彩色多普勒超声对睾丸附件扭转的诊断价值

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声对睾丸附件扭转的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析我院经手术或临床随访证实的35例睾丸附件扭转患者的声像图资料.结果 所有患者均可在睾丸上极与附睾头附近探及一非均质高回声结节,结节内未探及血流信号;22例患者同时伴有同侧睾丸及附睾轻度增大,且彩色多普勒血流信号较对侧相对增多;24例患者伴有同侧精索增粗;...     

Sonographic differential diagnosis of acute scrotum: real-time whirlpool sign, a key sign of torsion.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to prospectively investigate the role of high‐resolution and color Doppler sonography in the differential diagnosis of acute scrotum and testicular torsion in particular. Methods. Patients who underwent sonography for acute scrotum between April 2000 and September 2005 were included in the study. Gray scale and color Doppler sonography of the scrotum was performed. The spermatic cord was studied on longitudinal and transverse scans from the inguinal region up to the testis, and the whirlpool sign was looked for. Results. During this period, 221 patients underwent sonography for acute scrotum. Sixty‐five had epididymo‐orchitis with a straight spermatic cord, a swollen epididymis, testis, or both, an absent focal lesion in the testis, and increased flow on color Doppler studies along with the clinical features of infection. Three had testicular abscesses. Sonography revealed features of torsion of testicular appendages in 23 patients and acute idiopathic scrotal edema in 19. Complete torsion was seen in 61 patients who had the whirlpool sign on gray scale imaging and absent flow distal to the whirlpool. There was incomplete torsion in 4 patients in whom the whirlpool sign was seen on both gray scale and color Doppler imaging. Nine patients had segmental testicular infarction, and 1 had a torsion‐detorsion sequence revealing testicular hyperemia. In 14 patients, the findings were equivocal. There was a complicated hydrocele, mumps orchitis, and vasculitis of Henoch‐Schönlein purpura in 1 patient each. Five patients had normal findings. Fourteen were lost for follow‐up. Conclusions. Sonography of acute scrotum should include study of the spermatic cord. The sonographic real‐time whirlpool sign is the most specific and sensitive sign of torsion, both complete and incomplete. Intermittent testicular torsion is a challenging clinical condition with a spectrum of clinical and sonographic features.     

Torsion of the spermatic cord: sonographic diagnosis

This article describes the ultrasound guidelines for evaluating patients with spermatic cord torsion, including gray-scale, Doppler with spectral analysis, and color and power Doppler sonography. The sonographic and Doppler features of acute, subacute, and chronic torsion of the spermatic cord are demonstrated and discussed.     

Scrotal palpation

Proper examination of the scrotum consists of inspection, palpation and, if indicated, transillumination. Inspection may reveal the hypoplastic appearance of an undescended testicle; enlargement caused by a testicular mass; the "bag of worms" signifying a varicocele; findings typical of torsion of the spermatic cord, or the "blue dot" sign, which indicates torsion of the appendix testis or appendix epididymis. During palpation, the testis must be differentiated from the epididymis.     

小儿阴囊急症的诊断和处理（附106例临床分析）

目的：探讨小儿阴囊急症的临床诊断和处理方法。方法：回顾性分析我院自1985-1999年收治的106例睾丸扭转、睾丸附件扭转和睾丸附睾炎的小儿阴囊急症病例。对其在病史、体征和彩色多普勒超声等方面进行统计学处理。结果：全部14例睾丸扭转均有睾丸触痛和提睾反射消失。有6例睾丸扭转患者通过彩色多普勒超声证实而手术,睾丸附件扭转88.9%有附睾触痛,85.2%有睾丸上极触痛以及37.0%有硬结,睾丸附睾炎90.8%有阴囊红肿,结论：体格检查在鉴别小儿阴囊急症中有显著作用。提睾反射的消失是睾丸扭转最敏感。最准确的体格检查表现。彩色多普勒超声在小儿阴囊急症的诊断中是一项有价值的辅助检查。如已明确或怀疑睾丸扭转,应尽可能早地施行探查手术。     

彩色多普勒超声在小儿阴囊急症的应用

目的 总结儿童阴囊急症的声像图特征及血流表现。方法 采用彩色高频超声观察60例阴囊急症患儿阴囊及其内容物的形态学表现及血流状况。结果 超声提示附睾炎25例,附睾丸炎12例,睾丸附件扭转15例,嵌顿疝5例,睾丸挫裂伤1例,急性阴囊感染2例。结论 彩色多普勒超声可以作为早期监督诊断儿童阴囊急症的首选方法。     

彩色多普勒超声在睾丸扭转和睾丸附件扭转诊断及鉴别诊断中的应用

目的：探讨彩色多普勒超声在睾丸扭转和睾丸附件扭转诊断及鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法：分析44例睾丸扭转和37例睾丸附件扭转彩色多普勒超声声像图特点, 总结二者鉴别诊断要点。结果：睾丸扭转特异性表现为睾丸内血运减少或消失以及睾丸上方无血运高回声团块。睾丸附件扭转超声表现为睾丸与附睾头之间或睾丸旁不均质高回声结节及睾丸、附睾内血运轻度增多。结论：彩色多普勒超声在睾丸扭转和睾丸附件扭转诊断及鉴别诊断中具有重要诊断价值。     

睾丸附件扭转的彩色多普勒超声诊断价值

目的：探讨彩色多普勒超声对睾丸附件扭转的诊断价值。方法对58例急性阴囊肿瘤的患儿进行灰阶及彩色多普勒超声检查，诊断睾丸附件扭转48例（49侧）；并对手术和保守治疗证实的48例患者的声像图进行回顾分析。结果：49例睾丸附件扭转中，超声显示睾丸附睾头间，睾丸上极和附睾头旁结节（扭转的睾丸附件）45例，结节多呈不均质高回声；42例结节内未显示血流信号，睾丸，附睾肿大及其血流信号增多41例；阴囊壁增厚39例，睾丸鞘膜积液31例，48例中，超声诊断正确45例，误诊3例，诊断符合为93．5％，结论：睾丸附睾头间及睾丸附睾旁高回声结节是睾丸附件扭转的特征性声像表现，彩色多普勒超声对本病诊断准确性高，可作为诊断睾丸附件扭转的最佳检查方法。     

Torsion of the spermatic cord: the main gray-scale and doppler sonographic signs

Scrotal ultrasonography (US) is usually the initial imaging modality for evaluating patients who present with acute pathologic conditions of the scrotum. Acute epididymitis, acute epididymo-orchitis, torsion of the spermatic cord (TSC), and other acute scrotal abnormalities may have similar findings at clinical examination. Pain and swelling make the clinical examination difficult, sometimes practically impossible, potentially resulting in management delays. The objective of this review is to summarize the main clinical signs of the TSC and to illustrate and briefly discuss the US features of this entity, including gray-scale imaging, color Doppler with spectral analysis, and power Doppler sonography. Although TSC can occur at any age, it is most common in adolescent boys. The intensity of the symptoms and the US findings vary with the duration of the torsion, number of twists in the spermatic cord (degree of rotation), and how tightly the vessels of the cord are compressed. An enlarged, more spherical, and diffusely hypoechogenic testis without detectable arterial and venous testicular flow at color and power Doppler US is considered diagnostic of acute testicular ischemia. The presence of a color or power Doppler signal in one part of the testis does not exclude TSC. Positive blood flow but significantly diminished, usually near or inside the mediastinum, may be found, mainly in the partial or incomplete TSC. Identification of a large echogenic extratesticular mass distal to the site of the torsion, frequently misinterpreted as a chronic epididymitis, can be the key to the diagnosis of TSC. When a small arterial sign is found a low amplitude waveform is present with an increased resistive index on the affected side due to a diminished, absent, or reversed diastolic flow. Gray-scale imaging, color Doppler, power Doppler and pulsed Doppler with spectral analysis are very effective to make or exclude the diagnosis of TSC.     

实时精索团块在超声诊断睾丸扭转中的价值

目的 探讨实时精索团块在超声诊断睾丸扭转中的价值。方法 经超声检查的睾丸扭转患者42例,分析其阴囊的二维及彩色多普勒超声表现,仔细研究精索的走行,寻找有无实时精索团块。结果 所有病例均经手术证实。37例为完全扭转,二维及彩色多普勒上均可见精索团块,精索团块及其远端无血流信号。5例为不完全扭转,二维及彩色多普勒上均可见精索团块,精索团块内血流减少。结论 实时精索团块是诊断睾丸完全、不完全扭转最敏感、最特异的超声表现。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断和鉴别诊断小儿睾丸扭转

目的 评估彩色多普勒超声诊断及鉴别诊断小儿睾丸扭转的价值。 方法 回顾分析因急性阴囊肿痛而接受彩色多普勒超声检查的125例患儿的声像图特征,并与手术病理、临床最终诊断相比较。 结果 125例中,急性睾丸扭转14例,超声诊断符合率92.86%(13/14),均接受手术治疗,其中11例睾丸完全坏死切除,CDFI显示睾丸内无明显血流信号,3例手术复位后睾丸存活,CDFI示睾丸内有少量血流信号;急性睾丸附件扭转68例,睾丸上极或与附睾间见回声不均质结节,内无血流信号,超声诊断符合率97.06%(66/68);急性附睾炎43例,附睾内血流信号明显增多,超声诊断符合率100%(43/43)。 结论 彩色多普勒超声对小儿睾丸扭转具有较高的诊断及鉴别诊断价值,是临床首选的影像检查方法。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断小儿睾丸及睾丸附件扭转

目的:总结小儿睾丸及其附件扭转的声像图特征和血流动力学变化。方法:采用彩色多普勒超声仪观察13例患儿的睾丸及其附件的大小形态、血管分布和动脉血流速度。结果:超声诊断符合率为92.3%。彩色多普勒超声直接观察到12例患侧睾丸内动脉血流信号明显减少或消失。结论:彩色多普勒超声对睾丸及其附件扭转有较肯定的诊断及鉴别诊断价值。     

不同程度精索扭转的超声诊断与临床对照分析

【目的】提高超声检查在精索扭转的诊断价值。【方法】分析50例经临床手术证实的不同程度精索扭转患者彩色多普勒超声图像特征。【结果】150例精索扭转患者中,48例因扭转程度不同,出现不同的精索二维声像图改变,40例彩色多普勒显像出现睾丸内血流改变异常,20例出现睾丸内二维声像图改变,敏感性分别为96％、80％、40％,特异性分别为100％、100％、67％。【结论】不同程度的精索扭转可出现不同的彩色多普勒超声改变,超声可作为临床首选的无创检查手段。     

急性实验性睾丸不全扭转超声与超声造影诊断的对比研究

目的探讨超声与超声造影(CEUS)在急性实验性睾丸不全扭转诊断中的价值。方法健康杂种犬8只,随机选择一侧精索扭转,制备7只睾丸不全扭转动物模型及1只睾丸完全扭转动物模型。于扭转前、扭转后2h、4h、6h用二维超声(2DU)观察睾丸内部回声,测量精索的直径及睾丸体积;用彩色多普勒成像(CDFI)及能量多普勒成像(PDI)观察血供情况,比较二者的阳性检出率。每只犬于扭转后即刻或(和)6h行CEUS,并于同一时间点采用CDFI及PDI观察睾丸血供情况,并比较阳性检出率。实验结束后将睾丸送病理检查。结果扭转后2、4、6h扭转段精索直径分别为(7.88±1.47)mm、(8.76±0.84)mm及(9.44±0.81)mm,均较对照侧(5.49±0.42)mm及扭转前(5.79±0.72)mm明显增粗(P0.05)。CDFI、PDI观察睾丸不全扭转不同时间后总阳性检出率分别是14/28、17/28,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。CDFI、PDI及CEUS观察同一时间点的睾丸不全扭转后总阳性检出率分别是6/10、6/10、10/10,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。病理结果显示睾丸无明显变化或仅表现为间质轻度充血水肿。结论精索扭转段增粗对判断急性睾丸不全扭转有重要意义;对早期睾丸不全扭转的诊断,CDFI及PDI阳性检出率相当,而CEUS则优于CDFI和PDI。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断睾丸附件扭转的价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声诊断睾丸附件扭转的价值。方法对37例经彩色多普勒超声检查并经临床确诊为睾丸附件扭转患者的超声声像图表现进行回顾性分析。结果37例患者中,超声诊断为睾丸附件扭转者35例,超声误诊2例,诊断准确率为94.6%（35/37）。彩色多普勒超声显示睾丸上极或附睾头旁大小不等的不均质高回声结节,内无血流;25例患侧睾丸呈不同程度增大,血流增多;29例显示睾丸鞘膜腔内积液;30例显示阴囊壁不同程度增厚。结论睾丸上极或附睾头旁无血流的高回声结节是睾丸附件扭转的特征性声像图表现。彩色多普勒超声对睾丸附件扭转诊断准确性高,可作为诊断睾丸附件扭转的最佳检查方法。     

Gray-scale and power doppler sonographic appearances of acute inflammatory diseases of the scrotum

PURPOSE: We describe the spectrum of gray-scale and power Doppler sonographic appearances in inflammatory scrotal diseases. METHODS: Twenty-five patients ranging in age from 3 to 69 years underwent gray-scale and power Doppler sonography with multifrequency transducers of 7-9 MHz or 10-13 MHz. In addition, color Doppler and power Doppler findings were compared in 7 cases. RESULTS: In all 5 prepubertal patients, power Doppler imaging demonstrated hyperemia associated with epididymitis and, in some cases, orchitis. Among the 20 pubertal and adult patients, power Doppler imaging revealed increased vascularity associated with spermatic cord involvement, epididymitis, orchiepididymitis, or orchitis. Enlargement and heterogeneity of the epididymis and/or testis were seen in 11 patients, with vas efferens ectasia in 3 patients. Abscess formation and testicular infarction were easily depicted by power Doppler imaging. In 5 cases total, hyperemia was the only sonographic finding of inflammation. In the comparison between color and power Doppler imaging, a subjective increase in the number and length of vessels was seen with power Doppler imaging. CONCLUSIONS: Power Doppler imaging is an easy and fast Doppler modality for evaluating inflammatory conditions of the scrotum and proved especially useful in cases with no gray-scale sonographic anomalies, in prepubertal patients, and in patients with abscesses or ischemic lesions.     

精索扭转的彩色多普勒超声诊断

为研究精索扭转的彩色多普勒超声（ＣＤＵ）表现及其诊断价值，采用彩色多普勒电脑声像仪对１３例精索扭转、１７例急性睾丸附睾炎及７２例正常睾丸进行检查。异常３０例中，１０例进行手术治疗，其余病例经随访得到诊断结果。ＣＤＵ诊断精索扭转敏感性为９２．３％，特异性为１００％。研究表明，ＣＤＵ能够发现精索扭转并评价其程度，可帮助临床医师迅速准确地作出诊断     

Acute pancreatitis masquerading as testicular torsion

A 40-year-old man presented with fat necrosis of scrotum as the complication of acute pancreatitis. Excessive fluid accumulation in the pancreas and the extrapancreatic spaces, including around the spermatic cord, was seen on computed tomography. Surgical specimen showed typical fat necrosis of tunica vaginalis and the spermatic cord. After the surgery, pain of the testicle subsided completely, without recurrence. From the clinical presentation alone, it had been difficult to differentiate this patient's condition from torsion of the spermatic cord.     

实验性睾丸不全扭转的彩色多普勒超声研究

目的探讨实验性睾丸扭转的早期彩色多普勒超声特征。方法选用6只健康杂种犬,制成12个睾丸不全扭转模型。应用7～14MHz探头,连续24h观察扭转前、后不同时段睾丸及精索彩色多普勒超声表现,并与相应时段睾丸穿刺活检病理结果对比研究。结果扭转后睾丸体积较扭转前显著增大(P<0.05),睾丸在血流信号消失后开始出现不均匀回声,扭转上段的睾丸动脉阻力指数较扭转前显著增高(P<0.05),扭转下段睾丸动脉、睾丸包膜动脉及睾丸内动脉血流阻力指数较扭转前显著降低(P<0.05)。病理结果显示睾丸在不同时段发生不同程度的损害。结论睾丸不全扭转24h内的动态超声表现揭示了睾丸扭转早期血流动力学变化的病理基础,为临床早期诊断睾丸扭转提供较可靠的实验依据。     

Segmental hemorrhagic infarction of testis associated with epididymitis

Testicular infarction is most commonly associated with acute testicular torsion. We present the sonographic findings in a case of segmental testicular infarction associated with epididymitis. The gray-scale abnormalities included a round, well-defined, hypoechoic intratesticular mass and heterogeneity and enlargement of the epididymis. Color Doppler sonography demonstrated only minimal blood flow in the intratesticular mass and increased flow in the epididymis. Recognition of acute testicular segmental infarction as a complication of epididymitis may prevent unnecessary orchiectomy. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 26:326–328, 1998.