Proximal opening wedge metatarsal osteotomy for correction of moderate to severe hallux valgus deformity using a locking plate

Purpose

Hallux valgus is a complex deformity of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, with varus angulation of the first metatarsal, valgus deviation of the great toe and lateral displacement of the sesamoids and the extensor tendons. The aim of the surgery is to achieve correction of the varus deviation of the 1st metatarsal which is considered by some as the primary intrinsic predisposing factor to hallux valgus deformity.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 85 patients (107 feet) who underwent an opening wedge osteotomy of the 1st metatarsal for correction of moderate to severe hallux valgus and metatarsus primus varus. A medially applied anatomic pre-contoured locking plate was used for fixation of the osteotomy.

Results

The mean IMA was decreased from 15.8 (range 12–22) degrees to 7.8 (range 0–12) degrees. The mean pre-operative HVA was 39 (range 21–52) degrees and the mean postoperative HVA was 11.8 (6–19) degrees. The pre-operative AOFAS score was 52 (SD 3.1) and the postoperative score was 85 (SD 5.2).

Conclusion

The proximal opening wedge metatarsal osteotomy is a safe, effective and reproducible technique for correction of moderate to severe hallux valgus deformity. The use of a locking plate provides enough control at the fragments, enhancing healing of osteotomy and maintenance of the correction even with a violated proximal lateral cortex.     

双平面截骨术治疗合并跖骨远端关节面角增大的重度■外翻

目的总结双平面截骨术治疗合并跖骨远端关节面角(distal metatarsal articular angle,DMAA)增大的重度[足母]外翻疗效。方法回顾性分析2014年6月-2017年12月收治并获完整随访的64例(94足)合并DMAA增大的重度[足母]外翻患者临床资料。患者均接受双平面截骨术(跖骨远端Reverdin截骨术+跖骨近端开放楔形截骨术)联合Akin截骨术及软组织手术。男10例(15足),女54例(79足);年龄26~66岁,平均44.5岁。单侧34例,双侧30例。参照美国矫形足踝协会(AOFAS)Maryland跖趾关节评分系统评分为(54.3±7.4)分,疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)为(6.0±2.0)分。比较手术前后AOFAS Maryland跖趾关节评分系统评分及VAS评分,以及[足母]外翻角(hallux valgus angle,HVA)、第1-2跖骨间角(first-second intermetatarsal angle,1-2IMA)、DMAA、第1跖骨长度(first metatarsal length,FML)。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间12~15个月,平均13.2个月。4足发生并发症,其中[足母]僵硬、内侧切口边缘皮肤感觉麻木、转移性跖痛、第1跖骨头坏死各1足。术后1年AOFAS Maryland跖趾关节评分为(89.2±7.4)分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=18.427,P=0.000);其中优78足、良12足、中3足、差1足,优良率为95.7%。VAS评分为(1.5±2.0)分,较术前明显改善(t=10.238,P=0.000)。X线片复查显示术后3个月截骨均达骨性愈合。术后6个月及1年HVA、1-2IMA、DMAA与术前比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后1年FML与术前比较,差异无统计学意义(t=0.136,P=0.863)。结论双平面截骨术可以显著改善合并DMAA增大的重度[足母]外翻患者临床症状以及影像学参数,术后并发症少。     

Use of a percutaneous osteotomy with plate fixation in hallux valgus correction

Background

With hundreds of operative methods described for correction of hallux valgus we can state that the ideal surgical treatment is still controversial. The Bösch technique has been used as a percutaneous way of correcting hallux valgus deformities with the use of a pin fixation. The aim of this study is to evaluate a new method of fixation by using a percutaneous locking plate.

双侧足母趾籽骨对足母趾外翻矫正手术效果的影响研究

目的 探讨足母趾胫侧籽骨及腓侧籽骨对足母趾外翻矫正手术效果的影响。方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2013年12月来我院接受近端或远端Chevron截骨矫正治疗的110例足母趾外翻病人。根据病人有无双侧足母趾籽骨分为双侧足母趾籽骨组（30例）和非双侧足母趾籽骨组（80例）。其中,双侧足母趾籽骨组行跖骨近端Chevron截骨矫正治疗4例,跖骨远端Chevron截骨矫正治疗26例;非双侧足母趾籽骨组行跖骨近端Chevron截骨矫正治疗15例,跖骨远端Chevron截骨矫正治疗65例。记录并比较两组病人术前一般资料,手术前后影像学资料测量足母趾外翻角、跖骨间夹角、跖骨远端关节面固有角,比较其手术前后及组间的美国足踝外科医师协会（American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, AOFAS）踝与后足功能评分。结果 两组病人术后足母趾外翻情况均明显改善。两组病人术后的足母趾外翻角、跖骨间夹角、跖骨远端关节面固有角及AOFAS评分均较术前明显改善;但上述指标组间比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 双侧足母趾籽骨对近端或远端Chevron截骨矫形治疗足母趾外翻畸形手术无明显影响。     

The Scarf first metatarsal osteotomy in the correction of hallux valgus deformity

The correction of hallux valgus has been dramatically improved by the scarf 1^st metatarsal osteotomy, which brings great versatility for covering all the indications. Its strong fixation allows an early functional recovery; the long-term follow-up confirms the reliability of this procedure, which can be combined with other osteotomies and soft tissue procedures. However, the surgeon has to determine pre and intraoperatively the correction that has to be applied; this technique is not difficult but has to be performed accurately. This is the interest of this article, which emphasizes the technical features that have to be applied.     

The metatarsal double osteotomy in the correction of hallux valgus with mini-invasive techniques

The mini invasive corrective surgery of static disorders of the forefoot is an undisputable progress because of its decreased morbidity with a simplified functional postoperative follow-up. These indications have been limited for a long time to mild deformities due to the creation of simple basi-metatarsal osteotomies or sub capital osteotomies of the first metatarsal thus limiting a more generalised application of these techniques in the more compound feet conditions. The combination of these two osteotomies allows to envisage the reaxation of major deformity but they can also apply in cases of mild or moderate deformities with additional metatarsus varus and angular deviation of the de metatarsal head with a DMAA >6°. The application of this double osteotomy is however delicate if one complies with the very principle of the mini invasive surgery which aims at preserving the possibility to return to an immediate postoperative weight-bearing on the forefoot with a final simple setting of the corrections by a strapping bandage, thus excluding any osteosynthesis. The risk to have a “floating” bone segment is high between the two osteotomies, with a secondary fracture deformity and a loss of the correction. To avoid these hurdles, we complied with a precise surgical timing, and with some technical rules, which allowed us to achieve the final expected result.     

小切口斜行截断及楔形截骨术矫治(足母)外翻畸形

目的探讨第一跖骨头囊内楔形截骨术矫正跨外翻畸形的可行性。方法2000年9月-2005年12月，我们对蹲外翻足畸形行局部小切口，切除第一跖骨头内侧骨赘，在跖趾关节囊内完成跖骨头楔形截骨、跖骨头横向外侧移位和内侧关节囊收紧，矫正跨外翻畸形。结果每足手术时间25～30min，术中出血量5～10ml。249例随访6—24个月，平均15个月，跨外翻畸形完全矫正，优215足（86．3％），良29足（11．7％），差5足（2．0％），优良率98．0％，无并发症。结论小切口斜行截断及楔形截骨术矫治跨外翻畸形可行，创伤小，术后的外形和功能得到全面改善。     

第1跖骨远端改良Chevron截骨治疗[足母]外翻

背景：[足母]外翻的手术治疗方式众多,传统Chevron有一定的手术操作局限性。目的：观察采用第1跖骨远端改良Chevron截骨治疗轻中度[足母]外翻的临床治疗效果。方法：2011年12月至2012年10月采用Chevron截骨对22例患者（28足）进行[足母]外翻矫正,记录患者术前、术后美国足踝外科医师协会评分（AOFAS）,术前、术后测量第1、2跖骨间角（IMA）和躅外翻角（HVA）变化以评估矫正程度,采用AOFAS前足评分和生活功能评分简表（SF．36）评估功能恢复情况。结果：22名患者术后平均随访时间13．36个月（8～18个月）,术前患者平均AOFAS评分（43．59±6．85）分,术后平均85．55±5．66分。术前患者平均SF．36量表评分（45．42±5．54）分,术后平均（83．23±8．81）分,两者术前、术后比较有显著统计学差异（P〈0．01）。IMA术前13．80°±1．67°,术后6．70°±1．51°（P〈0．01）;HVA术前平均29．30°±2．78°,术后7．47°±2．82。（P〈0．01）。结论：第1跖骨远端改良Chevron截骨治疗轻中度蹰外翻手术操作技术简便,临床效果满意。     

Plantar pressure distribution in hallux valgus feet after a first metatarsal proximal crescentic osteotomy with a lesser metatarsal proximal shortening osteotomy

BackgroundPlantar pressure distribution after the first metatarsal proximal crescentic osteotomy (FMPCO) with lesser metatarsal proximal shortening osteotomy (LMPSO) for hallux valgus with metatarsalgia has not been previously described.MethodsThe pre- (Pre) and postoperative (Post) groups comprised of 18 patients who underwent unilateral FMPCO with LMPSO; fifteen healthy volunteers constituted the control (C) group. For each of the 10 regions, peak pressure (Peak-P), maximum force (Max-F), contact time (Con-T), contact area (Con-A), and force-time integral (FTI) were measured.ResultsThe mean Peak-P of the second metatarsal head was significantly lower in the Post group than the Pre group. The mean Peak-P, Max-F, Con-T, and FTI were not significantly different between the Post and C groups. The mean Con-A was significantly lower in the Post group than the C group.ConclusionFMPCO with LMPSO may improve the plantar pressure of the central forefoot comparable to healthy subjects.     

跖骨颈截骨内翻嵌插固定治疗(足母)外翻畸形

[目的]探讨跖骨颈斜行截骨内翻嵌插固定治疗疼痛性母外翻畸形的疗效。[方法]回顾该术式治疗36例(52足)疼痛性母外翻患者的临床资料,随访时限为2 a。手术前后均摄双足正侧位X线片,测量母外翻角及第1、2跖骨间夹角以判定畸形程度。并采用足部疾患治疗效果JOA评分并进行患足功能评分以评价其临床疗效。对该术式的适应证和并发症亦作了一定的探讨。[结果]术后骨愈合满意,无延迟愈合及不愈合情况,皮肤感染2例3足。术后2 a与术前相比,患者的母外翻角及第1、2跖骨间夹角平均矫正15.6°和4.2°,JOA评分提升29.6分。[结论]跖骨颈斜行截骨内翻嵌插固定可三维立体矫正母外翻畸形,是治疗疼痛性母外翻畸形的良好选择。     

Location and direction of the nutrient artery to the first metatarsal at risk in osteotomy for hallux valgus

Background

Osteotomy for hallux valgus interrupts intraosseous blood supply to the first metatarsal, presumably causing non-union, delayed union, or osteonecrosis of the head of the first metatarsal. We investigated the first metatarsal nutrient artery, arising from the first dorsal metatarsal artery, and identified aspects of surgical technique contributing to nutrient artery injury.

Proximal opening-wedge osteotomy of the first metatarsal for moderate and severe hallux valgus using low profile plates

BackgroundTo present the results of the treatment of hallux valgus with the proximal metatarsal opening wedge (PMOW) osteotomy using two different screw and plate systems.MethodsForty-one patients with moderate and severe hallux valgus were treated with the PMOW osteotomy between 2005 and 2009. The fixation was obtained by the Darco^® BOW or by the Arthrex^® LPS plate. Biplanar chevron and/or Akin osteotomy were associated according to the magnitude of distal angles. Each patient was evaluated with weight-bearing radiographs and AOFAS score.ResultsThe HV, IM, DMA and IP angles improved by a mean of 14°, 8°, 11°, 7° respectively. The sesamoid position improved in 79% of the feet. AOFAS score improved from a mean of 50 to 82.ConclusionThe PMOW osteotomy is effective to correct high-level hallux valgus deformities. Both systems guarantee the stability and correction of the osteotomy site. The combination with distal procedures is advisable to correct distal angles.     

Correction of hallux valgus deformity with distal soft tissue realignment and proximal metatarsal osteotomy

Abstract Fifty moderate to severe hallux valgus deformities were corrected with a distal soft tissue realignment and proximal crescentic metatarsal osteotomy. With an average follow-up of 5.6 years, 40 feet (80%) were pain free and 42 (84%) caused no functional limitation. The average hallux valgus angle improved from 38.2° preoperatively to 12.4° at follow-up. The average intermetatarsal angle improved from 15.4° to 6.8°. The arch of motion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint was 75° preoperatively and 62° at follow-up. According to the AOFAS scoring system, 29 results (58%) were excellent, 14 (28%) good, 2 (4%) fair and 5 (10%) poor. The 5 poor results were attributed to recurrence of hallux valgus (2 cases), stiffness (1), hallux varus (1) and malunion of the osteotomy in dorsiflexion (1). The incidences of hallux varus and malunion in dorsiflexion were 8% and 14%, respectively. This technique is valuable in correction of moderate to severe hallux valgus deformities.     

Severe hallux valgus can be treated using a distal metatarsal osteotomy: Results of 144 cases treated with the SERI technique

PurposeAim of this study is to analyze the clinical and radiographic results of the simple, effective, rapid and inexpensive (SERI) technique, a linear distal metatarsal osteotomy, for treating severe hallux valgus (HV).MethodsClinical outcomes were assessed pre- and postoperatively using the AOFAS, MOxFQ and VAS score. Pre and postoperative HV angle (HVA) and intermetatarsal angle (IMA) were measured.Results117 consecutive patients for a total of 144 feet were included. Pre and postoperatively, mean AOFAS changed from 44.8 ± 16.7 to 89 ± 10.3 (p < .001), mean MOxFQ changed from 76.2 ± 15.8 to 23.4 ± 7.9 (p < .001) and mean VAS score improved from 6.7 ± 2.1 to 1.5 ± 1.5 (p < .001). HVA diminished from 40.6° ± 6.9 preoperatively to 16.0° ± 7.3 postoperatively (p < .001). IMA decreased from 15.1° ± 2.8 preoperatively to 6.5° ± 2.4 postoperatively (p < .001). The main complication reported was stiffness (10.4 %).ConclusionSERI technique applied to severe HV showed positive clinical and radiological outcomes. A careful patient selection and a low grade first MTPJ arthritis are essential to obtain favorable results.Level of evidenceIV.     

Comparison of open lateral release and transarticular lateral release in distal chevron metatarsal osteotomy for hallux valgus correction

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate the difference in clinical and radiographic outcomes between conventional open lateral soft tissue release (OLSTR) and transarticular lateral soft tissue release (TLSTR) in patients undergoing distal chevron metatarsal osteotomy (DCMO) for hallux valgus (HV) correction.

Methods

This study included weight-bearing anteroposterior radiographs of 138 patients (185 feet) with HV that underwent DCMO and Akin phalangeal osteotomy at a mean age of 51.7 years (21–74) with a mean 26 months of follow-up between June 2004 and June 2010. Patients were classified into two groups: OLSTR as group 1 (84 feet) and TLSTR as group 2 (101 feet). We evaluated clinical and radiographic outcomes between the two groups using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society hallux score, visual analogue scale pain score, hallux valgus angle, intermetatarsal angle and complications, pre- and post-operatively.

Results

There were no significant differences between the two groups except for post-operative complications such as first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) stiffness (group 1) and post-operative hallux varus (group 2).

Conclusions

Clinical and radiographic outcomes between OLSTR and TLSTR in HV correction using DCMO were not significantly different except for post-operative limitation of motion of the first MTPJ and hallux varus tendency. Different precautions should be taken into account when choosing the type of lateral soft tissue release due to possible complications associated with each technique.     

第一跖列三平面截骨联合其余跖骨基底截骨治疗中重度跖内收型■外翻的早期疗效

目的探讨第1跖列三平面截骨联合其余跖骨基底截骨治疗中重度跖内收型[足母]外翻的早期疗效。方法2012年2月-2016年9月,收治10例(12足)中重度跖内收型[足母]外翻患者。男1例(2足),女9例(10足);年龄21~55岁,平均34.5岁。病程3~10年,平均5.8年。根据改良Sgarlato测量法对跖内收分度:中度4足、重度8足。术前美国矫形足踝协会(AOFAS)评分为(46.4±9.3)分;跖内收角(metatarsus adductus angle,MAA)为(25.41±3.66)°,[足母]外翻角(hallux valgus angle,HVA)为(41.42±9.67)°,第1-2跖骨间角(first-second intermetatarsal angle,1-2IMA)为(10.72±2.26)°。采用第1跖列三平面截骨联合其余跖骨基底截骨以及外侧软组织松解术治疗。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间18~24个月,平均21.4个月。1例(1足)术后出现转移性跖痛,对症处理后症状消失。X线片复查示截骨部位均愈合,愈合时间为2.4~3.2个月,平均2.8个月。末次随访时,MAA为(8.42±0.71)°、HVA为(13.29±1.03)°、1-2IMA为(4.41±0.48)°,AOFAS评分为(89.8±5.9)分,均较术前明显改善(P<0.05)。结论第1跖列三平面截骨联合其余跖骨基底截骨治疗中重度跖内收型[足母]外翻,可获得较好早期疗效。     

Minimally invasive distal first metatarsal osteotomy can be an option for recurrent hallux valgus

BackgroundRecurrence rate of surgical treatment of hallux valgus ranges in the literature from 2.7% to 16%, regardless of used procedure. In this study, long-term results of a minimally invasive distal osteotomy of the first metatarsal bone for treatment of recurrent hallux valgus are described.Methods32 consecutive percutaneous distal osteotomies of the first metatarsal were performed in 26 patients for treatment of recurrent hallux valgus. Primary surgery had been soft tissue procedures in 8 cases (25%), first metatarsal or phalangeal osteotomies in 19 cases (59.4%) and Keller procedures in 5 cases (15.6%).ResultsPatients were assessed with a mean follow-up of 9.8 ± 4.3 years. All patients reported the disappearance or reduction of the pain. The mean overall AOFAS score improved from 46.9 ± 17.8 points to 85.2 ± 14.9 at final follow-up. The mean hallux valgus angle decreased from 26.1 ± 9.1 to 9.7 ± 5.4°, the intermetatarsal angle decreased from 11.5 ± 4.5 to 6.7 ± 4.0°. No major complications were recorded with a re-recurrence rate of 3.1% (1 case).ConclusionsPercutaneous distal osteotomy of the first metatarsal can be a reliable and safe surgical option in the recurrent hallux valgus with low complication rate and the advantages of a minimally invasive surgery.Levels of evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series.     

A randomized comparison of the proximal crescentic osteotomy and rotational scarf osteotomy in the treatment of hallux valgus

Objectives

The aim of this study was to compare clinical and radiological results of proximal crescentic osteotomy (PCO) and rotational scarf osteotomy performed in the treatment of hallux valgus.

Scarf截骨治疗中重度[足母]外翻的短期疗效分析

背景：野外翻是最常见的前足畸形,越来越受到矫形外科医生的重视,其治疗方式多种多样,如何选择适合的手术方式是治疗成功的关键。目的：探讨Scarf截骨术治疗[足母]外翻的疗效。方法：2010年7月至2012年6月,我院采用Scarf截骨术治疗中重度跽外翻患者47例（61足）,男5例（7足）,女42例（54足）;年龄20-78岁,平均52．2岁。比较手术前后[足母]外翻角及第1、2跖骨间角纠正程度。采用AOFAS评分评估患者临床症状改善情况。结果：所有患者均获得随访,随访时间4-8个月,平均6个月。[足母]外翻角由术前42．6。减小至12．9°,平均减小29．7°。第1、2跖骨间角由术前18．4°减小至8．9°,平均减小9．5°。AOFAS评分由术前49．9分增加至术后86．2分,平均增加26．5分。并发症发生率10％。结论：Scarf截骨术治疗中重度躅外翻可以获得较好的短期临床结果,但需严格掌握手术适应证。     

Ludloff截骨和基底斜楔形截骨治疗中重度拇外翻的结果比较

目的比较Ludloff截骨和跖骨基底斜楔形截骨治疗中、重度拇外翻的近期临床结果。方法 2008年7月至2009年2月,对21例中、重度拇外翻患者（男2例,女19例）29足实行拇外翻矫形手术。Ludloff截骨术7例（11足）,基底楔形截骨14例（18足）。采用AOFAS评分对患足进行临床功能评价,同时拍负重位的正侧位X线片进行影像学评价。随访结果使用SPSS10.0统计软件包进行处理。结果随访时间5～13个月。最后一次随访时,23足基本无痛（Ludloff截骨9例,基底斜楔形截骨14例）,6足偶有疼痛或轻微疼痛（Ludloff截骨2例,基底斜楔形截骨4例）。有两足拇外翻纠正欠佳（基底斜楔形截骨）,但无疼痛症状。18人,26足基本恢复正常活动。3人,3足（其中1人为双侧,但只有1足有症状,Ludloff截骨术1例,基底截骨术2例）在长距离或长时间行走时出现疼痛。术后AOFAS评分平均为83分（58～92分）。患者自我感觉良好的有17人,24足（Ludloff截骨术10例,基底截骨14例）;感觉较好的2人,3足;感觉一般的2人,2足（Ludloff截骨术1例,基底截骨1例）。对外形满意的19人,26足（Ludloff截骨术10例,基底截骨16例）;一般的1人,1足（Ludloff截骨术）;不满意的1人,1足（基底截骨术）。结论两种手术方式都是治疗中、重度拇外翻可靠有效的方法,但最终的临床结果没有显著不同。