拦截口臭

小小口臭,折射全身 很多人不知道口臭产生的原因,也没有对它产生足够的重视,不少人认为口臭就是因为没好好刷牙,口腔卫生不好引起的.其实很多情况下"口气不佳",可能是身体发出的健康警讯! 口臭主要是胃的问题引起的吗? 很长一段时间以来,引起口臭的原因不明.中医认为,口臭是由于浊气上升或者是脾胃湿热.一些有口臭的朋友同时也患有肠胃疾病,所以大家对"口臭是由于胃病引起"的说法深信不疑.的确,研究表明,有口臭的人胃内幽门螺杆菌阳性率明显高于没有口臭的人,在控制幽门螺杆菌感染后,口臭症状会明显得到改善.但是,很多没有肠胃疾病的朋友也患有口臭,或者治好了肠胃疾病口臭依然存在.     

浙江省监管系统职工牙周疾病调查

牙周疾病是人类广泛流行的口腔慢性疾病之一,国内外文献报道其患病率都相当高,牙周疾病最为常见的是菌斑所致的牙龈病与牙周病,养成良好的刷牙习惯去除首斑是防治牙周疾病的重要手段.为了解本系统人群牙周疾病的患病情况及提供防治对策,近两年来我们对省监管系统职工2128人牙周疾病的患病情况及刷牙习惯作了调查,现报告如下.     

我国40岁及以上吸烟人群烟草依赖严重程度及其影响因素分析

目的 了解我国≥40岁吸烟人群烟草依赖情况及其影响因素,为我国广泛开展戒烟干预提供科学数据。方法 本研究数据来源于2014-2015年中国居民慢性阻塞性肺疾病监测,覆盖31个省（自治区、直辖市）的125个监测点,以面对面询问调查的方式收集≥40岁居民吸烟和烟草依赖的相关变量。应用复杂抽样加权估计我国≥40岁现在吸烟和现在每日吸烟人群烟草依赖率及其95%CI并分析其影响因素。结果 纳入分析现在吸烟者22 380人,现在每日吸烟者19 999人。≥40岁现在吸烟人群的重度烟草依赖率为31.1%（29.3%~32.9%）,其中男性为32.0%（30.2%~33.9%）,高于女性17.6%（13.4%~21.7%）;乡村为32.7%（30.2%~35.2%）,高于城镇;40~59岁年龄组重度烟草依赖率较高,为33.3%（31.3%~35.2%）。≥40岁现在每日吸烟人群的重度烟草依赖率为35.0%（33.0%~37.0%）,男性为35.8%（33.8%~37.8%）,女性为22.0%（16.8%~27.2%）。在现在吸烟人群和每日吸烟人群中,文化程度越低,重度烟草依赖率越高;18岁以前开始吸烟者重度烟草依赖率明显高于18岁及以后开始吸烟者;有慢性呼吸道症状者的重度烟草依赖率明显高于无症状吸烟者;慢性呼吸系统疾病患者和非患者的重度烟草依赖率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;患有糖尿病、心脑血管疾病和高血压的吸烟者的重度烟草依赖率略低于非患者（P<0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,男性、中部和东部地区、40~59岁年龄组、从事农林牧渔水利、生产运输和商业服务职业、文化程度低、18岁以前开始吸烟者患重度烟草依赖的风险高。结论 我国≥40岁吸烟人群的重度烟草依赖水平较高,戒烟干预服务客观需求巨大,应采取有效措施推动我国戒烟干预工作的开展。     

医学高等专科学校学生刷牙方式与牙周疾病关系调查

目的了解医学专科学校大、中专学生刷牙方式与牙周疾病之间关系情况,为开展相关健康教育提供依据。方法选用学生刷牙方式问卷调查表,对吉林省白城医学高等专科在校的460名口腔专业大、中专学生进行调查。同时由校口腔科医生对上述学生进行牙龈组织健康情况检查。结果口腔专业的大、中专学生牙石沉积率为20.4%,牙龈炎患病率为13.0%。50.0%的学生刷牙方法不正确。刷牙方式不正确者牙周疾病发病率明显高于刷牙方法正确者,两者之间存在显著性差异。结论部分大、中专学生不了解正确刷牙的意义,在选用刷牙方法上较随意,缺乏科学性,是引起牙周疾病的重要原因。需要对其采取相应的健康知识宣传和行为指导,促进学生的口腔健康。     

医学多棱镜

不良生活方式害了1/3北京人自2002年底启动的北京市《生活方式疾病综合防治示范社区》项目,通过对20个示范社区开展卫生诊断发现,6岁以上人群中患血脂异常、高血压、肥胖症、糖尿病、冠心病、脑卒中、肿瘤、慢阻肺等8种生活方式疾病的总患病水平为31.8%,也就是说,有近1/3的北京人患有不同程度的生活方式疾病。调查中发现,有高血压或糖尿病或肿瘤家族史者占62.4%,少活动或不锻炼者为47%,有心理压力困扰者占42.9%,有咸食和高脂摄入习惯者分别为41.7%和27.5%,吸烟者占27.3%。在生活方式疾病的发病率上,男性高于女性,城区高于郊区,而且有些过去…     

职业人群心脑血管疾病患病率及影响因素分析

目的了解我市职业人群心脑血管疾病患病情况,探索职业人群生活方式对心脑血管疾病发生的影响。方法采用分层随机抽样方法,选择北京市三个行政区,再随机选取6家政府机关、2家科研机构和3家公司,对单位内在职的工作人员进行问卷调查,调查其生活方式以及对心脑血管疾病患病的影响程度。结果共调查1 365人,回收有效问卷1 345份,有效应答率为98.5%。不同职业人群心脑血管疾病患病率不同,男性为25.0%,高于女性的10.7%(P0.05);50岁以上年龄组的患病率为33.9%,高于其他年龄组(P0.05);公务员人群的患病率为21.2%,高于其他两类职业人群(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示:男性、高年龄组、公务员、饮食偏油腻偏咸、睡眠质量不高是心脑血管疾病的危险因素。结论职业人群心脑血管疾病的患病率较高,将男性公务人员、不健康的饮食习惯及提高睡眠质量作为今后健康干预的重点。     

外部因素对昆明部分工厂男性吸烟者戒烟愿望的影响分析

[目的]了解男性工人吸烟戒烟愿望的现状,探讨吸烟习俗对昆明部分工厂男性吸烟者戒烟愿望的影响.[方法]采用横断面研究,在昆明地区部分工厂征募自愿参与的男性吸烟者,采用吸烟行为调查问卷进行调查.[结果]不同吸烟习惯和诱惑情境对吸烟者的戒烟愿望的影响不同,对一些事情感到愤怒时、极度沮丧或者情绪低落时,受到香烟诱惑的程度差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但有无戒烟愿望者在其他社交休闲情境下受到香烟诱惑的程度差异有统计学意义(P>0.05).[结论]自身的情绪对吸烟者的戒烟愿望有很大影响.     

2007年太原市部分健康体检居民慢性咽炎患病情况调查

[目的]了解居民慢性咽炎患病情况,探讨不良生活习惯对慢性咽炎的影响。[方法]2007年,对1110名到太原市疾病预防控制中心进行健康体检人员进行慢性咽炎患病情况调查。[结果]检测1110人,检出慢性咽炎873例,患病率为78.65%。慢性咽炎患病率,男性为84.41%,女性为71.46%（P〈0.01） 单纯吸烟者为84.21%,单纯饮酒者为89.58%,单纯食辛辣食物者为81.99%,吸烟且饮酒者为92.31%,吸烟且食辛辣食物者为90.91%,饮酒且食辛辣食物者为85.07%,3种习惯均有者为95.80%。[结论]体检人员慢性咽炎患病率很高,男性、中青年、吸烟、饮酒、食辛辣食物者是慢性咽炎的高发人群。     

北京市西城区居民吸烟与戒烟状况调查分析

目的分析北京市西城区某社区15岁以上人群吸烟及戒烟状况,为今后的控烟工作提供借鉴和参考。方法采用多阶段整群概率抽样方法,抽取西城区15岁及以上常住居民583人,调查居民吸烟与戒烟相关情况。结果北京市西城区某社区居民现在吸烟率为21.8%。男性现在吸烟率(42.9%)高于女性(2.9%);50～59岁人群现在吸烟率较高(26.5%),服务业人群现在吸烟率(26.8%)高于其他职业人群。现在吸烟者尝试戒烟率为18.9%,尝试戒烟次数≥2次占79.2%,吸烟者中过去12个月内接受过医生戒烟建议的占22.0%;戒烟者尝试的戒烟方法中,没有人使用药物戒烟、咨询戒烟门诊者占4.2%、咨询戒烟热线者占4.2%。结论应加强对男性、中老年及服务业人群的控烟宣传;着力提高吸烟者戒烟意愿、加强医务人员提供简短戒烟干预服务、推动辖区居民戒烟时寻求戒烟门诊专业帮助。     

浙江省2013年成人吸烟及被动吸烟现状调查

目的 描述2013年浙江省成人吸烟、戒烟和被动吸烟的流行水平及其不同教育水平、职业和地区分布的特点,判断烟草流行变化趋势.方法 采取多阶段分层随机抽样方法,对浙江省45个监测点13 408名15～69岁居民进行入户问卷调查,其中有13 326人合格问卷用于分析.采用总吸烟率、现在吸烟率、常吸烟率、戒烟率、“二手烟”暴露率等指标,根据2010年第六次普查人口进行加权计算.结果 浙江省15～69岁人群中有1 289.65万成年吸烟者(29.59%),其中现在吸烟者998.76万(22.92%),常吸烟者844.72万(19.38%),男性和女性现在吸烟率分别为41.18%和3.69%,男性中45～54岁组最高(51.66%),女性65～69岁组最高(4.62%);人群戒烟率为22.56%,40.19%的现在吸烟者中有戒烟的考虑,选择的主要戒烟方式是“靠自己毅力戒烟”(87.59%);15～69岁人群中有2 276.77万(67.90%) “二手烟”暴露者,以室内场所烟草暴露率最高(62.84%);人群对吸烟、被动吸烟引起其他疾病的认知普遍偏低,对主动吸烟引起3种疾病的知晓率仅为31.52%,对被动吸烟引起3种疾病的知晓率仅为34.04%.结论 浙江省15～69岁居民吸烟和“二手烟”暴露状况严重,对烟草知识的认知率不足.     

Smoking habits in nursing students: prevalence, attitudes and knowledge]

The purpose of this study has been to evaluate the prevalence of smoking habit, knowledge on the adverse health effects and attitudes towards it among nurses students in their three years of study (University School of Girona). A self-administrated questionnaire was used. A total of 135 questionnaires were answered (88%) from an estimated available population of 154 students (94% females with 21 years old of mean age). The prevalence of current smoking was 34.3%; ex smokers 23.3% and non smokers 42.5%. The mean of tobacco consumption was 367.6 cigarettes/month. 92% no smokers, 91% ex smokers and 76% smokers thought that smoking has adverse health effects (p less than 0.001). They consider the health protection like the first reason to give up smoking. 38% will advise their healthy smokers patients about the risk of their habit. We conclude: 1.-Low prevalence of smoking habit; 2.-Nurses should know methods aimed at lowering smoking rates, assuming that they have determined influence on the population behavior.     

Prevalence and characteristics of smoking in primary healthcare workers in Iquique, Chile

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and characteristics of the smoking habits of primary healthcare workers in Iquique, Chile. Study design: Cross-sectional study through a survey of all personnel working in primary health care in Iquique, Chile. METHODS: The following variables were investigated: biodemographical characteristics and aspects of smoking, knowledge of the adverse effects of smoking, and some lifestyle factors. RESULTS: Among the study population, a high prevalence of smokers was found (37%) and a further 26% were ex-smokers. The smokers were predominantly practical nurses, female, aged 25-45 years and married. The only significant relationship was between age and smoking habit (P=0.02), with smoking prevalence among younger groups being very high (56%). There was a high level of awareness about the adverse effects of smoking and its addictiveness (99 and 93%, respectively). Forty-three percent of participants had been smoking for more than 15 years, and the main reasons for smoking were 'social consumption' and 'stress' (36 and 29%, respectively). Thirty-two percent of the ex-smokers ceased smoking for discomfort or health reasons. There were no differences between smokers and ex-smokers with respect to participation in sports or working shifts. Fifty-two percent of those surveyed reported they they were annoyed when others smoked near them. CONCLUSION: This study revealed a high prevalence of smoking, particularly among practical nurses. Regarding attitudes to health, a dichotomy between knowledge and behaviour was found in this group. In pursuing the commitment to smoking cessation in healthcare personnel, a deeper review of cultural issues and motivation should be considered.     

Smoking-related beliefs and behaviour of South Australians with diabetes

Data cumulated from three representative population surveys (n = 9402) in South Australia were used to determine smoking prevalence of those aged 15 years or over with and without self-reported medically confirmed diabetes. Overall, smoking prevalence in the two groups did not differ. However, among those aged under 40 years with self-reported diabetes, smoking prevalence approached 55 per cent, which was significantly higher than in young respondents without diabetes (32 per cent). Diabetic smokers were no more likely than were nondiabetic smokers to have tried to quit or to be ready to quit; one-quarter of diabetic smokers had no thought of quitting or of modifying their habit Smokers with diabetes were significantly more likely to be heavy smokers (43.5 per cent) than were nondiabetic smokers (23.4 per cent). Fewer smokers with diabetes tended to believe that smoking causes or aggravates heart disease or circulatory problems than did other smokers, although these differences did not reach statistical significance. Additional effort is required to find methods to assist people with diabetes to refrain from smoking.     

Relationship between cigarette smoking and oral health status]

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between the smoking habit and oral health status, while adjusting for age and some aspects of dental health behavior. The data used were based on a cross-sectional study on dental checkup in the worksite, which included a self-reported questionnaire and oral examination by a dentist. The oral health status variables were CPITN scores, missing teeth/filled teeth/decayed teeth, and self-reported gum bleeding. In addition, the subjects reported in a questionnaire concerning their smoking habit and dental health behavior. Of a total of 7,713 of workers, 5,232 (67.8%) participated in the dental checkup of the worksite. From the population, only the data for 3,303 men were analyzed. We used multiple logistic regression to calculate the odds ratio (OR) for each oral health status according to the smoking habit. Current smokers, compared to subjects who had never smoked, had a higher risk of periodontal disease (OR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.9-2.7), missing teeth (OR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.3-1.9) and decayed teeth (OR = 1.5; 95% CI: 1.3-1.8), but they had a reduced risk of gum bleeding (OR = 0.7; 95% CI: 0.6-0.8). Dose response relationships between smoking and these variables were also observed. The results indicated that cigarette smoking was associated with oral health status independent of some aspects of dental health behavior.     

Tobacco use among Iranian men, women and adolescents

The aim of this study was to evaluate the self-reported and serum cotinine based prevalence rates of smoking among Iranian men, women and adolescents. The study was carried out on 2626 men and women aged 19 years and above and 836 high school students aged 14-18 years, randomly selected from different clusters and schools in Isfahan. The WHO smoking standard questionnaire was completed for all samples and serum cotinine level was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography in 10% and 20% of the original adult and adolescent samples, respectively. The prevalence of self-reported smoking among Iranian men and women aged 19 years and above was 18.7% and 1.3%, respectively, compared to 21.2% and 6.7% based on serum cotinine level. Nearly 10.6% and 14.6% of claimed nonsmoker girls and boys were classified as current smokers by serum cotinine level. More than 80% of male smokers started the habit before the age of 20 years and the effect of smoker friends was the most important factor for smoking initiation among smokers. Using self-reported prevalence data for smoking among women or adolescents in special populations like Iranians can give invalid measurements, therefore, data based on biochemical tests are suggested.     

Relationships of job and some individual characteristics to occupational injuries in employed people: a community-based study

This study assessed the associations of job and some individual factors with occupational injuries among employed people from a general population in north-eastern France; 2,562 workers were randomly selected from the working population. A mailed auto-questionnaire was filled in by each subject. Statistical analysis was performed with loglinear models. The annual incidence rate of at least one occupational injury was 4.45%. Significant contributing factors for occupational injuries were job category (60.8%), sex (16.2%), regular psychotropic drug use (8.5%), age groups (7.5%), and presence of a disease (7.0%). The men had higher risk than the women (adjusted odds-ratio 1.99, 95% CI 1.43-2.78). Compared to executives, intellectual professionals and teachers, labourers had the highest risk (6.40, 3.55-11.52). They were followed by farmers, craftsmen and tradesmen (6.18, 2.86-13.08), technicians (3.14, 1.41-6.70), employees (2.94, 1.59-5.48) and other subjects (3.87, 1.90-7.88). The young (< or = 29 yr) showed an increased risk. Similar odds-ratios were observed for regular psychotropic drug use (1.54, 1.16-2.05) and the presence of a disease (1.50, 1.11-2.02). Univariate analysis showed that smoking habit, overweight and excess alcohol use were also associated with injuries. The loglinear model results showed that there were associations between some of these independent factors. It was concluded that job, sex, young age, smoking habit, excess alcohol use, overweight, psychotropic drug use, and disease influenced the occupational injuries. Preventive measures concerning work conditions, risk assessment and job knowledge should be conducted in overall active population, especially in men, young workers, smokers, alcohol users, overweight workers and in individuals with a disease or psychosomatic disorders.     

Prevalence of self-reported myocardial infarction in a Greek sample: findings from a population-based study in an urban area (medical express 2002)

During the 1970s and 1980s, Greece was known as a country with low prevalence and incidence of coronary heart disease, compared to Western populations. However, during the past decades, the Greek population has experienced marked but uneven socio-economic development, as well as change in lifestyle habits. We assessed the prevalence of self-reported myocardial infarction (MI) in a sample of the general population, aged 20-94 years. The overall prevalence of self-reported MI was 4.1% (6.3% in men and 1.9% in women). The age-adjusted prevalence was found to be 3.6%, showing a threefold increase compared to 1980s. Age, gender (male), low educational level, obesity/overweight, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, hypertension, smoking and origin were strongly associated with prevalence of MI. Our findings indicate that the prevalence of MI increased dramatically during the past years, reflecting the change in lifestyle habits that have gradually given way to "Western"-type diets and a more sedentary lifestyle. Therefore, the need for urgent intervention is considered essential in order to prevent a further increase of disease burden.     

射阳县农村居民高血压相关知识、行为、需求及影响因素的研究

目的了解江苏省射阳县农村居民对高血压相关知识、行为、需求情况及其影响因素，为采取有针对性的高血压健康教育与健康促进措施提供依据。方法以多级分层整群随机抽样法，对射阳县18岁以上常住居民进行问卷调查，同时测量身高、体重和血压。结果调查对象的高血压患病率为27．6％，男性为23．2％，女性为32．1％，男女患病率均随年龄增长而上升。高血压相关知识知晓率在12．9％～88．1％之间，行为形成率在10.8％～80．2％之间，健康知识需求率在31．5％～76．3％之间。超重、年龄、职业、吸烟、饮酒、睡眠不足、心理压力较大、饮食习惯不良等影响因素与高血压发生有关（P〈0．05）。结论射阳县农村居民高血压患病率较高，而高血压相关知识知晓率与行为形成率不高，应根据不同人群的需求采取有针对性地健康教育健康促进干预措施。     

Debunking the 'only 50%' myth: prevalence of established risk factors in New Zealanders with self-reported ischaemic heart disease

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of established risk factors for ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in New Zealand adults and compare the prevalence in adults with and without this disease. DESIGN: Data were obtained from the 2002/03 New Zealand Health Survey. Risk factor prevalence was determined by: self-reported doctor diagnosis of high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes; self-report of smoking and physical inactivity; and measurement of obesity. Presence of IHD was based on self-report of heart disease (doctor diagnosed at age 25 years or over) together with current medical or past surgical treatment for this disease. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine prevalence rate ratios (PRRs) for males and females separately, adjusting for age, ethnicity and deprivation. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of IHD was 8%. Overall risk factor prevalences were in the range of 20-25% for each of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity and physical inactivity, and approximately 5% for diabetes. Overall, 94-97% of adults with IHD had at least one risk factor (depending on how smoking was defined). The PRRs of IHD were highest for cholesterol (about 4.5), followed by blood pressure (about 2.3), with all other risk factors around 1.5. PAF estimates indicate that 80-85% of IHD was attributable to the presence of at least one risk factor for all age, gender and ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS: Established risk factors account for 80-85% of the non-fatal burden of IHD in New Zealand. Limited research resources would be better used to evaluate which interventions are effective and efficient at reducing exposure of all population groups to known risk factors, rather than on identification of additional risk factors.     

Smoking behaviors among medical doctors in Fukui, Japan

This study was conducted in order to identify the smoking prevalence among all doctors (N = 874) belonging to the medical associations in Fukui Prefecture and factors that might possibly indicate causal smoking habits. A survey was conducted from December of 1996 to February of 1997, using a self-administered questionnaire, and the response rate for the survey was 91%. The main results of this survey were as follows: The prevalence of smoking among male and female medical doctors was 28% and 8% respectively, which was lower than that of adults in the general population, but higher than that of doctors in the developed countries. The prevalence of smoking among doctors was almost highest when they were 20 to 29 years old, and that among medical practitioners with their own institution was higher than doctors employed by an institution. In particular, medical practitioners who did not smoke were more likely to restrict or ban smoking in their hospitals or clinics.