112名40岁以上高龄孕妇的早孕期骨密度调查

目的研究我院近年分娩112名40岁以上高龄孕妇的骨密度情况。方法超声骨密度仪对112名40岁以上早孕期妇女进行桡骨骨密度测定,共有初产妇44人,经产妇68人,为A组。选取同期35~39岁高龄孕妇224人,为B组,34岁及以下孕妇224人,为C组,所有孕妇进行早孕期生化检查,包括血钙、血磷、白蛋白的检测。结果 40岁以上高龄孕妇骨量减少者占19.6%,骨质疏松者占2.7%,骨密度、血钙、血磷与40岁以下孕妇差异无统计学意义(P0.05),初产妇与经产妇骨密度差异无统计学意义(P0.05),孕妇孕前体重指数与骨密度呈正相关。结论 40岁以上高龄孕妇早孕期骨密度与年轻孕妇比较差异无统计学意义,早孕期骨密度测量对发现及预防骨质疏松有意义。     

产后早期妇女骨质疏松相关因素分析

目的：了解产后早期妇女骨量丢失的影响因素,为防止妊娠有关的骨质疏松发生提供依据。方法纳入在我院分娩的产后10～14天妇女1125例,采用双能X线骨密度测定仪测定受试者L1-L4椎体及左侧股骨颈的骨密度（BMD）,根据骨密度分为骨质疏松组、骨量减少组、骨量正常组,比较各组间年龄、身高、体重指数（ BMI）、产次、钙摄入量等差异。结果在1125例调查者中,骨质疏松65例（5.8％）,骨量减少429例（38.1％）,骨量正常631例（56.1％）。牛奶摄入量每天＞200 ml的产妇,其骨质疏松发生率低于牛奶每天摄入＜200 ml的产妇（ P＜0.01）。孕期补钙的产妇骨质疏松发生率低于未补钙者（ P＜0.01）,有骨质疏松家庭史的产妇,其骨质疏松发生率高于无骨质疏松家庭的产妇（P＜0.01）。结论产后妇女骨质疏松及骨量减少的发生率较高,骨质疏松家族史、钙摄入不足、低BMI是产后骨量丢失的风险因素,产后常规测量骨密度有助于骨质疏松的早期诊断及治疗。     

糖代谢正常孕妇分娩巨大儿的相关因素分析

目的探讨糖代谢正常孕妇孕期体重增长速度及相关因素与分娩巨大儿的关系,以期早期警戒巨大儿的发生,减少巨大儿的出现,改善围产结局。方法回顾分析2014年11月1日至2015年12月1日于我院住院分娩的糖代谢正常且分娩新生儿体重≥4 000g的孕妇94例作为研究组,同期住院分娩新生儿体重4 000g孕妇90例作为对照组,比较两组孕妇年龄、孕产次、孕前体重指数、孕期体重增长速度、孕期体重增长总量及分娩孕周对妊娠结局的影响。结果研究组与对照组比较,平均年龄、身高、孕产次及妊娠并发症均无统计学差异(P0.05);研究组孕前体重指数显著高于对照组[(22.89±3.27)vs.(21.53±3.81)kg/m2],且研究组超重者比例(23.40%)显著高于对照组(6.67%)(P0.05);研究组孕期体重增加显著高于对照组[(17.49±5.13)vs.(15.30±4.58)kg](P0.05),尤其在孕第12~20周以及36周至分娩期两个时段,两组体重增加的差异尤为显著[分别为(4.93±2.21)vs.(3.73±1.66)kg、(2.18±1.56)vs.(1.65±1.29)kg](P0.05);研究组剖宫产率(56.38%)、产后出血率(20.21%)、胎儿窘迫发生率(14.89%)均显著高于对照组(分别为40.00%、6.67%、6.67%)(P0.05)。结论孕前体重超重及孕期增重过多是分娩巨大儿的高危因素,注意控制妊娠12~20周及36周至分娩前两个时段的体重增长,可以减少巨大儿的发生,改善母胎结局。     

妊娠期糖尿病对初次妊娠及再次妊娠骨密度的影响

目的研究妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)孕妇初次妊娠和再次妊娠的骨密度(body mineral density,BMD)情况。方法回顾性病例分析,入组单胎经产妇200人,其中100人初次妊娠诊断GDM,为GDM组,另100人初次妊娠血糖正常,为对照组。查询所有孕妇初次妊娠早孕期超声骨密度结果,产褥期骨密度情况,及再次妊娠早孕期骨密度情况。结果初次妊娠GDM组早孕期BMD与对照组无统计学差异(P0.05),产褥期BMD与对照组无统计学差异(P0.05),再次妊娠GDM组早孕期BMD与对照组无统计学差异(P0.05)。GDM产妇初次妊娠产褥期BMD与早孕期相比下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而对照组初次妊娠产褥期BMD与早孕期相比无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论 GDM引起孕期骨密度下降,应加强管理,减少骨质疏松的发生。     

妊娠合并甲亢母亲所娩新生儿骨密度不足的影响因素分析

目的探讨妊娠合并甲亢母亲所娩新生儿骨密度不足的影响因素。方法选取180名妊娠合并甲亢母亲(甲亢组)和180名妊娠期正常母亲(对照组)。分析两组母亲所产新生儿的骨密度情况。收集甲亢组临床资料,分析妊娠合并甲亢母亲所娩新生儿骨密度的影响因素。结果甲亢组所产新生儿骨密度不足发生率为27.22%(49/180)显著高于对照组的7.78%(14/180),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析得出:孕期日均户外活动1 h、未规律补钙、未规律补充维生素D、血清钙≤2.45 mmol/L、骨钙素(OC)6.20μg/L和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)171.47μ/L是妊娠合并甲亢母亲所娩新生儿骨密度不足的影响因素(P0.05)。结论妊娠合并甲亢母亲所娩新生儿骨密度不足与孕期户外活动少、孕期未规律补钙和维生素D以及血清钙、OC、ALP水平低下有关。提倡孕妇适当户外活动,规律补钙和维生素D。     

277例孕产妇体格状况、营养状况调查及其超声骨密度的测定

目的 277例孕产妇体格状况、营养状况及其超声骨密度的调查,共检测和调查277例健康孕产妇.方法 在孕8～9个月时填写膳食调查问卷,之后追踪到产后,并对该产妇及其出生后2个月婴儿做营养状况评估和骨密度测定.结果 ①孕妇整个孕期体重平均增加约17 kg左右,达到和超过膳食指南提出的理想体重的增量;从体重的增长情况发现,此277例孕妇营养状况明显优于全国大城市的水平.②每日摄入的奶、豆制品、鱼、禽、蛋、瘦肉达到了我国膳食指南的标准,明显好于全国调查的结果 .③腓肠肌痉挛发生率为57.4%,与全国样本之间差异无显著性.④腓肠肌痉挛与孕期总摄入奶制品数量、总摄入奶制品含钙量、孕期平均日晒时间、母亲孕期肉食摄入量、母亲分娩前体重有明显相关关系.⑤孕期腓肠肌痉挛与产后母亲骨密度、婴儿骨密度之间没有比例关系和相关关系.结论 此277例孕妇体重增长理想,孕期营养状况良好,膳食摄入比较合理,达到了孕期膳食指南的标准;得到了北京部分正常产妇超声骨密度的结果 ;孕期总摄入奶制品数量少、总摄入奶制品含钙量低、孕期平均日晒时间长、母亲孕期肉食摄入量多、母亲分娩前体重多者更容易出现孕期腓肠肌痉挛;孕期腓肠肌痉挛与产后母亲骨密度、婴儿骨密度之间无相关关系.     

孕期营养干预对产后妇女骨密度的影响

目的观察孕期营养定量指导对产后妇女骨密度的影响。方法对 198例孕妇 (观察组 )于孕 3、7个月分别进行饮食、日常运动量调查及代谢率测定 ,同时进行营养指导 ,并与未接受相关调查与指导的 2 35例孕妇 (对照组 )比较产后 14d骨密度。结果观察组骨密度显著优于对照组 (χ2 =37.35 ,P <0 .0 1)。结论孕期营养定量指导能减少产后妇女骨量的丢失。     

妊娠妇女性激素、骨密度、骨代谢生化指标的变化及相关性研究

目的：探讨妊振妇女骨密度和骨代谢的变化及其与性激素的关系。方法：随机选取63例健康脑力劳动孕妇和21例健康脑力劳动妇女分别测定骨密度,血清Ca、P、ALP、BGP和E2、P、FSH、LH、PRL以及尿HP/Cr、Ca/Cr比值。结果：孕期骨密度虽有下降但无显变化（P＞0.05),ALP和BGP在晚孕期有显变化（P＜0.05)且此变化与E2成正相关（r=0.61、0.36)。结论：妊娠期骨密度虽无明显变化,但晚孕期骨转换率明显增加且与E2呈正相关。提示可通过测定E2了解孕期骨代谢情况,并及时予以补钙等措施可能有益。     

产后早期妇女与非孕健康妇女骨密度检测分析

目的 探讨产后早期妇女骨密度(BMD)变化情况,分析怀孕与BMD的关系.方法 采用Hologic QDR-4500W型双能X线骨密度测量仪对64例产后妇女及72例非孕健康妇女进行腰椎正位(L1～4)、左髋部骨密度测量分析,按年龄分别输入数据,以5岁为一年龄组,分别计算各组骨密度值,结果以牙x±s表示.结果 非孕妇女在25～29岁间骨量达到峰值,产后早期妇女腰椎和左髋部BMD值分别显著低于对照组(腰椎P＜0.01,左髋P＜0.05).结论 产后早期妇女存在不同程度的骨量降低现象,骨量减少发生率明显高于对照组;双能X线骨密度仪对早期发现产妇骨量降低有重要临床价值.     

探讨体重指数对绝经后老年妇女不同部位骨密度的影响

目的分析不同体重指数患者的腰椎和股骨近端、股骨颈、Ward’s三角区的骨密度及T值评分,探讨体重指数对绝经老年妇女不同部位骨密度的影响。方法以我院225例年龄均为60以上的绝经老年妇女为研究对象,计算体重指数将患者分为体瘦组、正常组和肥胖组,检测患者腰椎和股骨近端、股骨颈、Ward’s三角区的骨密度,分析各部位骨密度变化与体重指数的关系。结果体瘦组的患者各部位骨密度明显低于正常和肥胖组的患者,体瘦组与正常组或肥胖组比较,腰椎(L1～L4)、股骨颈、股骨近端、Ward’s三角区的骨密度均有显著的差异(P<0.01);正常组与肥胖组比较,仅L3和L4的骨密度有显著的差异(P<0.05),其余部位的骨密度无显著的差异(P>0.05)。结论体重和体重指数是影响骨密度的一个重要因素,体重和体重指数与绝经老年妇女不同部位的骨密度存在一定的相关性,低体重指数的绝经老年妇女,骨丢失而引起的骨量减少明显,易发生骨质疏松。     

Newborn bone mineral density and health care during pregnancy

To study the effects of calcium and vitamin D supplements on bone mineral density (BMD) of perinatal women and their newborns, a follow-up study was performed to examine the BMD of 110 normal pregnant women from mid- to late-term pregnancy to delivery and of their 110 newborns and 30 preterm newborns. BMD was examined using single-photon absorptiometry. In the first experiment, 31 women took a supplement of 0.3 g calcium lactate plus 400 IU vitamin D per day, while 79 received no supplement during their pregnancy. The results showed that the radial BMD of mothers who took calcium lactate during their pregnancy and the tibial BMD of their newborns were significantly higher than those when no supplement of calcium was taken. In the second experiment, it was found that the BMD of preterm newborns was significantly lower than that of normal newborns. This study suggested that advocating pregnancy hygiene, giving a proper dosage of calcium and vitamin D, and improving nutrition during pregnancy can prevent osteoporosis in women and benefit newborn development. It is also shown that a quantitative assessment of BMD might prove useful in the follow-up of newborn and infant development.. Received: Sept. 18, 1997 / Accepted: March 17, 1998     

妊娠期妇女骨密度的研究进展

骨密度是目前诊断骨质疏松症的金指标。随着老龄化进程的加速,骨质疏松症已渐渐成为全世界关注的公共卫生问题。通过查阅国内外有关妊娠期妇女骨密度的相关文献报道,就妊娠期妇女骨密度的测量方法、骨密度的变化、影响其变化的因素以及骨密度下降和骨质疏松症的预防做一简要综述。总体而言,超声骨密度测量法安全可靠,成为目前妊娠期妇女监测骨密度变化的重要方法;妊娠期存在着不同程度的骨密度减低,且随着孕周的增加骨密度明显下降,到孕晚期骨密度下降最明显;身体多个部位存在着骨密度的下降。妊娠期骨密度的变化主要与钙、激素、光照等因素有关;为此建议妊娠期妇女积极进行骨密度监测,及时合理补钙、调整饮食结构、适量户外活动、养成良好习惯。     

Bone mineral density measurement in puerperal women as a predictor of persistent osteopenia

The clinical value of bone mineral density (BMD) measurement in puerperal women is uncertain. Our aim was to examine the effectiveness of BMD measurement in puerperal women for identification of persistent osteopenia and osteoporosis. We addressed cross-sectional and longitudinal changes in BMD, assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), in a postpartum female cohort from a single center in Japan. We measured BMD of the lumbar spine (L2–L4) with DXA in 2,436 puerperal women within 7 days of delivery (study 1). For 210 of the women, the BMD was measured again after 5–10 years (study 2). In study 1, 8 (0.3%) of the women were osteoporotic, 37 (17.0%) were osteopenic, and 2,013 (82.6%) were normal. In study 2, 27 (71.1%) of the 38 osteoporotic or osteopenic women identified in the puerperal scan were still osteopenic at the scan after 5–10 years. Over the same period, only 7 (4.1%) of 172 initially normal women became osteopenic. The mean of the BMD change per year was 0.15 ± 0.82%/year. Osteopenia was associated with a significantly lower body weight and body mass index at puerperium and after 5–10 years compared to normal women. The multiple regression analysis showed that BMD at the first scan negatively contributed and body weight changes between the scans positively significantly contributed to the BMD changes per year. Puerperal BMD remained static over the subsequent 5–10 years. If the women have a low BMD at this stage of their reproductive life, it tends not to improve over this time. Perhaps identification of this at-risk group may lead to effective interventions to reduce fracture risk in later life.     

凝溶胶蛋白与绝经后女性股骨颈及腰椎骨密度的相关性研究

目的探讨凝溶胶蛋白(GSN)在绝经后女性血浆中的水平并分析与股骨颈及腰椎骨密度(BMD)的相关性。方法选取我院2015年1月至2019年5月期间在我院正常体检人员。纳入绝经后女性110名。与此同时,在我院体检中心选择非绝经期女性110例。采用Hologic?QDR-4500 DXA骨密度仪测定股骨颈、腰椎(L_1-L_4)的BMD。BMD数据以g/cm~2和T评分表示。T评分-2.5定义为骨质疏松症,T评分在-1～-2.5间定义为骨量减少,T评分-1定义为骨密度正常(正常BMD组)。骨质疏松症或骨量减少定义为低BMD组,骨密度正常定义为正常BMD组。采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定GSN水平。结果绝经后女性年龄、SBP、DBP、TC、FBS高于绝经前女性(P0.05);而股骨颈-BMD、腰椎(L_1-L_4)-BMD、GSN低于绝经前女性(P0.05)。股骨颈-BMD组中,低BMD组的年龄、吸烟比例、TC、FBS、GSN高于正常BMD组(P0.05);而BMI、HDL低于正常BMD组(P0.05)。腰椎(L_1-L_4)-BMD组中,低BMD组的年龄、TC、FBS、GSN高于正常BMD组(P0.05);而BMI、HDL低于正常BMD组(P0.05)。股骨颈-BMD与年龄、吸烟、FBS、pGSN呈负相关(r=-0.435、-0.301、-0.243、-0.609),与HDL、BMI呈正相关(r=0.395、0.365)。腰椎(L_1-L_4)-BMD与年龄、p GSN呈负相关(r=-0.463、-0.433),与BMI呈正相关(r=0.398)。年龄、BMI、GSN是股骨颈-BMD独立影响因素;年龄、GSN是腰椎(L1-L4)-BMD独立影响因素。结论 GSN是股骨颈-BMD、腰椎(L_1-L_4)-BMD的独立影响因素。因此,GSN水平升高可能预测绝经后女性骨质疏松症的发生及进展。     

骨量减少或骨质疏松症合并2型糖尿病患者血清视黄醇结合蛋白4水平与骨密度的联系

目的探讨50岁以上2型糖尿病患者伴有骨量减少或骨质疏松症血清视黄醇结合蛋白4 (retinol binding protein 4,RBP4)、骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)与其他相关骨代谢指标之间的关系。方法 2016年4月至2017年8月在我院就诊的2型糖尿病患者(n=204例)入选本研究。采用双能X线骨密度仪测量BMD,分为正常骨密度组(110例)、骨量减少组(69例)和骨质疏松组(25例)。同时确定血清RBP4和其他生物标志物。结果与正常骨密度组相比,骨量减少和骨质疏松组患者血清RBP4、体重、钙和体质量指数(bone mass index,BMI)均与BMD呈正相关。相比之下,年龄、糖尿病病程和碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)与所有测试部位的BMD呈负相关。在未调整的分析中,年龄、性别、糖尿病持续时间、ALP与股骨颈、髋部和腰椎BMD呈负相关,而体重、BMI和RBP4与所有部位的BMD呈正相关。在多元回归分析中,根据年龄、体重、BMI和其他骨骼相关因素进行校正,结果显示,在所有部位,血清RBP4与BMD之间呈逐级递增关系。结论与2型糖尿病患者的正常骨密度组相比,调整其他因素后,在骨量减少和骨质疏松症组中患者血清RBP4与所有部位的骨密度均呈正相关。     

Bone mineral density measurement over the shoulder region

The purpose of this study was to (1). establish a method for measuring bone mineral density (BMD) over the shoulder region; (2). compare the relationship between shoulder BMD levels with hip BMD and body mass index (BMI); and (3). discuss the relevance of the shoulder scan as an early indicator of osteoporosis compared with hip scans, the latter representing a weight-bearing part of the skeleton. We developed a scanning procedure, including a shoulder fixation device, and determined the most appropriate software in order to establish a reference material with the highest possible precision. Duplicate scans of the dominant side shoulder on 80 healthy, non-osteoporotic Danish women revealed a coefficient of variation (CVSD) on BMD measurements of 1.7%, with no difference between young and old subjects. Shoulder BMD values were significantly lower than hip BMD values (P <0.00001). Both hip and shoulder values decreased with age (P <0.001). The difference between hip and shoulder BMD levels increased significantly with increased body mass index (BMI) (P <0.002). The positive relationship between the increased hip/shoulder BMD differential with BMI supports the conclusion that the shoulder is subject to the least relative influence of weight and stress loading because of migration of calcium to weight and stress-bearing areas. Since the effect of this migration could mask local osteoporotic bone loss, shoulder BMD measurement is likely to minimize false indicators of healthy bone in women with high BMI, and might therefore be a relevant early stage indicator of osteoporosis.     

Analysis of bone mineral density in urolithiasis patients

BACKGROUND: The association between hypercalciuria and bone mineral density (BMD) has been already recognized. The aim of the present study is to relate BMD to age and sex and to evaluate the calcium metabolism and hypercalciuria-defined dietary or non-dietary category in patients with urolithiasis. METHODS: The BMI of the L2-L4 lumbar vertebrae was measured in 310 renal stone patients (191 men and 119 women). Percent age matched score (%AMS), which is the percent ratio of measured BMD to the mean BMD of age-matched control subjects, was utilized for the appraisal of BMD. Low BMD groups were defined by lower than 90% of %AMS. RESULTS: Low BMD was observed in 27.7% of urinary stone patients, which was not a significant difference to that of control subjects (23.5%) who were measured in the health examination. In male patients with urolithiasis, the frequency of patients in whom BMD had been apt to decrease since youth was high, but there was not a proven significant difference among the three age groups (20-39 years old, 40-59 years old and 60 years old or older). In contrast, for female stone patients, the frequency of low BMD markedly increased in patients aged 40 years or older, when menopause occurs. Furthermore, in female stone patients with hypercalciuria, the frequency of reduced BMD reached more than 40%. When the cause was non-dietary hypercalciuria (classified mainly on the daily amount of urinary calcium excretion after ingestion of calculus test diet), the frequency of reduced BMD reached 65% (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In case female stone patients with non-dietary hypercalciuria become menopausal, not only the risk of recurrent lithiasis increases, but the possibility of developing osteopenia in the future also increases. Appropriate treatments for prophylactic effects on urolithiasis or osteopenia should be considered, as judged from BMD, diet, sex, urinary calcium excretion and other factors synthetically.     

The outcome of bone mineral density measurements on patients referred from general practice.

The incidence of osteoporosis is increasing and the general practitioner is integral to identifying these patients. It is, therefore, of interest to characterize the referral pattern of patients scheduled for determination of bone density by means of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning. Altogether, 1551 scans from first-time referred women were analyzed with respect to normal bone mineral density (BMD), osteopenia, and osteoporosis as the outcome, and the results were compared with age and body mass index (BMI). Using multiple regression analysis, risk estimates for osteoporosis were calculated with respect to patient characteristics. Only 21% of the referred patients had osteoporosis and 34% had osteopenia. Of these, 24% had osteopenia and a Z-score below -1. Half of the referred patients were women less than 60 yr with a markedly low risk of osteoporosis. A BMI less than 20 kg/m(2) increased the predictive value considerably. A low BMI is a good indicator for referral of women less than 60 yr for measurements of bone density. Forty-five percent of the referred women from general practitioners had a normal BMD.     

儿童骨质密度不足相关研究概况

伴随诊断和治疗技术的发展,在儿童期发生的骨质密度减低逐渐引起了人们的重视。儿童低骨密度是由多种原因造成的,其中儿童在青春期生长高峰时,钙与维生素D摄入量不足是造成骨量减低的主要原因之一;导致骨量减低的其他临床相关因素还包括：成骨不良、佝偻病、少年类风湿、慢性关节炎,神经肌肉异常相关性骨量降低和特发性骨质疏松等疾病。为能够让临床医师早期认识与处理上述导致儿童期低骨质密度的问题,对儿童骨量降低提供有效的治疗,本文将对正常骨骼矿化过程、骨质密度测量技术,骨质降低的病理生理学机理和治疗方式选择的评估等方面展开综合性论述。