安尔碘皮肤消毒剂Ⅱ型杀菌效果的实验观察

多年来我们一直在寻找一种对皮肤消毒既简单省时杀菌效果又好的皮肤消毒剂 ,在使用过程中我们对安尔碘皮肤消毒剂 型 (无醇型 )的杀菌效果进行了实验观察 ,现将实验结果报道如下。1　材料和方法1.1　材料　大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞 (由省站提供 )。吸管、平板、试管、培养基等。1.2　定量杀菌试验　将上述 3种细菌稀释至 5× 10 6 cfu/ ml,取 0 .5 ml菌液加入 4.5 ml实验浓度的消毒液中混匀 ,作用预定时间后 ,取 0 .5 ml加入 4.5 ml中和剂内混匀 ,中和 10 min后 ,取该液 0 .5 ml倾注普通营养琼脂并混匀 ,置 37℃…     

3种消毒剂对肠道致泻菌最小杀菌浓度的测定

为对防制感染性腹泻的消毒工作提供依据,用悬液定性杀菌试验,测定了稳定性二氧化氯、过氧戊二酸、氯己定对从临床分离的肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7和3株气单胞菌作用1min和10min的最小杀菌浓度。结果,二氧化氯作用1min和10min杀灭所试菌的最低浓度分别为≥920mg/L和≥701mg/L;过氧戊二酸者分别为≥5500mg/L和≥5170mg/L; 氯己定者分别为≥9000mg/L和≥792mg/L。说明所试3种消毒剂对4株临床分离到的肠道致泻菌均有良好杀灭作用。     

常用消毒剂对念珠菌最小杀菌浓度的测定

在实验室内测定了８种常用消毒剂对８种２５株念珠菌的最小杀菌浓度。结果表明，不同消毒剂对同种念珠菌的杀灭作用不一致，同一消毒剂对不同种念珠菌的杀灭作用亦相异，但对同种内不同株者无差别。在各种念珠菌中，以白色念珠菌与热带念珠菌的抗力较强，其它种念珠菌较弱，且基本相似。ｐＨ与作用时间变化可影响消毒效果。     

安尔碘皮肤消毒剂启用后有效期的初步观察

[目的]观察使用中的安尔碘皮肤消毒剂染菌量及其对皮肤的消毒效果,探讨启用后安尔碘消毒剂的有效期.[方法]对使用中的30瓶安尔碘,在启用后的第3天、第5天、第7天后运用倾注法监测消毒剂的染菌量;同时对被消毒病人皮肤的消毒效果进行细菌学监测.[结果]除2瓶在开启后的第5天用完外,28瓶使用中的安尔碘皮肤消毒剂经细菌培养,菌落数均＜100 cfu/mL,消毒后的皮肤细菌学监测菌落数均≤2 cfu/cm2;未检出致病菌.[结论]安尔碘皮肤消毒剂在启用后的第7天仍具有高效、安全的消毒效果.     

安尔碘皮肤消毒剂启用后有效期的初步观察

[目的]观察使用中的安尔碘皮肤消毒剂染菌量及其对皮肤的消毒效果,探讨启用后安尔碘消毒剂的有效期。[方法]对使用中的30瓶安尔碘,在启用后的第3天、第5天、第7天后运用倾注法监测消毒剂的染菌量;同时对被消毒病人皮肤的消毒效果进行细菌学监测。[结果]除2瓶在开启后的第5天用完外,28瓶使用中的安尔碘皮肤消毒剂经细菌培养,菌落数均〈100cfu／mL,消毒后的皮肤细菌学监测菌落数均≤2cfu／cm^2;未检出致病菌。[结论]安尔碘皮肤消毒剂在启用后的第7天仍具有高效、安全的消毒效果。     

携带耐药基因的大肠杆菌对消毒剂抗力研究

目的研究临床分离的大肠杆菌耐消毒剂基因携带情况及其对消毒剂抗力水平。方法采用PCR检测法与肉汤稀释法对临床分离大肠杆菌耐药基因和对消毒剂的最小抑菌浓度进行检测,同时与消毒试验标准菌株作平行比较。结果临床分离的7株大肠杆菌中,有4株耐药基因qacE△1-sulIPCR扩增阳性;该7株大肠杆菌基因qacA/B均为阴性。醋酸氯己定对7株大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度为1~2mg/L,对大肠杆菌标准株为2mg/L。对氯间二甲苯酚对7株临床分离大肠杆菌与标准株的最小抑菌浓度均为156mg/L。苯扎溴铵对7株大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度为19.5mg/L,与标准菌株相同。聚维酮碘和聚醇醚碘对7株临床分离大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度分别为1000mg/L与500mg/L,与标准株相同。结论临床分离大肠杆菌多数存在耐药基因,其对常用消毒剂的抗力与标准菌株相当。     

聚碘树脂复合消毒剂杀菌效果的研究

聚碘树脂复合消毒剂是将碘载于阴离子树脂上所形成的固体颗粒,为了解其消毒相关性能,采用理化分析和悬液定量杀菌试验方法进行了实验室研究。结果,用11 g聚碘树脂制成的过滤柱处理大肠杆菌1 m in,对其杀灭对数值>7.0。该聚碘树脂过滤柱经冲自来水3 t(吨)后,对大肠杆菌的杀灭效果基本不下降。将聚碘树脂复合消毒剂密封包装置54℃恒温箱保存14 d后,其有效碘平均下降率为0.57%。结论,聚碘树脂复合消毒剂性能稳定,对悬液内大肠杆菌杀灭效果好,使用寿命较长。     

西地碘粉杀菌效果及影响因素研究

摘要 目的 〖HT5"SS〗研究一种西地碘粉杀菌效果及其影响因素,为消毒应用提供科学依据。方法 采用悬液定量杀菌试验方法,对一种西地碘粉的杀菌效果及其影响因素进行实验室观察。结果 以含有效碘12.5 mg/L的西地碘粉溶液作用5 min,对悬液内金黄色葡萄球菌杀灭率达到100%。西地碘粉消毒液杀菌最佳适宜温度在20℃～40℃之间,pH值宜小于5.5,有效碘浓度不低于12.5 mg/L,作用时间不小于10 min。菌悬液中小牛血清浓度达到50%以上即明显使西地碘粉杀菌效果下降。结论 西地碘粉对常见致病菌体具有良好的杀菌效果,但其杀菌作用受诸多因素的影响,使用中应予以注意。     

碘伏与安尔碘皮肤消毒效果的对比性研究

近年来碘伏与安尔碘作为皮肤消毒剂已被广泛应用于临床,通过观察两种消毒剂效果不相上下,但价格差异较大。为此,对这两种消毒剂的消毒效果进行了比较。1方法随机选择本院 60名静脉输液病人,将其分为 2组,每组30人。选用兴化市医疗卫生研究所研制的碘伏和上海利康消毒高科技     

含碘消毒剂及其应用技术

<正>含碘消毒剂包括含碘及以碘为主要杀菌成分制成的各种消毒制剂。碘是最古老的消毒剂之一,自1811年法国药剂师库尔图瓦利首次发现单质碘以来,先后出现多种以碘为杀菌成分的消毒剂,如碘的水溶液、碘的醇溶液(碘酊亦称碘酒)和碘伏等。碘的水溶液、碘的醇溶液又称游离碘消毒剂,属于传统消毒剂,而碘伏则是近代研究的新的含碘消毒剂。     

Comparative analysis of the bactericidal activities of amphibian peptide analogues against multidrug-resistant nosocomial bacterial strains

Due to the widespread resistance of bacteria to the available drugs, the discovery of new classes of antibiotics is urgently needed, and naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered promising candidates for future therapeutic use. Amphibian skin is one of the richest sources of such AMPs. In the present study we compared the in vitro bactericidal activities of five AMPs from three different species of anurans against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates belonging to species often involved in nosocomial infections (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Acinetobacter baumannii). The peptides tested were temporins A, B, and G from Rana temporaria; the fragment from positions 1 to 18 of esculentin 1b [Esc(1-18)] from Rana esculenta; and bombinin H2 from Bombina variegata. When they were tested in buffer, all the peptides were bactericidal against all bacterial species tested (three strains of each species) at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 48 microM, with only a few exceptions. The temporins were found to be more active against gram-positive bacteria, especially when they were assayed in human serum; Esc(1-18) showed fast and strong bactericidal activity, within 2 to 20 min, especially against the gram-negative species, which were killed by Esc(1-18) at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 1 microM; bombinin H2 displayed similar bactericidal activity toward all isolates. Interestingly, while the activities of the temporins and bombinin H2 were almost completely inhibited in the presence of 20% human serum, the activity of Esc(1-18) against the gram-negative species was partially preserved in the presence of 40% serum. This property renders this peptide an attractive molecule for use in the development of new compounds for the treatment of infectious diseases.     

Bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities of eight fluoroquinolones against MexAB-OprM-overproducing clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of stable overproduction of efflux system MexAB-OprM on the bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities of fluoroquinolones against clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. METHODS: The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of eight fluoroquinolones (pefloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, trovafloxacin and grepafloxacin) were determined for nine post-therapy resistant isolates of P. aeruginosa overexpressing MexAB-OprM. Clinical significance of low-level resistance conferred by the efflux mechanism was evaluated with a Monte Carlo simulation. RESULTS: Compared with their pre-therapy susceptible counterparts, seven out of the nine post-therapy efflux mutants exhibited a modest two- to eight-fold increase in resistance to all the fluoroquinolones tested. Interestingly, stronger variations in resistance (up to 64-fold) were observed in two other mutants, one of which had acquired a GyrB target mutation in addition to efflux under chemotherapy. Time-kill experiments showed that MexAB-OprM up-regulation did not confer tolerance to fluoroquinolones as the ratio of MBC to MIC was less than 4 for most of the strains. To gain an insight into the clinical significance of resistance conferred by MexAB-OprM, a Monte Carlo simulation was conducted with various fluoroquinolone regimens. With this model, low levels of resistance to ciprofloxacin (MIC > or = 0.25 mg/L) or levofloxacin (MIC > or = 1 mg/L), such as those due to overproduced MexAB-OprM, were predicted to result in poor clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, these data strongly suggest that when derepressed, MexAB-OprM provides P. aeruginosa with a resistance that may be sufficient to impair the efficacy of single therapy with highly potent fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin.     

某市常见耐药菌株分布状况及耐药性分析

目的 为了解临床感染性疾病中常见耐药菌的种类、分布及体外耐药谱,配合临床合理选药和有效治疗,给主管部门提供可靠数据,以便及时采取措施,使抗菌剂应用更加个体化、合理化.方法 采用回顾性调查的方法,对本院常见耐药菌株及其分布状况、耐药状况、耐药特点进行统计分析.结果 常见耐药菌株共575株,铜绿假单胞菌124株;不动杆菌4...     

Intraphagocytic bactericidal activity of bacterial DNA gyrase inhibitors against Serratia marcescens

Addition of phenylbutazone (2 mg/ml) to 55 vol% of fresh defibrinated human blood permitted leukocytic ingestion of Serratia marcescens bacteria, but blocked phagocytic killing activity. The group A (phage tail) bacteriocin bA+ 16 served to kill extraphagocytic test bacteria. Five bacterial DNA gyrase inhibitors (ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, norfloxacin, nalidixic acid and pipemidic acid) revealed intraphagocytic bactericidal activity against ingested S. marcescens bacteria of three test strains; the extent of intraphagocytic activity of these drugs approximated that of rifampin. Following combination with unmodified defibrinated human blood (55 vol%), ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, norfloxacin and pipemidic acid yielded additive effects against 3 assay strains of S. marcescens and Escherichia coli strain ATCC 25922; nalidixic acid was inferior in this regard. These data might guide chemotherapy of parenchymatous urinary tract infections.     

Importance of bacterial growth phase in determining minimal bactericidal concentrations of penicillin and methicillin.

The minimal inhibitory concentrations of penicillin against 96 strains of group B streptococci and of methicillin against 10 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were unrelated to the growth phase of test bacteria. However, the minimal bactericidal concentrations were significantly higher in the stationary phase than the logarithmic phase for both organisms (P less than 0.001 and less than 0.05, respectively).     

In vitro bactericidal activity of human beta-defensin 3 against multidrug-resistant nosocomial strains

The antimicrobial activity of human beta-defensin 3 (hBD-3) against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Acinetobacter baumannii was evaluated. A fast bactericidal effect (within 20 min) against all bacterial strains tested was observed. The presence of 20% human serum abolished the bactericidal activity of hBD-3 against gram-negative strains and reduced the activity of the peptide against gram-positive strains.     

In vitro activities of PD 117,596 and reference antibiotics against 448 clinical bacterial strains.

The in vitro activity of PD 117,596, a new fluoroquinolone antibiotic, was tested against 448 bacterial isolates (15 genera) by agar dilution (inoculum, 10(4) CFU per spot). The activity of PD 117,596 was compared with that of 15 antibiotics against 327 gram-negative strains and with that of 8 other antibiotics against 121 gram-positive strains. PD 117,596 demonstrated the best activity against Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Acinetobacter spp., Serratia marcescens, and Branhamella catarrhalis (MICs for 90% of the isolates [MIC90S], 0.008 to 0.25 microgram/ml). PD 117,596 (MIC90, 0.25 microgram/ml) was at least twofold more active than ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas spp. PD 117,596 and ciprofloxacin were similar in activity against Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Haemophilus influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Legionella pneumophila, and Campylobacter jejuni (MIC90, 0.002 to 0.125 microgram/ml). PD 117,596 was more active than ciprofloxacin against streptococcal groups A, B, C, and G, S. pneumoniae, and enterococci (MIC90S, 0.06 to 0.125 microgram/ml). Against Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant isolates, PD 117,596 (MIC90S, 0.03 to 0.06 microgram/ml) was 4- to 16-fold more active than ciprofloxacin and was most active against Corynebacterium spp. PD 117,596 appears to be the most active fluoroquinolone to date, with excellent activity against gram-positive bacteria and enhanced activity against gram-negative aerobic-facultative bacteria.     

In vitro bactericidal activities of ABT-773 against ermB strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae

The bactericidal activities of ABT-773, a new ketolide, were compared to those of cefuroxime and amoxicillin-clavulanate against 10 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae containing the ermB gene. MICs and time-kill curves were determined in duplicate per NCCLS guidelines with cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth with 3% lysed horse blood. Viable counts were done at 0, 2, 6, and 24 h. Antibiotic concentrations tested were two and eight times the MIC. ABT-773 MICs ranged from 0.008 to 1.0 micro g/ml. Bactericidal activity was observed with ABT-773 at eight times the MIC against 4 of 10 strains at 24 h compared to 10 of 10 strains with the beta-lactam antibiotics.