膝关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的关节镜治疗

目的探讨采用关节镜技术治疗膝关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的方法及其临床效果。方法1999年1月～2001年12月,对32例膝关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎,在常规关节镜入路的基础上,结合膝关节后内侧、后外侧和跨后纵隔入路,进行滑膜全切。手术时强调对膝关节后内侧室和后外侧室病变滑膜的彻底切除,同时通过辅助切口切除关节外病变组织。术后进行系统的康复训练。通过13～47个月的随访,了解患膝疼痛、肿胀、活动度以及患肢整体功能康复情况。结果术后1年,2例有轻微疼痛,1例有轻度肿胀,均无关节积液;膝关节活动度平均为143°±5.1°。最后随访时,23例行MR检查,1例在内侧半月板后角底面与胫骨平台之间的憩室内发现复发,影像学复发率为4.35%(1/23),但患者无主观症状;其余患者在MRI上无复发现象。术前国际膝关节评分委员会(IKDC)膝关节功能主观评分为(63.4±5.1)分,Lysholm膝关节功能评分为(35.6±4.7)分。最后随访时,IKDC膝关节功能主观评分为(87.9±4.9)分,Lysholm膝关节功能评分为(86.3±5.6)分。3例患者因前十字韧带功能不全,于滑膜切除术后3～5个月进行了前十字韧带重建术。结论通过关节镜能够完成膝关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的滑膜彻底切除,有助于滑膜炎的治疗。关节镜手术创伤小,     

关节镜治疗膝关节弥漫色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎

目的探讨关节镜下手术切除膝关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的方法与疗效。方法2004年2月至2006年11月，对17例睬关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎，采用标准膝前内、外侧入路并辅以髌上外侧入路行关节镜下膝前间室滑膜全切，后内、外侧入路行膝后间室滑膜全切，并用射频治疗仪辅助清理十字韧带、关节软骨和半月板表面的滑膜，电凝止血。结果本组17例，4例流动人口失去联系，13例获得14-33个月，平均21．6个月随访。术后2个月，2例有轻度疼痛，2例有轻度肿胀，1例关节置换术后及1例开放手术后复发患者膝关节屈曲小于120°。术后1年，13例均无肿胀及积液，3例有轻度疼痛，2例膝关节屈曲仍小于120°，但不影响日常生活。采用Lysholm评分方法评定膝关节功能，术前Lysholm评分为（38．6±4．5）分。最后随访时，13例无一例复发，Lysholm评分为（87．3±5．6）分。结论关节镜下治疗膝关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎，具有手术切口小、组织损伤少、术后痛苦少、可早期进行功能锻炼、避免关节黏连引起的功能障碍等优点，且术中病变滑膜切除彻底，术后不易复发。该术式早中期疗效肯定，远期疗效有待进一步观察。     

关节镜下滑膜切除术治疗膝关节弥漫型色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎

目的探讨采用关节镜技术治疗膝关节弥漫型色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎（pigmented villonodular synovitis,PVNS）的方法及疗效。方法26例膝关节弥漫型PVNS患者均行关节镜下滑膜全切除术。术前国际膝关节砰分委员会（IKDC）膝关节功能主观评分为（36．8±4,6）分,Lysholm膝关竹功能评分为（31．7±5．6）分？结果术后均获随访,平均38（13～61）个月。1例患者术后22月复发,再次行关节镜下滑膜切除术。IKDC膝关市功能主观评分为（55．6±3.2）分,Lyshohn膝关节功能评分为（88.5±7.2）分,均明显高于术前（P〈0.01）。结论通过不同天节镜入路,成用刨削器结合等离子汽化技术能够完成膝关节弥漫掣PVNS的滑膜彻底切除,术后近期复发率低,且关节镜下手术具有损伤少、恢复快的优点。     

膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的关节镜下治疗

目的观察采用关节镜技术治疗膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的早期疗效。方法 2009年4月至2010年4月,收治12例膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎患者。局限性10例,弥漫性2例;男7例,女5例;年龄12～31岁,平均23岁。主要临床症状为反复膝关节疼痛、肿胀。术前膝关节功能Lysholm评分（64.2±10.3）分。采用关节镜下病灶切除,术中强调对病变滑膜彻底切除,对弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎及关节外滑膜病变加用辅助小切口。结果术后病理检查均确诊为色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎。手术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无感染及骨筋膜室综合征等并发症发生。全部病例获完整随访,随访时间12～24个月,平均15个月。末次随访未见复发,术后膝关节功能Lysholm评分（92.3±4.5）分。结论采用关节镜技术治疗膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎创伤小、恢复快、并发症少,是一种可行的方法。     

关节镜下滑膜全切术治疗膝关节慢性滑膜炎

[目的]探讨关节镜下膝关节滑膜全切术的手术方法及临床疗效.[方法]自2007年6月～2010年8月,收治各种原因导致的膝关节反复积液的患者共32例,男18例,女14例;年龄12 ～64岁,平均36.5岁,病程3个月～5年,平均8.4个月.膝关节慢性感染8例,类风湿性关节炎10例,色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎8例,膝关节滑膜结核3例,不明原因3例.所有患者行关节镜下膝关节滑膜全切术,在常规前内、前外入路的基础上,结合后内侧、后外侧及髌上外侧入路,6例色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎患者采用跨后纵隔入路.术后配合相应的药物治疗.[结果]所有患者均获得随访,随访时间24 ～ 46个月,平均30.5个月.2例色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎患者手术24个月后膝关节肿胀复发,余患者关节肿胀消退,浮髌试验阴性.末次随访时膝关节屈曲由术前的(36.25 ±7.93)°增加到术后(120.00±13.20)°,Lysholm评分由术前的(34.84 ±7.04)分提高到术后(85.00±5.75)分,优良率87.50％.[结论]通过关节镜技术能彻底切除膝关节滑膜,创伤小,能最大程度的恢复膝关节功能.     

单纯关节镜下滑膜切除与联合术后放疗治疗膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎疗效的比较研究

目的比较单纯关节镜治疗弥漫型色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎（DPVNS）与联合术后放疗的复发率和关节评分的差异。方法对92例在关节镜下滑膜切除术的首次治疗的单侧全关节内（无关节外病变）DPVNS,87例术后1个月复查MR滑膜切除干净无DPVNS残留征象,并完成24个月以上随访的患者,分为单纯关节镜下滑膜切除术（AS）组40例和关节镜下滑膜切除术联合术后放疗（AS＋RT）组47例,根据DPVNS病变部位分为膝关节前关节囊型、后关节囊型、累及前后关节囊的全关节囊型等3种类型,AS组中前关节囊型11例、后关节囊型10例、全关节囊型19例,（AS＋RT）组中前关节囊型13例、后关节囊型11例、全关节囊型23例,评估各型各组的复发率、膝关节活动度和膝关节功能评分。结果全关节囊型AS组复发率高于（AS＋RT）组（2=4.101,P〈0.05）;前关节囊型、后关节囊型和全关节囊型的膝关节活动度、Lysholm和IKDC评分无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结论关节镜下滑膜切除术能够很好地切除前关节囊或后关节囊的滑膜,术后复查MR未发现DPVNS残留情况可以不联合放疗,但对于病变遍布前、后关节囊的全关节囊型DPVNS,建议常规联合放疗以减少复发率。     

关节镜手术与传统切开手术治疗膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎疗效分析

[目的]探讨两种不同手术方法治疗膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的优缺点。[方法]回顾性总结28例患者的治疗经过及效果,采用传统切开治疗16例,关节镜下治疗12例。[结果]术前Lysholm膝关节功能评分结果为关节镜组(36.09±5.35)分,切开组(35.76±4.63)分;国际膝关节评分委员会(IKDC)膝关节功能主观评分结果为关节镜组(59.37±5.20)分,切开组(58.46±4.90)分;最后随访时Lysholm膝关节功能评分结果为关节镜组(88.41±5.61)分,切开组(78.36±5.17)分;IKDC膝关节功能主观评分结果为关节镜组(89.62±4.20)分,切开组(79.32±5.30)分(P<0.01)。关节镜组与切开组相比,手术时间、引流量、出血量、住院时间及屈膝90°所需时间均明显减少(P<0.01)。关节镜下治疗PVS优良率为83.3%,传统切开手术治疗PVS优良率为75.0%;术后随访6个月~5 a,两组均有复发病例。[结论]关节镜手术具有创伤小、并发症少、准确观察病变范围和钳取病理组织以及术后关节功能恢复快的优点。     

膝关节交叉韧带囊肿的关节镜治疗

目的 探讨关节镜手术治疗膝关节交叉韧带囊肿的疗效.方法 2010年9月~2012年9月关节镜下治疗膝关节交叉韧带囊肿14例,采用常规前内、前外入路,或合并后外侧入路关节镜下切除交叉韧带囊肿,切取的囊壁组织送病检.结果 14例随访4~28个月,平均12.6月,术前关节活动度4°~105°,术后增加至0°~130°.术后膝关节Lysholm评分（92.1±6.9）分,较术前（61.9±20.1）分明显提高（t=5.981,P=0.000）.结论 关节镜下治疗膝关节交叉韧带囊肿效果确切.     

关节镜下和/或切开治疗膝关节弥漫型色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎疗效分析

目的探讨关节镜下和/或切开手术辅以术后关节外放疗治疗膝关节弥漫型色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎(pigmented villonodular synovitis,PVNS)的方法和疗效。方法 2000年9月-2010年8月,收治97例单膝弥漫型PVNS。男38例,女59例;年龄8～75岁,中位年龄33岁。病程1周～30年;复发患者10例。左膝52例,右膝45例。术前膝关节伸直(1.9±2.3)°,屈曲(122.9±5.6)°;Lysholm膝关节评分为(43.2±6.7)分,国际膝关节文献委员会(IKDC)膝关节功能主观评分为(53.2±5.7)分。根据是否合并关节外病变及病变部位,82例采用关节镜下关节前后病变滑膜切除术,3例采用关节镜下关节内病变滑膜切除联合小切口切除关节外病灶,9例采用关节镜下关节内病变滑膜切除及后方关节外软组织内病灶切除术,3例分期切除病灶并植骨。术后76例接受关节外放疗。结果术中1例损伤腘动脉,3例损伤腘静脉分支;术后3 d 1例膝关节血肿形成。其余患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无神经损伤等并发症发生。患者均获随访,随访时间1年3个月～11年2个月,中位时间61个月。89例患者随访期间无复发,术后15个月膝关节伸直(0.2±1.3)°,屈曲(135.9±6.6)°,Lysholm膝关节评分为(89.8±5.8)分,IKDC膝关节功能主观评分为(87.8±5.8)分,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。8例于术后6个月～8年复发,再次手术后患者膝关节轻度活动受限,无疼痛、肿胀。结论根据膝关节病变范围及程度,选择关节镜下和/或切开手术辅以关节外放疗治疗膝关节弥漫型PVNS可取得较好疗效。术后未接受正规放疗是复发重要因素之一,复发者病变易导致骨质破坏。     

关节镜诊治膝关节滑膜软骨瘤病及其疗效分析

目的探讨关节镜微创手术对膝关节滑膜软骨瘤病的诊断和治疗价值。方法本组21例,23膝,男13例14膝,女8例9膝,其中左膝11侧,右膝12侧;年龄28～74岁,平均48.6岁;病史1月～66月,平均18月;初次就诊20例22膝,外院开放手术后复发1例。所有病例术前均行常规X线检查,部分病员行CT或MRI检查。手术行关节镜检,瘤体和病变滑膜切除,记录该病在关节镜下的表现形式（滑膜表面型、滑膜层包裹型、关节囊纤维层包裹型、游离体型）及关节内合并症,样本全部送病理检查。术后加压包扎、局部冰敷并按计划功能锻炼。结果本组21例23膝,其中滑膜表面型6膝、滑膜层包裹型4膝、关节囊纤维层包裹型2膝、游离体型11膝,术后病理检查确诊;所有病例获得了12～42月,平均28个月随访,未见复发,患肢功能良好;术前Lysholm评分（62.4±4.2）分;国际膝关节评分委员会（IKDC）膝关节功能主观评分（47.2±3.6）分;术后12月复查Lysholm评分（80.3±4.6）分;IKDC主观评分（87.4±4.1）分。结论关节镜手术创伤小,显露充分,病灶切除彻底,术后功能恢复理想,对膝关节滑膜软骨瘤病具有较高的诊治价值。     

开放手术与关节镜下滑膜切除治疗膝关节绒毛结节性滑膜炎的比较

目的比较开放滑膜切除（OG）与关节镜下滑膜切除（AG）两种方法治疗膝关节弥漫型色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎（PVNS）的复发率、复发时间、Lysholm和IKDC膝关节评分。方法 46例术后病理证实为PVNS患者分别行OG（19例）和AG（27例）治疗。OG组采用膝关节前后联合入路进行滑膜切除,AG组通过高位前外侧、标准前内侧、后内外侧以及髌上外侧的关节镜入路完成滑膜切除。结果 46例均获12个月以上随访：OG组为12～60（31±14.7）个月,AG组为12～72（35±17.8）个月。复发率：OG组为15.8%（3/19）,AG组为18.5%（5/27）（P〉0.05）。复发时间：OG组为2～4年,AG组为0.5～4年。两组的膝关节活动度、Lysholm和IKDC膝关节评分：OG组分别为（134.2±22.1）°、（79.8±8.4）分、（81.9±9.3）分,AG组分别为（139.2±17.9）°、（81.6±9.3）分、（85.2±7.6）分,两组各项比较差异均无统计学意义（P值分别为0.397、0.504、0.193）。除AG组1例复发于术后6个月外,余复发病例均〉2年。结论两种方案的复发率相当,膝关节评分也无明显差异,均可作为弥漫型PVNS的治疗选择。     

关节镜下诊治膝关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎

目的 探讨采用关节镜技术诊治膝关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的临床疗效.方法 自2009年3月至2011年5月关节镜下诊治膝关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎7例,先行后内、后外侧间室的清理,然后清理髁间窝,交叉韧带表面,前内、外侧间室,内、外侧沟,最后行髌上囊清理,病变组织均送病检.术后常规放置引流管,按计划指导功能训练.结果 本组7例患者有4例MRI发现结节病变,诊断为弥漫性绒毛结节性滑膜炎;3例镜检发现术前穿刺液为鲜血或淡黄色液或褐色液.1例伴外侧半月板复杂撕裂;2例合并不同程度的骨关节炎.无一例发生膝关节感染.术后2例行放疗.全部患者获得随访,随访时间12.0~32.0个月,平均21.4月,无膝关节活动受限,未见复发病例.所有患者对术后疗效表示满意.Lysholm膝关节的功能评分由术前的50.7分增加到86.6分.结论 关节镜技术诊治膝关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎是一种创伤小,恢复快,病灶切除彻底,能有效地避免复发的治疗方法.     

Extraarticular pigmented villonodular synovitis: a cause for failed knee arthroscopy

Arthroscopic treatment of diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee is reported to have low recurrence rates and morbidity. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate demographic information, clinical symptoms, treatment parameters, and functional outcome in a group of 38 consecutive patients referred to the authors' hospital with persistent extraarticular diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee after arthroscopic synovectomy. There were 23 males and 15 females with an average age of 31.7 years (range, 11-65 years) at the time of arthroscopy. All had an average of 1.7 (range, 1-5) arthroscopies. Thirty-four of 38 (89.5%) patients had some improvements of their symptoms after arthroscopic synovectomy, but all had worse symptoms and function at the latest followup of 3.63 years (range, 0.25-19.5 years). Although arthroscopic synovectomy offered some short-term relief, a critical review of prior reports and the data in the current study suggest poor outcomes in patients who have extraarticular diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee after arthroscopic synovectomy. Magnetic resonance imaging is recommended for accurate staging of the disease and for long-term followup after arthroscopic treatment.     

Pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee. The results of total arthroscopic synovectomy, partial, arthroscopic synovectomy, and arthroscopic local excision.

Twenty-five patients who had had a diagnosis of pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee were followed for an average of four and one-half years (range, two to ten years) after arthroscopic treatment. Five patients had had localized lesions and had been managed with local resection; all five had improvement, with no apparent recurrence. The remaining twenty patients had had diffuse disease. Of these twenty, eleven had had a complete arthroscopic synovectomy. All eleven had definite improvement in pain and function, and almost all had a decrease in synovitis and an increase in the range of motion of the knee; the disease recurred in only one. The other nine patients had had a partial arthroscopic synovectomy. Although most had some improvement in function and range of motion and a decrease in pain and synovitis, the disease recurred in five of the nine. Thus, in the patients who had had diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis, the rate of recurrence was lower in those who had had a complete arthroscopic synovectomy than in those who had had a partial arthroscopic synovectomy (p = 0.01).     

关节镜术治疗色素绒毛结节性滑膜炎

目的：讨论关节镜下治疗色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎。方法：1987年6月以来共行关节镜下滑膜刨削术治疗21例,其中膝关节19例,腕和踝关节各1例。结果：无手术并发症,病人早期恢复良好。全部病例经过平均3年8个月随访,优良率为80.9%。局限型疗效好于弥漫型。复发3例,复发率14.3%,全部为弥漫型,再次手术亦有效。结论：关节镜术诊断和治疗色素沉着绒毛结了性滑膜炎均有明显的优点。     

Result of arthroscopic treatment of pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee

Purpose:We report 10 years’ experience in arthroscopic treatment of pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) of the knee in a series of patients affected by the localized or diffuse form of the disease. The purpose of the study is to critically examine the results of arthroscopic synovectomy in the knee affected by PVNS, to determine the safety and effectiveness of the procedure.Type of Study:Retrospective case analysis.Methods:The study population consists of 19 patients, with an average follow-up of 60 months (minimum, 12; maximum, 128). All patients underwent knee arthroscopy. The 3 standard portals were used; posteromedial and posterolateral portals were added if required. Four patients were affected by localized PVNS and were subject to partial synovectomy with excision of the pathologic tissue. The remaining 15 patients presented a diffuse form of PVNS; 7 of them underwent extended arthroscopic synovectomy and 8 underwent partial synovectomy. The diagnosis was confirmed by synovial biopsy.Results:In the group affected by the localized form of PVNS, the arthroscopic local excision resulted in a complete and persistent regression of the pathology. Among the patients affected by the diffuse form of PVNS, clinical results were better and the recurrence rate was lower in the group treated with extended synovectomy. No relevant complications were encountered. In particular, no cases of infection, stiffness, or neurovascular lesions were seen.Conclusions:Arthroscopic synovectomy is an appropriate treatment for knee PVNS. Extended synovectomy must be performed in all cases of diffuse PVNS.     

Arthroscopic treatment for localized pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee

This study investigated 11 patients with localized pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee that was diagnosed and treated by arthroscopic technique. There were six male and five female patients between the ages of 15 and 59 years (mean, 34.6 years). Seven patients reported extension limitation without joint line tenderness. Four of the 11 patients had a history of trauma before the onset of knee symptoms. All patients were treated by arthroscopic resection with partial synovectomy. The most common involved site was the anteromedial synovium near the anterior horn of the medial meniscus (five patients). The remaining cases were located in the anterior fat pad (two patients), suprapatellar pouch, posteromedial compartment, medial gutter, and the anterior horn of the lateral meniscus. Nine patients had one mass, and the remaining patients each had two or three masses. There was no evidence of recurrence at followup for an average of 29.9 months (range, 24-48 months). Arthroscopy is effective in the diagnosis of localized pigmented villonodular synovitis with minimal morbidity, and complete arthroscopic excision can be considered the definitive treatment for localized pigmented villonodular synovitis.     

Pigmented villonodular synovitis of the shoulder

No characteristic clinical presentation of pigmented villonodular synovitis of the shoulder can yet be determined. Symptoms of discomfort and stiffness may appear insidiously or, in some cases, pigmented villonodular synovitis may be found incidentally during surgery for unrelated problems. Cystic and degenerative changes are more likely to occur in the shoulder than in joints with large synovial recesses such as the knee. Histologic findings parallel those in other joints. Optimal treatment appears to be early marginal excision for the localized form or total synovectomy for the diffuse form. The incidental finding of pigmented villonodular synovitis should not influence the decision to proceed with a preplanned reconstructive procedure. No experience with arthroscopic treatment or radiation therapy for diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis of the shoulder has been reported.