨质疏松症的药物分为以抑制骨吸收为主和以刺激骨形成为主两大类。临床上常用的能有效治疗骨质疏松的药物，如：雌激素、选择性雌激素受体调节剂、降钙素、二磷酸盐类等均属于前者，而从理论上讲刺激骨形成的药物更为理想。     

骨质疏松症的药物治疗

骨质疏松症是以骨强度受损,骨折危险性增加为主要表现的骨骼疾病。其治疗药物种类繁多,主要包括钙和维生素D,骨转换抑制剂,骨形成促进剂与解偶联剂四大类。钙和维生素D是预防骨质疏松的基础药物。二膦酸盐可以用于各种骨质疏松的治疗。选择性雌激素受体调节剂适用于无明显更年期症状、无血栓栓塞性疾病的绝经后骨质疏松症患者。降钙素主要适用于高转换型骨质疏松症伴疼痛明显者。雌激素适用于骨质疏松症的预防,能有效降低非椎体骨折率。小剂量甲状旁腺激素可以有效促进骨骼重建,预防骨折发生。锶盐能保持骨形成的同时减少骨吸收,有效降低椎体和非椎体骨折率。     

试述骨质疏松症的预防

骨质疏松症是当今人口老龄化社会常见的代谢性骨病,患病率逐年上升.老年人尤其是绝经后女性极易受累.骨质疏松症所表现的慢性疼痛和导致的骨折及其他并发症严重影响老年人的寿命和生活质量,大量增加了相关的医疗费用.骨质疏松症的防治原则为掌握危险因素及易感人群,适时评估骨量,多学科综合性治疗.笔者对骨质疏松症的危害、影响因素和预防措施作了简要的叙述,希望通过积极的预防工作能减少骨丢失,延缓骨质疏松的发生,从而起到积极的作用.     

中药对血瘀型围绝经期功能性子宫出血骨密度的影响

骨质疏松(OP)是一种严重危害老年人健康的骨代谢性疾病,是老年人尤其是绝经后妇女的常见病、多发病之一。随着人口寿命的增长和社会老龄化,早期诊断、预防和治疗OP有着非常重要的意义,许多研究表明,妇女在绝经后雌激素水平下降、骨吸收与骨形成失衡,是造成OP的主要原因。骨密度(BMD)是诊断骨质疏松以及评估骨质疏松症患者骨折发生危险性的可靠指标。腰椎和股骨颈是OP最先受累和早期诊断OP的最常见部位[1]。     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.