胃饥饿素在脂多糖诱导的胎盘滋养细胞自噬中的作用

目的 探讨胃饥饿素（Ghrelin）对脂多糖诱导的胎盘滋养细胞自噬的影响。方法 构建脂多糖（LPS）诱导的子痫前期（PE）大鼠模型,分为对照组、LPS组和LPS+Ghrelin组,利用透射电镜观察胎盘自噬体和自噬溶酶体的变化。体外培养人胎盘滋养细胞株（HTR-8/SVneo）,分为对照组,LPS组,LPS+Ghrelin低、中、高剂量组,利用透射电镜观察滋养细胞自噬体和自噬溶酶体的变化。利用免疫荧光法检测各组滋养细胞中LC3B的表达,利用Western blot检测各组滋养细胞中LC3B、Beclin1、p-IKKα/β及p-p65蛋白的表达。利用Transwell法观察各组滋养细胞迁移能力的变化。结果 在LPS组中胎盘和滋养细胞的自噬体及自噬溶酶体显著增多,而在LPS+Ghrelin组中显著减少。LPS组的滋养细胞内LC3B荧光强度显著增强,而随着Ghrelin浓度的增加,LC3B荧光强度逐渐减弱。在LPS组中LC3B、Beclin1、p-IKKα/β及p-p65蛋白表达水平升高,而随着Ghrelin浓度增加,LC3B、Beclin1、p-IKKα/β及p-p65蛋白表达水平逐渐降低...     

沉默c-myc基因对Raji细胞自噬活性的影响

为了研究沉默c-myc基因后Raji细胞自噬活性的变化及其机制,采用脂质体转染SiRNA法沉默c-myc基因,在透射电镜下观察细胞自噬体的形成情况,采用western blot法测定LC3-Ⅰ、LC3-Ⅱ、Beclin-1、磷酸化P70、磷酸化AKT蛋白的表达。研究发现沉默c-myc基因后,电镜下观察到Raji细胞自噬活性随时间而增强,LC3-Ⅰ、LC3-Ⅱ蛋白表达、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ比值随时间而增高;Beclin-1表达增高,磷酸化P70表达降低,磷酸化AKT表达无明显变化。结果提示沉默c-myc基因使Raji细胞自噬活性明显增强,其机制是通过上调Beclin-1表达和抑制mTOR的活性来实现的。     

生长分化因子15在子痫前期胎盘滋养细胞中的表达及意义

目的探讨生长分化因子-15（GDF-15）在子痫前期患者胎盘滋养细胞中的表达,探讨其在子痫前期发病机制中的作用。方法选择2009年12月至2010年10月在青岛市市立医院住院分娩的子痫前期孕妇140例,其中早发型轻度子痫前期孕妇35例（早发轻度组）,晚发型轻度子痫前期孕妇35例（晚发轻度组）,早发型重度子痫前期孕妇35例（早发重度组）,晚发型重度子痫前期孕妇35例（晚发重度组）;另选同期健康孕妇35例为对照组。采用RT—PCR检测胎盘滋养细胞中GDF-15mRNA的表达量;采用免疫组化方法检测胎盘滋养细胞中GDF-15蛋白的表达。结果RT—PCR显示子痫前期各组胎盘滋养细胞中GDF-15mRNA表达水平均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;但子痫前期各组间分别比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。免疫组化显示GDF-15表达于胎盘滋养细胞的细胞浆和细胞外基质中,并在各组胎盘滋养细胞中均表达。子痫前期各组胎盘滋养细胞中GDF-15蛋白表达水平均高于对照组组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;但子痫前期各组间分别比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论GDF-15在子痫前期胎盘滋养细胞中表达升高,GDF-15的表达水平变化可能与子痫前期发病有关。     

VEGF在不同类型子痫前期患者胎盘组织中的表达及意义

目的探讨血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）在不同类型子痫前期患者胎盘组织中的表达及意义。方法采用免疫组织化学SP法检测18例正常孕妇（对照组），36例子痫前期患者（子痫前期组，其中轻度子痫前期患者18例，重度子痫前期患者18例）胎盘组织中VEGF的表达强度。结果VEGF主要表达于胎盘绒毛滋养细胞；重度子痫前期患者胎盘绒毛滋养细胞VEGF表达强度明显低于对照组及轻度子痫前期患者（P＜0．05），而轻度子痫前期患者与对照组比较，无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。结论VEGF在胎盘中主要由绒毛滋养细胞分泌，子痫前期患者VEGF分泌减少，尤其是重度子痫前期的患者,这可能是引起局部胎盘绒毛及血管痛变的原因。     

miR-103在妊娠糖尿病患者胎盘组织中的表达及其对滋养细胞自噬的影响

目的 探讨妊娠糖尿病（GDM）患者胎盘组织miR-103表达水平及其对滋养细胞自噬的影响。方法 收集2019年1月至2019年12月40例GDM患者及40例正常孕妇胎盘组织。对HTR-8/SVneo细胞进行不同转染,分为Model组（高糖培养基培养）,miR-NC组（转染miR-NC）,miR-103组（转染miR-103 mimics）,Si-miR-103组（转染miR-103 inhibitor）。流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;透射电镜观察细胞超微结构;溶酶体红色荧光探针（lyso-tracker red）观察细胞自噬;反转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测胎盘组织、细胞miR-103表达;Western blot检测胎盘组织、细胞自噬相关蛋白3Ⅰ（LC3Ⅰ）、自噬相关蛋白3Ⅱ（LC3Ⅱ）、Beclin1、p62表达。结果 与正常孕妇胎盘组织比较,GDM孕妇胎盘组织miR-103表达降低,LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、Beclin1表达升高,p62表达降低（P<0.05）。与NC组比较,Model组miR-103表达降低,细胞凋亡率、自噬小体/细胞浆总面积比值升高,LC3-Ⅱ/LC3...     

FAS蛋白在子痫前期胎盘中的表达及意义

目的检测子痫前期胎盘的FAS蛋白表达水平,探讨子痫前期的发病机制。方法采用免疫组织化学方法结合病理图像分析技术,定量分析10例正常妊娠组、17例轻度子痫前期组和13例重度子痫前期组胎盘FAS蛋白表达。结果 FAS蛋白主要表达与胎盘绒毛滋养细胞的胞膜及胞浆内。与正常妊娠组比较,子痫前期组胎盘FAS蛋白表达显著增加,轻度、重度子痫前期组比较,有显著性差异。结沦子痫前期患者胎盘滋养层细胞FAS蛋白表达增加可能是子痫前期的发病机制之一,从而为临床治疗子痫前期提供新的方向。     

血栓素受体参与子痫前期的发病

目的 探讨血栓素受体(TPr)与子痫前期发病机制的关系.方法 用免疫组化和实时荧光定量PCR(real-time PCR)的方法检测36例子痫前期孕妇(病例组)和34例正常妊娠孕妇(对照组)胎盘中血栓素合酶(TXS)、血栓素受体(TPr)和非吞噬细胞氧化酶1(NOX1)的表达,用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测胎盘TXA2的表达.结果 TXS和TPr蛋白主要表达在细胞滋养细胞、合体滋养细胞和绒毛血管内皮细胞的胞质中,NOX1蛋白主要表达在细胞滋养细胞、合体滋养细胞、绒毛血管内皮细胞及间质细胞的胞质中.子痫前期组胎盘TXS和NOX1蛋白、mRNA表达和TXA2表达均强于对照组(P＜0.05).子痫前期TXA2表达与新生儿体质量呈负相关(P＜0.01).TXA2表达与NOX1 mRNA表达呈正相关(P＜0.05).结论 TXA2可能通过TPr通路导致胎盘产生过量ROS并向母体血液循环释放,参与子痫前期的发病过程.     

子痫前期患者胎盘组织中visfatin蛋白与mRNA表达及意义

目的:探讨内脂素(visfatin,VF)在子痫前期(PE)患者胎盘组织中的表达及意义。方法:选择2011年8月至2013年12月在温州医科大学附属第一医院住院分娩的孕妇共计100例,根据病情轻重分为重度PE组、轻度PE组和正常妊娠组。采用苏木素-伊红染色法观察3组胎盘组织病理变化;免疫组化法及real-time PCR技术分别检测3组胎盘VF蛋白及mRNA的表达并分析其与子痫前期发病的关系。结果:PE的病理改变主要表现为细胞滋养细胞及合体滋养细胞结构紊乱且形态不完整;细胞滋养细胞增生,合体滋养细胞结节增多;绒毛毛细血管减少、淤血。免疫组化及real-time PCR结果显示胎盘组织中内脂素定位于合体及细胞滋养层细胞的胞浆,随着病情的加重,VF蛋白及mRNA表达量逐渐升高,重度PE组明显高于正常妊娠组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:PE患者存在绒毛血管内皮细胞损伤和功能紊乱。胎盘VF蛋白及mRNA在PE孕妇中高表达,表明VF与PE的发生具有一定关系。     

TGFβ1在子痫前期患者胎盘组织中的表达

目的探讨转化生长因子β1(transforming growth factor-beta1,TGFβ1)在子痫前期患者胎盘组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法选取2010年10月至2011年12月在广州医学院第二附属医院和广州医学院第三附属医院产科住院的子痫前期患者30例,其中足月妊娠9例,未足月妊娠21例;对照组选取同期住院分娩的正常足月妊娠孕妇30例(对照组)。采用HE染色和免疫组化SP法检测子痫前期患者和正常孕妇胎盘的组织学变化和其TGFβ1的表达。结果子痫前期组胎盘绒毛滋养细胞及蜕膜细胞TGFβ1的阳性表达率为86.67%,明显高于对照组36.60%,P<0.01;TGFβ1的表达与胎盘重量及新生儿体重呈负相关。结论胎盘TGFβ1表达异常引起滋养细胞浸润不足,可能是子痫前期的发病因素之一。     

缺氧对滋养细胞HTR-8/SVneo自噬的影响及机制研究

目的 探索缺氧对子痫前期滋养细胞HTR-8/SVneo自噬的影响及可能机制。方法 收集80例子痫前期、50例正常孕妇胎盘组织。选取HTR-8/SVneo(NC组)，构建缺氧/复氧（H/R）模型（H/R组），转染pcDNA3.1-低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白6(LRP6)，并用自噬抑制剂Baf-A1、β-catenin抑制剂PKF115-584处理。分为pcDNA3.1-NC组、pcDNA3.1-LRP6组、pcDNA3.1-LRP6+Baf-A1组、pcDNA3.1-LRP6+PKF115-584组。自噬双标腺病毒（mRFP-GFP-LC3）观察自噬流，反转录PCR(RT-PCR)检测LRP6基因mRNA水平，Westernblot检测自噬相关蛋白3I(LC3-I)、自噬相关蛋白3Ⅱ（LC3-Ⅱ）、Beclin1、LRP6、Unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1(ULK1)、β-catenin、c-Myc、Rab7及p62蛋白水平，免疫组化检测胎盘组织中LRP6表达。结果 子痫前期孕妇胎盘组织LRP6阳性率、LRP6基因mRNA表达水平低于对照组...     

Nodal signals through activin receptor-like kinase 7 to inhibit trophoblast migration and invasion: implication in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia

Trophoblast cell invasion into the uterus is an essential process for successful pregnancy, and shallow invasion of trophoblasts into the maternal decidua is linked to preeclampsia. We have reported that Nodal, a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, acts through activin receptor-like kinase 7 (ALK7) to inhibit trophoblast proliferation and to induce apoptosis. In this study, we examined the spatial and temporal expression patterns of Nodal and ALK7 in human placenta from normal and preeclamptic pregnancies and investigated whether Nodal regulated trophoblast migration and invasion. Nodal and ALK7 were detected in villous and extravillous trophoblast cell populations in early gestation, and their levels were strongly up-regulated in preeclamptic placenta. Overexpression of Nodal or constitutively active ALK7 decreased cell migration and invasion, whereas knockdown of Nodal and ALK7 had the opposite effects. In placental explant culture, treatment with Nodal inhibited trophoblast outgrowth, whereas Nodal small-interfering RNA strongly induced the expansion of explants and the migration of extravillous trophoblast cells. Nodal stimulated the secretion of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and inhibited matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 activity. These findings suggest that the Nodal/ALK7 pathway plays important roles in human placentation and that its abnormal signaling may contribute to the development of preeclampsia.     

Human trophoblast invasion and spiral artery transformation: the role of PECAM-1 in normal pregnancy, preeclampsia, and fetal growth restriction

During early human pregnancy extravillous cytotrophoblasts invade the uterus and spiral arteries transforming them into large vessels of low resistance. Failure of trophoblast invasion and spiral artery transformation occurs in preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction (FGR); these processes are not well understood. Recent studies have suggested that cytotrophoblasts that invade spiral arteries mimic the endothelial cells they replace and express PECAM-1. It was also reported that in preeclampsia, cytotrophoblasts fail to express PECAM-1 and that failure to express endothelial cell adhesion molecules may account for failed trophoblast invasion. Despite the possible importance of adhesion molecules in trophoblast invasion, no study has systematically investigated the expression of PECAM-1 in the placental bed throughout the period of invasion, particularly in the myometrial segments where the key failure occurs. There are no studies on PECAM-1 expression in the placental bed in FGR. We have examined the expression of PECAM-1 in placental bed biopsies and placentas from 8 to 19 weeks of gestation and in the placenta and placental bed in the third trimester in cases of preeclampsia, FGR, and control pregnancies. PECAM-1 was expressed on endothelium of vessels in the placenta and placental bed but not by villous or extravillous trophoblasts in normal or pathological samples. These findings do not support a role for PECAM-1 in normal invasion or in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia or FGR.     

尾加压素Ⅱ与GPR14 mRNA在子痫前期患者胎盘组织中的表达及意义

目的研究子痫前期患者胎盘组织尾加压素Ⅱ（UⅡ）及G蛋白偶联受体14（GPR14）mRNA的表达变化及其与子痫前期发病的关系。方法采用RT-PCR方法对25例子痫前期（子痫前期组,其中轻度15例,重度10例））患者和20例正常足月孕妇（正常妊娠组）和胎盘组织中UⅡ和GPR14 mRNA表达水平进行检测。结果胎盘组织UⅡmRNA表达水平在轻度子痫前期组,重度子痫前期组均明显高于正常妊娠组,差异有统计学意义（P均〈0.05）。重度子痫前期组孕妇胎盘GPR14mRNA表达水平明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论子痫前期患者胎盘UⅡ及其受体基因表达升高,可能在子痫前期胎盘缺血缺氧动脉粥样硬化的发生中发挥重要作用。     

Hypoxic switch in mitochondrial myeloid cell leukemia factor-1/Mtd apoptotic rheostat contributes to human trophoblast cell death in preeclampsia

Preeclampsia, a disorder of pregnancy, is characterized by increased trophoblast cell death and altered trophoblast-mediated remodeling of myometrial spiral arteries resulting in reduced uteroplacental perfusion. Mitochondria-associated Bcl-2 family members are important regulators of programed cell death. The mechanism whereby hypoxia alters the mitochondrial apoptotic rheostat is essential to our understanding of placental disease. Herein, myeloid cell leukemia factor-1 (Mcl-1) isoform expression was examined in physiological/pathological models of placental hypoxia. Preeclamptic placentae were characterized by caspase-dependent cleavage of death-suppressing Mcl-1L and switch toward cell death-inducing Mcl-1S. In vitro, Mcl-1L cleavage was induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation in villous explants, whereas Mcl-1L overexpression under hypoxia-reoxygenation rescued trophoblast cells from undergoing apoptosis. Cleavage was mediated by caspase-3/-7 because pharmacological caspase inhibition prevented this process. Altitude-induced chronic hypoxia was characterized by expression of Mcl-1L; resulting in a reduction of apoptotic markers (cleaved caspase-3/-8 and p85 poly-ADP-ribose polymerase). Moreover, in both physiological (explants and high altitude) and pathological (preeclampsia) placental hypoxia, decreased trophoblast syncytin expression was observed. Hence, although both pathological and physiological placental hypoxia are associated with slowed trophoblast differentiation, trophoblast apoptosis is only up-regulated in preeclampsia, because of a hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced switch in generation of proapoptotic Mcl-1 isoforms.     

Distinct expression and localization of serine protease HtrA1 in human endometrium and first-trimester placenta.

Mammalian embryos cannot survive without the placenta. Development of the human placenta requires trophoblast proliferation, differentiation, and invasion as well as highly coordinated modulation of the maternal uterus. HtrA1 is a member of the recently identified mammalian HtrA (high temperature requirement factor A) serine protease family with a high level of expression in the placenta. In this study, we examined whether HtrA1 expression (mRNA and protein) is associated with placental development in the human. HtrA1 is up-regulated in both endometrial glands and decidual cells during endometrial preparation for embryo implantation and during first-trimester pregnancy at placentation. HtrA1 expression was also detected in certain trophoblast subtypes during early pregnancy. The villous syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast showed the strongest expression while the interstitial extravillous trophoblast showed the lowest or no expression of HtrA1. The distinct distribution of HtrA1 at the maternal-trophoblast interface suggests that HtrA1 may play a role in placental development.     

妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症患者胎盘瘦素的表达及意义

目的探讨妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症(ICP)患者胎盘瘦素表达的变化.方法采用S-P免疫组化方法.结果 (1)光镜下发现ICP患者胎盘绒毛水肿、绒毛间隙狭窄、绒毛血管合体膜增厚.(2)两组孕妇胎盘绒毛滋养层细胞胞浆内均有瘦素的表达,但研究组胎盘瘦素的水平高于对照组(P<0.05),并且随着ICP组分度的加重,表达增强.结论 ICP患者胎盘瘦素的高表达可能导致ICP的发生.